Supplementary Figure 1. Western blot of hippocampal lysates from WT and Adcy1 KO mice demonstrates the specificity of the ADCY1 antibody.

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1 ADCY1 13 kda β-actin 45 kda Supplementary Figure 1. Western blot of hippocampal lysates from and mice demonstrates the specificity of the ADCY1 antibody. a DHPG perk1/2 ERK1/2 Relative level min 1.6 * neuron 5 min 1 min * 3 min b DHPG perk1/2 ERK1/2 Relative level 1.2 * *.8.4 neuron min 5 min 1 min 3 min Supplementary Figure 2. The mglur1/5-mediated intracellular signaling is intact in neurons. The level of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (perk1/2) and total ERK1/2 in hippocampal neurons (a) and hippocampal neurons (b) following the treatment with mglur1/5 agonist DHPG (1 µm) was determined by Western blot. Quantifications show the relative level of perk1/2 normalized to total ERK1/2 (n=6 per group). One-way ANOVA and LSD test was used to determine p-value, * indicates p<.5 between the min group and the indicated group, one-way ANOVA followed by LSD post hoc analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. 1

2 a DKO b spines/ µm dendrite 1.5 * # DKO Supplementary Figure 3. Genetic deletion of Adcy1 in mice rescues higher spine density in visual cortex. (a) Golgi staining of dendritic spines on the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the visual cortex of,,, and Fmr1/Adcy1 DKO mice (n = 4 for each genotype; length of the scale bar = 1 µm). (b) Quantification of total spine number. *: p <.5 between and indicated group, one-way ANOVA followed by LSD post hoc analysis. #: p <.5 between and the indicated group, one-way ANOVA followed by LSD post hoc analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. 15 P<.5 Vmax 1 5 n=16 Fmr 1 n=17 Adcy1 n=15 DKO n=18 Supplementary Figure 4. Acoustic startle response in mice. Startle responses to 12 db auditory stimulation were determined in four different mouse strains as indicated. Comparing to the mice,,, and Fmr1/Adcy1 DKO animals showed higher responses. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. 2

3 % remaining Time (min) Supplementary Figure 5. The level of NB1 at different time points during incubation with liver microsomes. a plasma concentration(ng/ml) Time (hour) b brain concentration (ng/g) Time (hour) Supplementary Figure 6. Absorption and distribution of NB1 in plasma and brain. Samples prepared from plasma or brain were subjected to LC/MS/MS with Turbo-Ionspray TM Interface in the positive ion-mode (Pharmacokinetics Core, University of Michigan). The concentration of NB1 in plasma (a) and brain (b) was determined at different time points following intraperitoneal injection. 3

4 Time in light chamber (s) vehicle vehicle NB1 NB1 Supplementary Figure 7. Effect of NB1 on behavior in light/dark test. Time spent in the lit chamber during the light/dark test was recorded for and mice injected with vehicle (, n = 11;, n = 13) or 1 mg per kg NB1 (, n = 1;, n = 15). : not significant. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. 4

5 a Number of entries 1 5 vehicle rolipram b Time in! light chamber (sec) vehicle rolipram Supplementary Figure 8. Effects of acute low dose rolipram on behavior in the light/dark test. and mice received i.p. injection of rolipram (.3 mg per kg) or vehicle. Thirty minutes after injection, mice were examined by light/dark test as described in Figure 4. Regardless of treatment, mice showed more transition between the lit and dark chamber than mice (genotype effect: F (1,29) = 8., p=.8) (a), and normal time in either lit or dark chamber (b). Rolipram does not cause significant behavioral changes in either or mice (treatment effect: F (1,29) =, p=1). : not significant. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. 5

6 3 Vehicle NB1 b Weight relative to brain Body weight (g) a 2 1 c Vehicle 4 7 Day NB Vehicle 4 NB Heart & lung Liver Kidney d NB1 Vehicle Supplementary Figure 9. There is no significant toxicity following two weeks of NB1 administration at high dose. NB1 (5 mg/kg) (n=5) or vehicle (n=3) was repeatedly administered twice per day for 14 days. (a) Body weight of mice at different days during the 2week NB1 administration. (b) Weight of heart and lung, liver, and kidney normalized to brain weight was recorded at the end of 2-week NB1 administration. (c, d) H&E staining and histology of liver (c) and kidney (d) tissues after 14 days of NB1 administration. : not significant. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. 6

7 Supplementary Figure 1. blots. blots for Fig. 1a blots for Fig. 1e DHPG neuron min 5 min 1 min 3 min blots for Fig. 1f DHPG neuron min 5 min 1 min 3 min ADCY1 13 kda ADCY1 13 kda ADCY1 13 kda β-actin 45 kda β-actin 45 kda β-actin 45 kda 7

8 blots for Fig. 2a DKO blots for Fig. 2b DKO blots for Fig. 2c DKO S6K 7 kda perk1/2 pakt 6 kda ERK1/2 ps6k kda Akt 6 kda ps6k kda blots for Fig. 3a DKO β-actin 45 kda 8

9 blots for Fig. 5b blots for Fig. 5b and 5d blots for Fig. 5d Akt 6 kda pakt 6 kda perk1/2 ERK1/2 Anti Akt and anti ERK1/2 added at the same time blots for Fig. 5c blots for Fig. 5c blots for Fig. 5c ps6k421 7 kda ps6k389 7 kda S6K 7 kda 9

10 blots for Supplementary Fig. 1 ADCY1 13 kda β-actin 45 kda blots for Supplementary Fig. 2a blots for Supplementary Fig. 2b DHPG neuron min 5 min 1 min 3 min DHPG neuron min 5 min 1 min 3 min perk1/2 perk1/2 ERK1/2 ERK1/2 1

11 Supplementary Table 1. Effects of acute low dose rolipram on audiogenic seizures Genotype and treatment N number % wild running % clonic/tonic seizure % death + vehicle vehicle rolipram rolipram Audiogenic seizures were induced by 12 db auditory stimulation 3 min after rolipram (.3 mg per kg) or vehicle (1% kolliphore) injection. The percentage of different seizure-related phenotypes including wild running, clonic/tonic seizures, and death is shown. Chi-square test reveals significant genotype effect (p=.4 for wild running; p=.1 for clonic/tonic seizure; p=.3 for death) but no rolipram effect (p=.842 for wild running; p=.745 for clonic/tonic seizure; p=.936 for death). 11

12 Supplementary Table 2. Long-term effects of NB1 Control NB1 Urea Nitrogen (mg/dl) ± ±.87 Sodium (mmol/l) ± ±1.5 Potassium (mmol/l) 4.77 ± ±.22 Chloride (mmol/l) ± ±.85 Total CO2 (mmol/l) 13. ± ±1.4 Anion Gap (mmol/l) 35. ± ±2.36 Na/K Ratio ± ±1.47 Osmolarity (mos/l) 321. ± ±4. Glucose (mg/dl) ± ±8.5 Calcium (mg/dl) 8.6 ± ±.2 Phosphorus (mg/dl) 7.37 ± ±.24 Magnesium (mg/dl) 3.33 ± ±.11 Iron (ug/dl) 17. ± ±4.5 Albumin (g/dl) 2.8 ± ±.13 ALT (U/L) ± ±.96 AST (U/L) 4.33 ± ±1.55 ALP (U/L) 72. ± ±4.48 Amylase (U/L) ± ±29.2 Chol (mg/dl) ± ±5.96 Hemolysis Chem Normal Normal Lipemia Chem Normal Normal Icterus Chem Normal Normal Blood test results following 14 days of NB1 administration. Vehicle or NB1 at 5 mg per kg (n=5) was given twice per day for 14 days, after which blood samples were collected. ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ALP: alkaline phosphatase. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. 12