Ch 9 In-class Notes: Cell Reproduction
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1 Ch 9 I-class Notes: Cell Reproductio
2 All cells grow, duplicate their DNA, ad divide to multiply. This is called the cell cycle. Most Prokaryotic cells divide via biary fissio. Most Eukaryotic cells divide via mitosis.
3 1. Iterphase 2. Mitosis (M) 3. Cytokiesis
4 Iterphase is the restig stage betwee cell divisios. Iterphase has 3 mai divisios: Gap 1 (G 1 ), Sythesis (S), ad Gap 2 (G 2 ). Oce the perfect coditios are met durig Gap 2, Mitosis begis.
5 1. Gap 1 (G1) cell grows, cell cotets, except for chromosomes, duplicate; most time spet i G1 phase. 2. Sythesis (S) cell makes a copy of its 46 chromosomes. 3. Gap 2 (G2) cell cotiues growig, repairs are made o chromosomes, cell gets ready for mitosis.
6 Mitosis divides the ucleus ad DNA ito two cells. Mitosis has 4 mai divisios: Prophase, Metaphase, Aaphase, ad Telophase (PMAT)
7 Prophase is the 1 st ad logest stage of mitosis. Durig Prophase, chromosomes codese ad become visible; cetrioles move towards opposite sides of the cell; spidle fibers form.
8 Metaphase is the 2 d stage of mitosis. Durig Metaphase, spidle fibers attach to each chromosome s cetromere ad alig them alog the middle of the cell.
9 Aaphase is the 3 rd stage of mitosis. Durig aaphase, chromatids separate ad move apart to opposite sides of the cell.
10 Telophase is the 4 th stage of mitosis. Durig Telophase, uclear membraes start to form aroud two clumps of idetical chromosomes; chromosomes begi to ucoil; spidle fibers fall apart.
11 Cytokiesis is the last stage of cell divisio. Cytokiesis splits the cytoplasm ad separated uclei ito two idetical cells to complete the cell cycle/cell divisio.
12 DNA is loosely orgaized aroud proteis (called histoes) durig iterphase. DNA sythesizes, or duplicates itself durig the S phase of iterphase. DNA codeses durig mitosis ito small, thick rods called chromosomes.
13 A cotiuous, double-straded ucleic acid that cosists of may gees ad regulatory iformatio is called a chromosome. There are 46 chromosomes i each huma body cell.
14 A chromosome s structure cosists of two chromatids (coiled up DNA) attached i the middle at a poit called the cetromere.
15 All cells divide at differet rates, depedig o the fuctio of the cell. Prokaryotes divide faster tha Eukaryotes. Embryo ad childre s cells divide faster tha adult cells because their orgas are still developig.
16 Cells eed to be large eough for the ecessary orgaelles to fit, but be small eough for efficiet exchage of materials across the cell membrae.
17 Growth factors are proteis that sigal to the cell to grow ad divide (begi the cell cycle).
18 While growth factors start the cell cycle, apoptosis stops the cell cycle ad disassembles cells that eed to be destroyed.
19 Cacer is ucotrolled cell divisio i which the cell cycle does ot liste to stop sigals. Tumors form whe too may cells are produced i a area. - i beig tumors, cacer cells stay i oe area ad ca usually be removed. - i maligat tumors, cacer cells ca break away ad easily spread to other parts of the body, makig it more difficult to remove.
20 Cacer cells do ot perform the fuctios of the healthy cells aroud them, yet use up a lot of eergy ad utriets. A growig tumor will take up space ad push out o earby orgas ad tissues. Cacer is caused by a mutatio i the gees, which may be iherited or caused by exposure to radiatio or chemicals, called carcioges.
21 Stem cells are udifferetiated, or oly partially differetiated cells foud throughout the body that ca develop ito almost ay type of cell. Stem cell research is very promisig for treatig diseases, yet is ethically cotroversial.
22
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