Supplemental Materials

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1 Supplemental Methods Spin trap and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy Hypoxanthine (1 mmol=l) plus xanthine oxidase (.1 u=ml) were incubated in Krebs solution at 378C bubbled with 95% O 2 and 5% CO 2. Spin trap TEMPONE-H 1 mmol=l (1- Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxo-piperidine HCl, Alexis) was added to the medium solution to trap superoxide radicals and peroxynitrite for 3 min. In order to inhibit reactions catalyzed by transition metals, DTPA 1 mmol=l (diethylenetriaminepentaacetate, Sigma) was added. The medium was then transferred to a glass tube and put in liquid nitrogen immediately before electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) measurement. All inhibitors were added 1 min prior to TEMPONE-H. The EPR measurements are performed at room temperature using an EMX-A ESR spectrometer (Bruker, Hanau, Germany) as described previously. The EPRsettings were as follows: field swept: G; microwave power: 2 mw; magnetic field sweep time: 671s. Supplemental Materials Supplemental Table 1. pic 5 and Maximum Response (E max %) for ACh-Induced Vasodilatations Table for Fig. 1. Chronic Treatment of RAS Inhibitors of db=db Mice Treatment group Initial tension (mn) pic 5 E max (%) n db=m þ db=db db=db þ Valsartan db=db þ Enalapril Results are means SEM of n different mice; p <.1 and p <.1 relative to db=db group. Table for Fig. 2. Aortas from Nondiabetic db=m þ and Diabetic db=db Mice Treatment group Initial tension (mn) pic 5 E max (%) n db=m þ db=db db=db þ Losartan db=db þ Apocynin db=db þ Losartan þ Apocynin db=db þ Tempol Results are means SEM of n different mice. p <.1 relative to db=m þ group; p <.5 relative to db=db group. Table for Fig. 6. Renal Arteries from Diabetic Patients Treatment group Initial tension (mn) pic 5 E max (%) n Nondiabetic Diabetic Diabetic þ Losartan Results are means SEM of renal arteries from n patients. p <.1 relative to nondiabetic group; p <.1 versus diabetic group.

2 Table for Fig. 7. Aortas from Nondiabetic Mice Treatment group Initial tension (mn) pic 5 E max (%) n Normal glucose (NG) Mannitol High glucose (HG) HG þ Losartan Control Ang II Ang II þ Losartan Results are means SEM of n different mice. p <.1 versus HG or Ang II groups. A Body weight (g) 6 3 db/db db/m Weeks B Plasma Glucose (mmol/l) 4 2 db/db, 4 wks db/db, 12 wks db/db, 8 wks db/db, 16 wks db/m +, 16 wks Time (Min) SUPPLEMENTAL FIG. 1. (A) Gain in body weights of db=db mice from 4 to 16 weeks compared to the db=m þ lean mice. (B) Mice were fasted for 8 h prior to glucose administration to achieve a baseline blood glucose level. Blood drops were collected from the tail by a small cut and gently squeezing. Blood glucose were measured before (time ) and after the oral gavage of glucose solution (1.2 g=kg body weight) at 15, 3, 6, 12, and 18 min, using blood glucose meter (Ascensia ELITE Ò XL, Bayer, IN). Oral glucose tolerance test in db=m þ and db=db mice at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Data are mean SEM of 5 7 experiments. Statistical significance between groups is indicated by p <.1.

3 A Plasma glucose (mmol/l) C AUC (mmol/lx18 min) db/m + db/db db/db + Valsartan Time (min) db/db B Plasma glucose (mmol/l) D SBP (mmhg) 4 db/m + db/db db/db + Enalapril Time (min) db/db db m + Vehicle Valsartan Enalapril db m + Vehicle Valsartan Enalapril SUPPLEMENTAL FIG. 2. Effects of chronic treatment of valsartan (A) and enalapril (B) on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in db=db mice. (C) Summarized figures showing area under curve (AUC) of OGTT in different groups of mice. (D) Systolic blood pressure (SBP) of db=m þ, db=db, db=db treated with valsartan and db=db treated with enalapril. Data are means SEM of 5 7 mice. p <.5 relative to db=m þ and p <.5 relative to db=db.

4 SUPPLEMENTAL FIG. 3. Western blot analysis showing protein expression levels of AT1R (A) and AT2R (B) indb=m þ, db=db, db=db treated with valsartan and db=db treated with enalapril. (C) Summarized figure for AngII-induced contraction in mouse aortas from different groups of mice. Results are means SEM of 4 6 experiments. Statistical significance is indicated by p <.5 vs db=m þ and p <.5 vs db=db. SUPPLEMENTAL FIG. 4. Reduced level of phosphorylation of enos at Ser 1177 in db=db mouse aortas while the total enos (14 kda) remained unchanged. RAS inhibition by valsartan or enalapril did not affect enos phosphorylation. Data are means SEM normalized to b-actin and compared to db=m þ ; n ¼ 4, p <.5 vs db=m þ.

5 AT1R / β-actin (compared to non-diabetic) 4 2 Non-diabetic Diabetic SUPPLEMENTAL FIG. 5. Summarized data of Western blot analysis showing increased protein expression levels of AT 1 R in renal arteries from diabetic patients compared; n ¼ 4, p <.1 vs nondiabetic. A DHE Fluorescence (Compared to Control) Control AngII Apocynin+AngII DPI+AngII H 2 O 2 Catalase+H 2 O 2 Apocynin+H 2 O 2 DPI+H 2 O 2 B 1 Relaxation (% Phe tone) 5 Control DPI ACh (log mol/l) SUPPLEMENTAL FIG. 6. Representative blots showing p38 and ERK1=2 MAPK activities in db=m þ,db=db (Ctl), and db=db with valsartan (Val) or enalapril (Ena) treatment. Increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation and ERK1=2 phosphorylation in db=db mouse aorta were inhibited after valsartan or enalapril treatment. SUPPLEMENTAL FIG. 7. (A) DHE fluorescence showing 1 nmol=l angiotensin II (AngII) augmented ROS generation in db=m þ mouse aortas which was prevented by 1 mmol=l apocynin and.1 mmol=l DPI. While catalase (1 U=mL) could inhibit the ROS produced by hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), apocynin or DPI had no effect on H 2 O 2 - induced ROS production. (B) DPI (.1 mmol=l, NADPH oxidase inhibitor) improved the impaired relaxations in db=db mouse aortas. p <.1 between diabetic and non-diabetic groups. p <.5 between treatment and control groups or between two curves. p <.5 compared with AngII group, and { p <.5 compared with H 2 O 2 group.

6 5 HXXO 5 HXXO + Losartan dx''/db HXXO + Tiron 5 Negative control dx''/db Magnetic Field (Gauss) Magnetic Field (Gauss) SUPPLEMENTAL FIG. 8. ESR spectrum of radical adducts detected by spin trap TEMPONE-H, showing that the formation of nitroxide radical TEMPONE from the reaction of TEMPONE-H with superoxide radicals was continuously formed after the addition of hypoxanthine plus xanthine oxidase (HX-XO, as a superoxide radical generating system), which was inhibited by the addition of 1 mmol=l tiron (ROS scavenger), but not 3 mmol=l losartan.