Chemistry Chapter 28
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1 hemistry 2100 hapter 28
2 arbohydrate atabolism glycolysis: glucose pyruvate acetyl TA ycle: acetyl 2 + NAD / FAD 2 oxidative phosphorylation: NAD / FAD 2 ATP
3 Glycolysis ATP ADP isomerase hexokin ase Mg +2 (ened iol) 2 2 P 3 2 P 3 glucose glucose-6-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate
4 ATP ADP isomerase hexokin ase Mg +2 (ened iol) 2 2 P 3 2 P 3 glucose glucose-6-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate
5 ATP ADP isomerase hexokin ase Mg +2 (ened iol) 2 2 P 3 2 P 3 glucose glucose-6-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate
6 ATP ADP isomerase hexokin ase Mg +2 (ened iol) 2 2 P 3 2 P 3 glucose glucose-6-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate
7 ATP ADP isomerase hexokin ase Mg +2 (ened iol) 2 2 P 3 2 P 3 glucose glucose-6-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate
8 2 P 3 2 P 3 ATP AD P phosphofructokinase hexokinase Mg +2 2 P 3 aldolase dihydroxyacetone phosphate (e nediol) fr uctose-1,6-dip hosphate 2 P 3 glyc eraldehyde-3- phosphate
9 2 P 3 2 P 3 ATP AD P hexokinase Mg +2 2 P 3 aldolase dihydroxyacetone phosphate (e nediol) fr uctose-1,6-dip hosphate 2 P 3 glyc eraldehyde-3- phosphate
10 2 P 3 2 P 3 ATP AD P hexokinase Mg +2 2 P 3 aldolase dihydroxyacetone phosphate (e nediol) fr uctose-1,6-dip hosphate 2 P 3 glyc eraldehyde-3- phosphate
11 2 P 3 2 P 3 ATP AD P hexokinase Mg +2 2 P 3 aldolase dihydroxyacetone phosphate (e nediol) fr uctose-1,6-dip hosphate 2 P 3 glyc eraldehyde-3- phosphate
12 2 P 3 2 P 3 ATP AD P hexokinase Mg +2 2 P 3 aldolase dihydroxyacetone phosphate (e nediol) fr uctose-1,6-dip hosphate 2 P 3 glyc eraldehyde-3- phosphate
13 2 P 3 2 P 3 ATP AD P hexokinase Mg +2 2 P 3 aldolase dihydroxyacetone phosphate (e nediol) fr uctose-1,6-dip hosphate 2 P 3 glyc eraldehyde-3- phosphate
14 2 P 3 2 P 3 ATP AD P hexokinase Mg +2 2 P 3 aldolase dihydroxyacetone phosphate (e nediol) fr uctose-1,6-dip hosphate 2 P 3 glyc eraldehyde-3- phosphate
15 2 P 3 2 P 3 ATP AD P hexokinase Mg +2 2 P 3 aldolase dihydroxyacetone phosphate (e nediol) fr uctose-1,6-dip hosphate 2 P 3 glyc eraldehyde-3- phosphate
16 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate P 3 + N AD NAD + N 2 2 1,3-bisphospho glycerate P 4 dehydrogenase P 3 P 3 + N AD NAD N 2
17 2 1,3 bisphospho glycer ic acid 1,3-diphosphate glycerate P 3 P 3 ADP kinase Mg +2 ATP 2 P 3 glycer ic acid 3- phosphat e mu tase P 3 2 glycer ic acid 2- phosphat e
18 P 3 ADP ATP 2 P 3 kinase Mg +2 2 P 3 mu tase P 3 2 1,3 glycer bisphospho ic acid 1,3-diphosphate glycerate glycer ic acid 3- phosphat e glycer ic acid 2- phosphat e
19 P 3 ADP ATP 2 P 3 kinase Mg +2 2 P 3 mu tase P 3 2 1,3 glycer bisphospho ic acid glycerate 1,3-diphosphate 3-phospho glycer ic acid glycerate 3- phosphat e glycer ic acid 2- phosphat e
20 P 3 ADP ATP 2 P 3 kinase Mg +2 2 P 3 mu tase P 3 2 1,3 glycer bisphospho ic acid glycerate 1,3-diphosphate glycer 3-phospho ic acid 3- phosphat e glycerate glycer 2-phospho ic acid 2- glycerate phosphat e
21 2 glycer ic acid 1,3-diphosphate P 3 P 3 ADP kinase Mg +2 ATP 2 P 3 glycer ic acid 3- phosphat e mu tase P phospho glycer ic acid glycerate 2- phosphat e
22 enolase (- 2 ) 2 glycer ic acid 1,3-diphosphate P 3 P 3 2 ADP kinase Mg +2 ATP P 3 ADP kina se Mg +2 ATP 2 P 3 2 glycer ic acid 3- phosphat e mu tase P phospho glycer ic acid glycerate 2- phosphat e
23 ADP ATP enolase (- 2 ) 2 P 3 kina se Mg +2 2
24 ADP ATP enolase (- 2 ) 2 P 3 kina se Mg +2 2
25 ADP ATP enolase (- 2 ) 2 P 3 kina se Mg +2 2
26 ADP ATP enolase (- 2 ) 2 P 3 kina se Mg pyruvic pyruvate acid
27 Anaerobic Glycolysis NAD NAD pyruvate pyruvic acid ( )-lactic acid acid
28 Fermentation 2 NAD NAD + decarboxylase pyruvate pyruvic acid acetaldehyde ethanol
29 Triarboxylic Acid ycle Prep NAD + NAD S 3 pyruvate ic ac id + S + 2 (- + ) 3 ac etyl
30 /student_view0/chapter25/ animation how_glycolysis_works.html
31 Fatty Acids and Energy Fatty acids in triglycerides are the principal storage form of energy for most organisms. ydrocarbon chains are a highly reduced form of carbon. The energy yield per gram of fatty acid oxidized is greater than that per gram of carbohydrate oxidized Glucose 3 ( 2 ) Palmitic acid Energy Energy (kcal mol -1 ) (kcal g -1 ) ,
32 β-oxidation 3 ( 2 ) ATP S thiokinase 2 ADP 3 ( 2 ) S FAD dehydrogenase FAD 2 3 ( 2 ) 12 S hydr ase 3 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S
33 β-oxidation 3 ( 2 ) ATP S thiokinase 2 ADP 3 ( 2 ) S FAD dehydrogenase FAD 2 3 ( 2 ) 12 S hydr ase 3 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S
34 β-oxidation 3 ( 2 ) ATP S thiokinase 2 ADP 3 ( 2 ) S FAD dehydrogenase FAD 2 3 ( 2 ) 12 S hydr ase 3 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S
35 β-oxidation 3 ( 2 ) ATP S thiokinase 2 ADP 3 ( 2 ) S FAD dehydrogenase FAD 2 3 ( 2 ) 12 S hydr ase 3 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S
36 β-oxidation 3 ( 2 ) ATP S thiokinase 2 ADP 3 ( 2 ) S FAD dehydrogenase FAD 2 3 ( 2 ) 12 S hydr ase 3 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S
37 β-oxidation 3 ( 2 ) ATP S thiokinase 2 ADP 3 ( 2 ) S FAD dehydrogenase FAD 2 3 ( 2 ) 12 S hydr ase 3 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S
38 β-oxidation 3 ( 2 ) ATP S thiokinase 2 ADP 3 ( 2 ) S FAD dehydrogenase FAD 2 3 ( 2 ) 12 S hydr ase 3 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S
39 β-oxidation 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S NAD + dehydrogenase NAD 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S 4 thiolase S 5 3 ( 2 ) 12 S + 3 S repeat 6 times
40 β-oxidation 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S NAD + dehydrogenase NAD 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S 4 thiolase S 5 3 ( 2 ) 12 S + 3 S repeat 6 times
41 β-oxidation 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S NAD + dehydrogenase NAD 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S 4 thiolase S 5 3 ( 2 ) 12 S + 3 S repeat 6 times
42 β-oxidation 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S NAD + dehydrogenase NAD 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S 4 thiolase S 5 3 ( 2 ) 12 S + 3 S repeat 6 times
43 β-oxidation 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S NAD + dehydrogenase NAD 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S 4 thiolase S 5 3 ( 2 ) 12 S + 3 S repeat 6 times
44 β-oxidation 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S NAD + dehydrogenase NAD 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S 4 thiolase S 5 3 ( 2 ) 12 S + 3 S repeat 6 times
45 β-oxidation 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S NAD + dehydrogenase NAD 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S 4 thiolase S 5 3 ( 2 ) 12 S + 3 S repeat 6 times
46 β-oxidation 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S back to 2 dehydrogenase NAD + NAD 4 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S thiolase S 5 3 ( 2 ) 12 S + 3 S repeat 6 times
47 β-oxidation 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S back to 2 dehydrogenase NAD + NAD 4 3 ( 2 ) 12 2 S thiolase S 5 3 ( 2 ) 12 S + 3 S repeat 6 times
48 3 ( 2 ) 14 S FAD + 7 NAD S 8 3 S + 7 FAD NAD + 7 +
49 Energy Yield on β-xidation Yield of ATP per mole of stearic acid ( 18 ). Step hemical Step Activation (stearic acid -> stearyl ) xidation (acyl > trans-enoyl ) produces FAD 2 xidation (hydroxyacyl to ketoacyl ) produces NAD + + appens nce 8 times 8 times ATP xidation of acetyl by the common metabolic 9 times 108 pathway, etc. TTAL
50 Ketone Bodies Ketone bodies: Acetone, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate; Are formed principally in liver mitochondria. an be used as a fuel in most tissues and organs. Formation occurs when the amount of acetyl produced is excessive compared to the amount of oxaloacetate available to react with it and take it into the TA; for example: Dietary intake is high in lipids and low in carbohydrates. Diabetes is not suitably controlled. Starvation.
51 Ketone Bodies 2 3 -S Acetyl- S S Acetoacetyl Acetoacetate NAD NAD β-ydroxybutyrate Acetone
52 Protein atabolism
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