Emergency Disease Control. AFRICAN Swine Fever. Anthony Pearson Global Bio-security and Hygiene Consultant for Antec/Lanxess.

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1 Emergency Disease Control AFRICAN Swine Fever Anthony Pearson Global Bio-security and Hygiene Consultant for Antec/Lanxess 26 th July 2018

2 African Swine Fever Virus - ASFV S t r e n g t h s African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is a highly contagious, virulent virus for which there is currently no treatment or vaccine available. ASFV is a very resilient virus that can withstand low temperatures, fluctuations in ph, and remain viable for long periods in tissues and bodily fluids, surviving for long periods in protein environments P e r s i s t e n c e The virus survives in raw and processed meat for several weeks to months, especially if frozen. The virus is known to be resistant to putrefaction with persistence in faeces, at room temperature, for 11 days and in decomposed serum for 15 weeks. Carried extensively by Wild Boars W e a k n e s s e s Incubation period, which is from 3 to 15 days and secondly that ph below 3.9 and above ph 11.5 will assist inactivation of the virus. The transmission is typically by contact and therefore can be prevented with strict protocols, understanding the pathogen and selecting appropriate chemistry. 2

3 Living with a disease! African Swine Fever The continued contamination East across Europe is highly concerning The Wild Boar population are carrying the Virus and contaminating large areas of land challenges are moving into backyard farms. JULY 2018 OIE notified outbreaks : Poland 86 including 3 backyard farms & wild boars Latvia 17 countrywide, 1 in backyard & wild boars Russia 2 farms; & 199 pigs Hungary 2- wild boars Romania 8 - backyard farms and wild boars Moldova 2- backyard farm Ukraine 4 mostly backyard farms 3

4 Global tourism Hunting Holidays! Have local Authorities engaged the tour companies with Bio-security rules associated to Hunting Licence? Are tourists even aware of the risk they become What Government controls/questions are asked at Borders? And are there any solutions on hand? 4

5 Responsible support from regional Governing bodies Preparedness >Surveillance; OIE, weekly updates with full details of outbreaks and follow up on a regular basis >Training/Education with refresher guides as new knowledge is shared >Data reviews when Virus is available to test chemistries and protocols >Transparency with measured compensation >Fast action with the most suitable tools 5

6 Technical materials from Lanxess 6

7 Marketing materials from Lanxess virkon.com 7

8 Awareness and Training Can we give additional Husbandry advice through reach out / webinar / animal society groups? Example : we are guiding Swine farms, large and small, the husbandry measures to assist reduce the risk on African Swine fever Double fencing, with adequate space to keep brush area low Cleared ground around perimeter that have the ph changed during an Amber Alert by spreading agricultural lime Livestock grids ( cattle grids) at entry and exit pathways/roads in and out of the farm as well as gated controls 8

9 Alkaline barrier? Can we disinfect large areas of land and forest inhabited by Wild Boards, where the cross contamination is rife? Challenges Inactivation of chemistry by organic matter when applied Residual toxicity of chemistry to land applied ; Safety of the applied environment post application Physical application of chemistry to large areas of land Agricultural Lime is typically used to assist control contamination challenges from carcasses, but can, carefully following the guides and safety instructions of the authorised supplier, be applied to large areas of land to create an alkaline barrier. The longevity of the barrier will be subject to the associated climatic elements e.g. Lime could be spread / applied, with suitable equipment, along farm perimeter barriers 9

10 Pigs and Wild Boars cannot fly Husbandry Barrier Controls Maintain strict barriers to the perimeter of the farm and/or housing NOT fencing that affords CONTACT to the herd 10

11 Only Chemistry can break the chain of transmission Barriers End of cycle Production Challenges

12 Pathogens Disease challenge v Chemistry! A deeper look at Pathogens and Chemistry - Why? Acquired and Intrinsic resistance. To what chemistry?- how about super bugs or ESBLs? Seasonal variance to chemistry efficacy. Do we understand that some leading chemistry needs longer to inactivate virus/pathogens in cold temperatures? A myriad of surfaces porous and non-porous drying at various rates Wood, plastic, metals- vertical surfaces, concrete, glass etc. Aerial cross contamination by current hygiene practices. Atomised pathogens from high pressure cleaning! Understand strengths and weaknesses Needed to defeat any threat! 12

13 Selecting a Disinfectant a Balance of choices Pathogen risk THE LIST- which bacteria, fungus, virus Season temperature water and surfaces Plastic/metals = fast drying / concrete = residual Chemistry options/product data The List, in the temperature- not least as Aldehydes and QAC s need higher dilutions in cold weather CONTACT time 1 minute, 5, 10, 20 minutes- More! and water hardness with an organic challenge. Mode of action of the Chemistry Residual can lead to pathogen resistance or secondary gas for floor reared birds ( when litter is removed) Danger to the livestock/birds during an application Essential applications Danger to the operators Safety in use for semiprofessionals Safety in use respiratory/contact Availability and re-stock options Decision made, training done stock on hand 13 Price and Relationship Price and Relationship

14 Compare the Pathogens on your list PCV2, Porcine Parvovirus, Coronavirus, FMDV E.Coli and Klevsiella pneumoniae express ESBLs Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( acquired resistance); Salmonella, ; E.Coli, Campylobacter, Mycoplasma Enteroviruses Staphylococcus aureus ; Listeria PRRS, PEDv, Swine Influenza, ASF 14

15 Chemistry Bacteria Viruses Gram-positive Gram-negative Enveloped NonEnveloped Fungi Mycobacteria Endospores Chlorhexidine¹ X X X QAC's¹ ( pathogen resistance data) w eak w eak/variable (low temperatures) X X Phenolics¹ variable variable X Alcohols¹, ² w high conc. X Iodophors¹ variable X X Aldehydes¹, ³ less effective (low temperatures) slow, depends on sp. slow Hypochlorite¹ high conc. high conc. high conc. Oxidizing Chemistries Hydrogen Peroxide² can be very high conc. slow, high conc. Peracetic high conc. KMPS high high conc. NO known pathogen Resistance to this chemistry

16 16 pathogen resistance to QAC pathogen resistance to Glutaraldehyde

17 Chemistry in colder temperatures Aldehydes & QAC Aldehydes mechanism of disinfection is based on the inhibition through polymerization or gelation of the membrane of the microbe. The reaction depends on the rate at which both the protein and aldehyde collide. This reaction rate decreases with decreasing temperature which may ultimately effect the efficacy of the disinfectant solution. The chart from the manufacturer of Aldehydes ( Dow Chemicals) clarifies this factor in their guides. Increasing concentrations of the aldehydes will mitigate some of the efficacy challenge, but raise the associated risks of the chemistry toxicity Quaternary ammonia compounds disinfect based on Denaturation (disentanglement or unravelling) of the protein shell of the microbe. Denaturation of the protein is based heavily on mobility and is highly dependent on temperature as temperature decreases, it affects the denaturation speed and therefore may decrease the efficacy of the QAC-based Disinfectants Higher concentrations do not overcome the temperature challenge Intrinsic resistance could occur 17

18 Chemistry in colder temperatures - Oxidative Oxidative Chemistries such as Pera-cetic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxide, Chlorine Dioxide and Monopersulphate in disinfectant solutions have their mode of action based on radical-ion reactions. The oxidation of the cell is a continuous reaction, which creates new radicals and ions Independent of Temperature The radical ions break up the protein found inside of the membrane of the microbe. Cold temperatures tend not to interfere with this reaction and therefore the efficacy remains stable. Without temperature interference at warm or cold temperatures the same concentrations can be used and there is no potential for pathogen resistance 18

19 Virkon S has proven data to inactivate African Swine Fever Region is now Living with African Swine fever ; additional investment for barriers, fencing, livestock grids is needed to assist protect commercial farms Contact Government Tourism agencies and Ministers to assist protect the wider region from cross contamination post Wild Boar hunting! 19 July 2018

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