CHAPTER NINE: MITOSIS NOTES PT. 3

Transcription

1 CHAPTER NINE: MITOSIS NOTES PT. 3 The Cellular Basis of Iheritace What Happes Whe Mitosis Goes Wrog?? Cacer Caused by ucotrolled cell reproductio (mitosis) ad severe disruptio of the mechaisms that cotrol mitosis Cacer ca spread or grow geometrically (2-4- 8) 1

2 Tumors The ucotrolled cells form a mass called a tumor Two types of tumors 1. Beig: No-Cacerous 2. Maligat: Cacerous Tumor Types Beig Tumor Abormal mass of ormal cells No-Aaplastic No-Ivasive Ecapsulated Slow Growig o metastasis Highly Differetiated Mitosis Rare Maligat Tumor: Abormal mass of cacer cells Maligat tumor displaces the ormal tissue as it grows If it is ot removed, the cells ca break off ad spread to other areas of the body via blood or lymph The spread of cacer cells beyod their origial site is called metastasis Aaplastic - cacer cells that divide rapidly ad bear little or o resemblace to ormal cells No-Ecapsulated Ivasive Tedecy toward de-differetiatio Mitosis relatively commo Usually rapid growth 2

3 Ocology The study of cacer ad cacerous tumors is ocology. Ocologist Doctor who studies cacer. Epidemiologist Doctor who studies the etiology of disease. Etiology The way a particular disease works. History of Cacer Cacer dates back to prehistoric times 3

4 Carcioges Carcioges substaces kow to cause or promote cacer Two types: Ma-made; i.e., cigarette smoke Naturally occurrig; i.e., UV Radiatio from Su, Ocogees After exposure, 5-40 years to develop, so to ID carcioge is difficult Number of exposures ad legth of time are keys Carcioges Kow Ma Made Carcioges Affects Arseic Lugs Asbestos Lugs Bezee (Plastic Maufacture, Exhaust, Cigarette Smoke) Bladder Tobacco Lugs, Esophagus, Mouth Alcohol Pacreas, Head, Neck Liver 4

5 Carcioges Naturally Occurrig Cacers Ocogeic: gees Ocogees gees that iitiate cells to trasform from ormal to maligat BRCA 1 Breast Ocogee Viruses = Virus that iitiates/causes cacer 40 discovered HIV, HPV (Huma ~Papilloma Virus), Herpes Virus, Hepatitis B ad C, Retroviruses Normally, the immue system recogizes cacer cells ad gets rid of them, however a overwhelmed immue system may ot do this. This may be a lik betwee cacer ad HIV. Types ad Symptoms of Cacer Type of Cacer Uterie or Ovaria Breast or Testicular Symptoms Uusual Discharge Lump that does ot go away Mouth Sore that does ot heal i 2 weeks Lug Uusual Hoarseess or Cough Esophagus, Head, or Neck Idigestio or Difficulty Swallowig Ski Chage i wart or mole 5

6 Early Causes: Chemical Exposure Small, wiry boys were selected as chimey sweeps, because they could go places a adult could ot. Workig to remove soot from chimeys, they got covered with grime. Hygiee stadards were low, so soot remaied o their ski, particularly i obscure places. Early Causes: Chemical Exposure Percivall Pott 1775, Lodo. Traced relatioship betwee exposure to soot (collectig uder scrotum) ad icreased icidece of scrotal cacer i chimey sweeps. 6

7 Early Causes: Asbestos What is Asbestos? Family of aturally occurrig fibrous mierals. Made of magesium, silico, or other elemets. Mied from soil ad rocks throughout the world. Used as a isulatig material, i maufacture of paper ad clothig sice aciet times. People are exposed to asbestos maily though ihalatio of fibers i the air they breathe. Early Causes: Asbestos The coectio betwee asbestos exposure ad lug cacer was oted as early as 1925 ad cofirmed by may epidemiological studies of asbestos-exposure over the ext 70 years Selikoff, Churg ad Hammod published coclusive lik betwee exposure to asbestos ad subsequet developmet of mesothelioma (255 dead of 632 workers workig 20+ years i asbestos. Rates of icrease of lug cacer i asbestos workers were documeted i studies published i1935, 1947, 1949,

8 Early Causes: Asbestos Graphs? Early Causes: Tobacco Tobacco has bee kow ad used i the ew world sice the time of Columbus. The story of tobacco s lik to cacer is complicated by its may uses. Types of uses 1. Suff 2. Pipe/Cigar smokig 3. Cigarette smokig 8

9 Tobacco ad Cacer of the Nose Lips ad Mouth Joh Hill of Lodo was the first to recogize the dagers of tobacco. I 1761, oly a few decades after tobacco became popular i Lodo, i his book he wrote of the associatio betwee cacer of the ose ad the immoderate use of suff. Samuel Thomas vo Sommerig reported a high icidece of lip cacer where me idulge i pipe smokig. Tobacco ad Lug Cacer Lug cacer was ucommo util the 20th Cetury. May observed the rise i lug cacer rates ad rise i popularity of cigarette smokig. Fially came experimets showig that tobacco smoke caused cacer i laboratory aimals. Epidemiologic studies followed Foud that lug cacer death rate is dose depedet (directly related to the total umber of cigarettes smoked). 9

10 Tumor-iitiatig Agets i the Particulate Phase of Tobacco Smoke Cofirmed Carciogeic Agets i the Gas Phase of Cigarette Smoke 10

11 Not oly lugs are ivolved Cigarettes also icrease the risks of cacer of The upper respiratory tract Esophagus Bladder Pacreas Stomach Liver Kidey Cigarettes are implicated i chroic myelocytic leukemia (cacer of the blood ad boe) Ihalatio of other people s cigarette smoke is less dagerous but it is ot beig Moder Day Uderstadig of Cacer Observatios, epidemiological studies ad experimets created a chai of evidece likig may substaces to cacer. Today we recogize ad avoid may specific substaces that cause cacer. 11

12 Moder Day Uderstadig of Cacer Kow chemical carcioges iclude: Coal Tar Hydrocarbos Ailie Dyes Asbestos Estroge Chemicals i Tobacco Radiatio (icludig UV) Moder Day Uderstadig of Cacer Most recetly viruses have bee liked to cacer: Hepatitis Virus Liver Cacer Herpes Virus No-Hodgki s Lymphoma & Nasopharygeal Cacer HIV Kaposi s Sarcoma Huma Papilloma Virus Geital Cacers 12

13 Five Groups of Cacer 1. Carcioma Tumor origiates i epithelial system (surface tissue of body orgas) Primary Startig place is ukow Most commo 80-90% of all cacer cases Five Groups of Cacer 2. Sarcoma Maligat tumors of boe, cartilage, or muscle Tumors also of fibrous coective tissue or fatty tissue 3 Types of Sarcoma 1. Soft Tissue Sarcoma - Develops i muscle, fat, blood vessels, erves, syovial tissue (joits) 2. Kaposi s Sarcoma - Tissues uder ski or mucous membraes that lie mouth, ose ad aus Red or purple lesios o ski that spread 3. Ewig s Sarcoma - Boe; usually pelvis, thigh, upper arm, ribs Teeagers mostly 13

14 Five Groups of Cacer: Sarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcoma Kaposi s Sarcoma Ewig s Sarcoma Five Groups of Cacer 3. Myeloma Ucotrolled growth of plasma cells i boe marrow. Plasma cells are made i boe marrow ad move to bloodstream Usually Moocloal 1 defective cell is origi 14

15 Five Groups of Cacer 3. Myeloma Causes of Myeloma Plasma cells are ormally preset i the boe marrow (makig up less tha 5% of the boe marrow) ad are resposible for the productio of atibodies whe the body is dealig with ifectio. Cacerous plasma cells (myeloma cells) build up i the boe marrow, iterferig with ormal immue respose ad boe marrow productio of ormal blood cells. These myeloma cells ivade ad damage the boe, causig tumors (myelomas) to form. Myeloma cells the travel to other sites i the body, causig further tumors (hece the ame "multiple myeloma"). Myeloma 15

16 Myeloma Five Groups of Cacer 4. Lymphoma Lymph System Lymph: Colorless, watery fluid that cotais white blood cells called lymphocytes Lymph odes: Orgas that make ad store ifectio fightig cells 16

17 Five Groups of Cacer 4. Lymphoma Occurs whe cells i lymphatic system grow out of cotrol. Cells are immature ad do ot die like a ormal cell Cells cotiue to divide like ormal cells but ca ot do their jobs Too much tissue forms ad tumors develop Lymph tissue is i may parts of body so cacer cells ca spread to liver, splee, or boe marrow very easily. Five Groups of Cacer 2 Types of Lymphoma 1. Hodgki s 2. No-Hodgki s Lymphoma Symptoms of both Pailess swellig of lymph odes Fever Fatigue Hodgki s Lymphoma 17

18 Five Groups of Cacer 5. Leukemia Maligat disorder of body s blood formig tissue maily boe marrow, lymph odes ad splee Blood formig tissues flood the blood stream ad lymph system with immature White Blood Cells White Blood Cells ca ot fight ifectio Reduces productio of Red Blood Cells ad platelets Symptoms: Ifectio Severe Aemia Bruisig, Hemorrhagig Five Groups of Cacer 5. Leukemia Two categories of Leukemia Chroic: progresses slowly; adults Acute: White Blood Cell umber progresses rapidly; childre Chroic Leukemia: A 70 year old ma with a 6-year history 18

19 Treatmets 1. Hormoe Therapy Natural Hormoes or Sythetic Hormoes 3 Ways to Receive Hormoe Therapy Ijectio or Orally Surgical removal of hormoe producig glads Radiatio treatmet to destroy hormoe producig cells Treatmets 2. Radiatio Therapy High electro peetratig rays or subatomic particles Give 2-ways (sometimes both are used) Delivers radiatio to cacer iside the body Delivers radiatio o the surface of the ski 19

20 Treatmets 3. Iteral Radiatio Radioactive substace is sealed i cotaier like a wire, tube, seed, capsule or eedle called a implat. Implat put directly i tumor or i body cavity Cotaier remais Radioactive Substace remais for legth of half-life Ex. Half-life = 72 hours = fights effectively for 72 hours Permaet Implats Usealed Radiatio i liquid form Treatmets 4. Palliatio To treat it partially ad isofar as possible, but ot cure it completely. Palliatio cloaks a disease. Medicatio for pai, like boe cacer, Superior Vea Cava sydrome, or others that may ot be cured 20

21 Treatmets 5. Chemotherapy Highly toxic medicatios are used to destroy cacer cells by stoppig cell growth or reproductio Used to prolog life whe a cure is improbable Treatmets 6. Biological Therapy/Immuotherapy Uses livig orgaisms, vaccies or bacteria to stimulate the immue system to act agaist cacer cells or lesse side effects Restore the body s atural cacer defese mechaisms Reverse process of Agiogeesis; prevet cacer cells from spreadig 21

22 Treatmets 7. Surgical Therapy Stagig Surgery determies extet, ext step & prevets uecessary radical procedures (hysterectomies, prostatectomies) Defiitive Surgery removes tumor ad surroudig tissues to prevet metastasis. (If early i disease, ca cure cacer.) Prevetative family history, icreased risk, questioable tissue Palliative relieves symptoms i advaced stages by iterruptig erve pathways causig pai. Treatmet Side Effects ad Solutios Chemotherapy ad Radiatio Nausea Vomitig Solutio: eat ad drik slow, small amouts, eat dry food, drik clear liquids Radiatio i Colo, Rectum, or Prostate Diarrhea Costipatio Solutio for Diarrhea: eat ad drik slow, small amouts, eat dry food, drik clear liquids Solutio for Costipatio: icrease fluids, icrease fiber, exercise 22