Contents. Section Editor David Blomberg, MD

Transcription

1 Contents A Closer Look At Discussions...viii Heme CAPsules Video...ix Foreword...x Preface to First Edition...xii Preface to Second Edition...xiii Contributors...xiv Current and Past HCMRC Members...xv Acknowledgments...xvi How to Interpret PT Data and Use the Interactive Features...xvii iv David Blomberg, MD Parul Bhargava, MD Introduction...2 Bloodlines: Part 1 Hematology Becomes a Discipline...4 Part 2 The Evolution of the Microscope...12 The Tools of Hematology: The Complete Blood Count...20 Why Examine a Peripheral Blood Smear?...22 Pediatric Hematology...25 Results Reporting...29 Flow Cytometry...30 Molecular Studies and Cytogenetics...42 Automated Hematology...44 Digital Cell Morphology Instruments...46 Erythrocytes Erythrocyte, Normal...50 Acanthocyte (Spur Cell)...52 Acanthocyte Formation...54 Bite Cell...56 Bite Cell Formation...58 Blister Cell/Prekeratocyte...60 Vacuolated Non-Nucleated Red Blood Cells...62 Echinocyte (Burr Cell, Crenated Cell)...64 Spiculated Red Blood Cells...66 Fragmented Red Cell...68 Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemias...72 Diagnostic Morphology in MAHA and Heinz Body Anemia...74 Macrocyte, Oval or Round...76 Megaloblastic Anemia...78 Microcyte (with Central Pallor)...80 Iron Deficiency Anemia...82 Ovalocyte (Elliptocyte)...86 Hereditary Elliptocytosis...88 Polychromatophilic Red Cell (Non-Nucleated)...96 Red Cell Agglutinates...98 Rouleaux Sticky Red Blood Cells Sickle Cell (Drepanocyte) Sickle Cell Anemia Spherocyte Red Cell Membrane Loss and Spherocytosis Stomatocyte Target Cell (Codocyte) How Target Cells Form Thalassemia Teardrop Cell (Dacrocyte) How Teardrop Cells Form

2 Parul Bhargava, MD Erythrocyte Inclusions Nucleated Red Cell, Normal or Abnormal Reticulocyte (Supra-Vital Stain) Basophilic Stippling (Coarse) How Basophilic Stippling Forms Red Cell Inclusions Heinz Body Heinz Body Anemia Hemoglobin C and SC Crystals Hemoglobin H Inclusions (Supravital Stain) Different Types of Precipitated Hemoglobin Howell-Jolly Body (Wright-Giemsa Stain) Howell-Jolly Body (Iron Stain) How Howell-Jolly Bodies Form Pappenheimer Bodies (Wright-Giemsa Stain) Pappenheimer Bodies (Iron Stain) How Pappenheimer Bodies Form Tracy George, MD Carla S. Wilson, MD, PhD Granulocytes and Monocytes Promyelocyte Myelocyte Metamyelocyte Life Cycle of Neutrophils Neutrophil, Segmented or Band The Band vs. Seg Controversy Neutrophil Homeostasis Monocyte, Immature (Promonocyte, Monoblast) Monocyte Life Cycle of Monocytes Eosinophil, Any Stage Eosinophilia Basophil, Any Stage Mast Cell Mast Cells and Basophils Neutrophil with Hypersegmented Nucleus Neutrophil with Pelger-Hüet Nucleus Acquired Neutrophil Abnormalities Neutrophil, Toxic Leukocyte with Alder (Alder-Reilly) Anomaly Inclusions Leukocyte with Chédiak-Higashi Anomaly Inclusion(s) May-Hegglin Anomaly Cytoplasmic Inclusions in Neutrophils Myeloblast with Auer Rod Auer Bodies Promyelocyte, Abnormal Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Related Neoplasms Neutrophil with Dysplastic Nucleus/Hypogranular Cytoplasm Myelodysplasia Neutrophil Necrobiosis (Degenerated Neutrophil) Cell Death v

3 Sherrie L. Perkins, MD, PhD Kyle T. Bradley, MD Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells Lymphoblast How to Differentiate Blasts Lymphocyte Lymphocyte, Reactive Normal vs. Reactive Lymphocytes The Reactive Lymphocyte Project Lymphocyte, Large Granular Lymphoma Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Leukemia Prolymphocytes Hairy Cells and Hairy Cell Leukemia Sézary Cells and Sézary Syndrome Plasma Cell, Morphologically Mature or Abnormal Plasma Cell Leukemia Megakaryocytes and Platelets Megakaryocytes (Normal, Abnormal, or Naked Nucleus) Circulating Megakaryocytes Platelet, Normal Origin of Platelets Platelet, Giant Platelet, Hypogranular Platelet Satellitism Platelet Satellitism Erythrocyte with Overlying Platelet Patrick C.J. Ward, MB, BCh Miscellaneous Identifications Cryoglobulin Cryoglobulinemia Endothelial Cell Epithelial Cell Metastatic Tumor Cell or Tumor Cell Clump Circulating Tumor Cells Mitotic Figure David R. Czuchlewski, MD vi

4 Katherine A. Galagan, MD Microorganisms Leukocyte with Anaplasma/Ehrlichia Ehrlichia and Anaplasma Organisms and Diseases Babesia The Life Cycle of Babesia Bacteria, Extracellular (Cocci or Rod) Bacteria, Extracellular (Spirochete) Fungi, Extracellular Leukocyte with Phagocytized Fungi Leukocyte with Phagocytized Bacteria Malaria (Plasmodium Species) Species Differences Among Malarial Parasites Babesia vs. Malaria Microfilaria Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) Species Differences Among Microfilariae Trypanosomes (Protozoan, Nonmalarial) African Trypanosomiasis Artifacts Basket Cell / Smudge Cell Stain Precipitate Luke R. Shier, MD Appendix How to Perform Proficiency Testing Proficiency Testing in Hematology Master List of Identifications Virtual Peripheral Blood Smears QR Code Apps Virtual Peripheral Blood PT Program References Index David Blomberg, MD Eric F. Glassy, MD vii

5 A Closer Look At Discussions Erythrocytes Acanthocyte Formation Bite Cell Formation Vacuolated Non-Nucleated Red Blood Cells Spiculated Red Blood Cells Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemias Diagnostic Morphology in MAHA and Heinz Body Anemia Megaloblastic Anemia Iron Deficiency Anemia Hereditary Elliptocytosis Sticky Red Blood Cells Sickle Cell Anemia Red Cell Membrane Loss and Spherocytosis How Target Cells Form Thalassemia How Teardrop Cells Form Erythrocyte Inclusions How Basophilic Stippling Forms Red Cell Inclusions Heinz Body Anemia Different Types of Precipitated Hemoglobin How Howell-Jolly Bodies Form How Pappenheimer Bodies Form A Closer Look At Granulocytes and Monocytes Life Cycle of Neutrophils The Band vs. Seg Controversy Neutrophil Homeostasis Life Cycle of Monocytes Eosinophilia Mast Cells and Basophils Acquired Neutrophil Abnormalities May-Hegglin Anomaly Cytoplasmic Inclusions in Neutrophils Auer Bodies Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Related Neoplasms Myelodysplasia Cell Death Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells How to Differentiate Blasts Normal vs. Reactive Lymphocytes The Reactive Lymphocyte Project Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/ Small Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL/SLL) Prolymphocytes Hairy Cells and Hairy Cell Leukemia Sézary Cells and Sézary Syndrome Plasma Cell Leukemia Megakaryocytes and Platelets Circulating Megakaryocytes Origin of Platelets Platelet Satellitism Miscellaneous Identifications Cryoglobulinemia Circulating Tumor Cells Microorganisms Ehrlichia and Anaplasma Organisms The Life Cycle of Babesia Species Differences Among Malarial Parasites Babesia vs. Malaria Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) Species Differences Among Microfilariae African Trypanosomiasis viii