Effects Of Citrullus colocynthis And Cucumis callosus On Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

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1 Effects Of Citrullus colocynthis And Cucumis cllosus On Orl Glucose Tolernce Test Vineet Tripthi* nd Dr. Nitin Verm Oxford College of Phrmcy, Ghzibd Abstrct The term dibetes ws probbly derived by Apollonius of Memphis round 250 BC. Dibetes is first recorded in English, in the form dibete. Dibetes mellitus is derived from the Greek word dibetes mening siphon (pss through) nd the Ltin word mellitus mening honeyed or sweet. This is becuse in dibetes excess sugr is found in blood s well s the urine. The orl glucose tolernce test (OGTT) is vitl for the chrcteriztion of metbolic syndrome, the nturl evolution from predibetes to Type-2 dibetes, nd chrcteriztion of the metbolic ctions of crdiovsculr nd metbolic drugs. Although the OGTT is rrely used s dignostic test for Type-2 dibetes it is widely used s sensitive indictor of gesttionl dibetes. Phytochemicl screening reveled tht the fruits of C. colocynthis L. nd C. cllosus L. contin tertiry nd quternry lkloids, glycoside, crbohydrtes nd sponin components. These results suggest tht the ethnolic extrct of fruits of C. colocynthis L. nd C. cllosus L. possesses orl hypoglycemic effect nd its combintion (C. colocynthis nd C. cllosus) produced synergistic ction t sme dose. Keywords: Dibetes mellitus, Citrullus colocynthis L., Cucumis cllosus L., Phytochemicl screening, Orl hypoglycemic, Orl glucose tolernce test. I. INTRODUCTION Dibetes mellitus is metbolic disorder chrcterized by incresing blood glucose cused by reltive or bsolute deficiency of insulin. Insulin is hormone mnufctured by the bet cells of the pncres, which is required to utilize glucose from digested food s n energy source. Insulin deficiency cuses hyperglycemi [1]. Chronic hyperglycemi is ssocited with microvsculr nd mcrovsculr complictions tht cn led to visul impirment, blindness, kidney disese, nerve dmge, hert disese, nd stroke, including sexul dysfunction [2]. Tble 1: Dibetes mellitus hs divided into four ctegories: Type I (Insulin Dependent It is chrcterized by n bsolute deficiency of insulin cused Dibetes Mellitus) by mssive bet cells lesions or necrosis [3]. Type II (Non-Insulin Dependent Type-2 dibetes is frequently ccompnied by trget orgn Dibetes Mellitus) insulin resistnce tht limits responsiveness to both endogenous nd exogenous insulin [4]. Type III (Drug Induced Dibetes) A number of drugs, corticosteroids, thizids diuretics, bet blockers, ntipsychotics, sttin nd protese inhibitors hve been linked with incresed risk development of dibetes [5]. Type IV (Gesttionl Dibetes) In this type of dibetes blood sugr levels re elevted usully in second or lst trimester of pregnncy nd usully resolved during the postprtum period All rights Reserved Pge 96

2 II. SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES Tble 2: Symptoms of Dibetes mellitus. Hert nd Blood Vessel Dmge Neuropthy Nephropthy Eye Dmge Osteoporosis Alzheimer s Disese Miscrrige nd Stillbirth Preeclmpsi Dibetes increses risk of crdiovsculr disese, including coronry rtery disese, hert ttck, therosclerosis nd hypertension. Excess sugr, injure the wll of cpillries, this cn cuse tingling, numbness, burning tht usully begins t the tip of the toes nd grdully spred upwrd. Dibetes cn dmge tiny blood vessels of kidney tht filter wste from blood by this severe dmge cn led to kidney filure or irreversible end-stge kidney disese, which requires dilysis or kidney trnsplnt Dibetes cn dmge the blood vessels of the retin which potentilly leding to blindness. Dibetes lso increses the risk of ctrcts nd glucom. Dibetes lowers the norml bone minerl density, incresing risk of osteoporosis [7]. Type-2 dibetes my increse the risk of Alzheimer's disese nd vsculr dementi by blocking blood flow to the brin or cusing strokes. If blood sugr level is uncontrolled during the erly stges of pregnncy, there is lso n incresed risk of the bby developing birth defect [8,9]. Gesttionl dibetes rises risk of high blood pressure, s well s, preeclmpsi serious compliction of pregnncy tht cuses hypertension nd other symptoms tht cn pressurize the lives of both mother nd bby [10]. III. PLANT USED IN STUDY Citrullus colocynthis L. (Indryn, Bitter pple): Citrullus colocynthis L. is desert viny plnt tht grows in sndy rid soils. It is ntive to the Mediterrnen Bsin nd Asi nd is distributed mong the west cost of northern Afric, estwrd through the Shr, Egypt until Indi [11]. Tble 3: Botnicl Clssifiction of C. colocynthis L. Kingdom Subkingdom Superdivision Division Clss Order Fmily Genus Species Plnte Trcheobiont Spermtophyte Mgnoliophyt Mgnoliopsid Violles Cucurbitcee Citrullus All rights Reserved Pge 97

3 The min chemicl contin of fruit pulp is colocynthin (the bitter principle up to 14 %), colocynthein (resin), colocynthetin, quercetin, flvonoids, pectin gum nd triterpen glycosides. Seed contin fixed oil (17 %), lbuminiods (6 %), vitmin B1, B2 nd nicin [12, 13, 14]. Medicinl Uses: 1. Antimycobcteril Activity: Citrullus colocynthis L. trditionlly used nturl remedy for tuberculosis. It hs ntituberculr ctivity ginst drug sensitive nd drug resistnt Mycobcterium tuberculosis nd Mycobcterium other thn tuberculosis (MOTT) bcilli [15]. 2. Anti-inflmmtory Activity: C. colocynthis L. fruit nd seed t immture stte for nti-inflmmtory ctivity using the crrgeenn induced pw edem ssy in rts. Therefore, C. colocynthis could be potentil useful for further evlution for inflmmtory diseses [16]. 3. Hypolipidemic: A dily intke of 300 mg dy of powdered seeds of C. colocynthis cn lower the triglyceride nd cholesterol concentrtion significntly in non dibetic hyperlipidemic ptients [17]. 4. Anti Alopeci: C. colocynthis hs positive ctivity in ndrogen-induced lopeci. Petroleum ether extrct of C. colocynthis ws pplied topiclly for its hir growth-promoting ctivity [18]. 5. Antioxidnt nd Free Rdicl Scvenging: Methnolic fruit extrct of C. colocynthis L. ws screened to evlute its free rdicl scvenging effect. The highest ntioxidnt nd free rdicl scvenging bility of the fruit extrct ws observed t concentrtion of 2500 microg ml (-1) [19]. Cucumis cllosus L. (Wild melon): Ntive to dry res of Indi being common throughout the south Americ, res of Thilnd, Egypt nd Afric, estwrd through Irn to Indi nd other prts of tropicl Asi [20]. Tble 4: Botnicl clssifiction of Cucumis cllosus L. Kingdom Plnte Subkingdom Trcheobiont Superdivision Spermtophyte Division Mgnoliophyt Clss Mgnoliopsid Order Cucurbitles Fmily Cucurbitcee Genus Cucumis Species Cllosus The min chemicl contents of fruit pulp is lkloids, crbohydrtes, mino cids, glycosides, fixed oils nd ft, tnnins, phytosterols, flvonoids nd sponins All rights Reserved Pge 98

4 Medicinl Uses: 1. Anlgesic Activity: Anlgesic ctivity ws ssessed by cetic cid induced writhing test nd til immersion method. 2. Anti-Inflmmtory Activity: Methnolic extrct of C. cllosus shows nti-inflmmtory ctivity in crrgeenn induced rt pw edem. 3. Antioxidnt Activity: Alcoholic extrct of seeds of Cucumis cllosus Cogn possesses the significnt ntioxidnt ctivity. Antioxidnt ctivity of plnt extrct showed rdicl potent scvenging ctivity nd lso ntioxidnt ctivity help to reduce pin [22]. IV. COLLECTION AND AUTHENTICATION OF PLANTS The fruits of C. colocynthis L. nd C. cllosus L. were purchsed from locl herb store of Sonebhdr nd uthenticted from Obr Degree College, Sonebhdr, U.P. The fruits were clened, wshed, chopped to smll pieces nd then dried t room temperture. The dried fruit ws powdered nd pssed from mesh size sieves. EXTRACTION OF PLANTS 100 gm of fruits powder were tken in soxhlet pprtus nd extrcted into 800 ml ethnol (90%) for 48 hours. It ws shken frequently during the first 6 hours nd llowed to stnd for 18 hours. There fter it ws filtered rpidly nd then filtrte ws evported with the help of vcuum evportor t the temperture of 450C. PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF EXTRACT The extrcts were subjected to preliminry qulittive test for the presence of crbohydrtes, mino cid, proteins, steroids, glycosides, lkloids, tnnins, phenolic compound nd flvonoids [23]. ANIMALS Experimentl rts were processed in ccordnce to Committee for Purpose of Supervision nd Control of Experimentl Animl (CPCSEA registrtion no. 1044/c/07/CPCSEA). Albino wistr mle rts weighing g ws used for the study. They were mintined in the niml house for experimentl purpose. The nimls were mintined under controlled conditions of temperture (22 ± 3 C), humidity (30 to 70 %) nd 12-h light-drk cycles. All the nimls were cclimtized for seven dys before the study. The nimls were rndomized into experimentl nd control groups nd housed individully in snitized polypropylene cges contining sterile pddy husk s bedding. They hd free ccess to stndrd pellets s bsl diet nd wter d libitum. Animls were hbituted to lbortory conditions for 48 hours prior to experimentl protocol to minimize if ny of non-specific stress. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Orl Glucose Tolernce Test (OGTT): Overnight fsted (18 h) norml rts re divided into five groups ech group contining 6 nimls (n= 6). Group I - Norml Control (Sline) Group II - Citrullus colocynthis L. ethnolic extrct (300 mg/kg, p.o) [24] Group III - Cucumis cllosus L. ethnolic extrct (500 mg/kg, p.o) [25] Group IV - Citrullus colocynthis L. + Cucumis cllosus L. ethnolic extrct ( mg/kg, All rights Reserved Pge 99

5 Group V Glibenclmide (10 mg/kg, p.o) [26]. After 30 min. of respective dministrtion, the rts of ll groups orlly treted with 2 g/kg of glucose. Blood smples were collected from retro orbitl sinus just prior to glucose dministrtion nd t 30, 60, 90 nd 120 min. fter glucose loding. Blood glucose levels were mesured immeditely by using glucometer. [27] STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Blood glucose levels were expressed in mg/dl s men ± SD. The dt were sttisticlly nlyzed using ANOVA followed by Dunnet s test. Preliminry Phytochemicl Anlysis: V. RESULT The preliminry phytochemicl screening of extrct of Citrullus colocynthis L. gve positive tests for crbohydrtes, resins, sponin, nthrquinone, flvonoids, steroids nd lkloids nd extrct of Cucumis cllosus L. gve positive tests for crbohydrte, lkloid, protein, sponin, flvonoids, tnnin nd glycosides. Tble 5: Phytochemicl screening of Citrullus colocynthis L. nd Cucumis cllosus L. fruits extrct Tests C. colocynthis L. C. cllosus L. Tested For extrct extrct Crbohydrte Molisch (+) (+) Alkloid Wgner s (-) (+) Protein Biuret (-) (+) Steroids Slkowski (+) (-) Glycosides Sodium hydroxide (+) (+) Sponins Fom (+) (+) Tnnins Ferric chloride (-) (+) Flvonoids Ferric chloride (+) (+) Resin Ferric chloride (+) (-) (+) = Present, (-) = Absent Orl Glucose Tolernce Test: In the Orl Glucose Tolernce Test the effect of ethnolic fruit extrct of Citrullus colocynthis L., Cucumis cllosus L. nd their combintion therpy t hlf dose is shown in below All rights Reserved Pge 100

6 Blood Glucose Level (mg/dl) Interntionl Journl of Applied nd Pure Science nd Agriculture (IJAPSA) b bc b bc b bc b Control 60 Citrullus colocynthis L Cucumis cllosus L. 0 0 min 30 min. 60 min. 90 min. 120 min. Time Figure 1: Effect of ethnolic fruit extrcts on the glucose-induced hyperglycemi in norml rts. The results re expressed s mens ± SEM. =P<0.05, b= P<0.01, when experimentl groups re compred with control group nd c= not significnt when combintion group is compred with positive group, Glibenclmide. (ANOVA followed by Dunnet s test) VI. DISCUSSION Tretment employing with two or more herbs in combintion hs the dvntge of producing mximum therpeutic efficcy thn the single herb tretment. Combintion therpy my provide synergistic, potentitive phrmcologicl properties within themselves becuse of presence of vst rnge of phytobioctive constituents [28]. The present work ws focused to estblish the therpeutic efficcy nd probble benefit ssocited with the combintion therpy t sme doses of ethnolic fruit extrcts of Citrullus colocynthis L. nd Cucumis cllosus L. in comprison to their individul tretments nd stndrd drug, Glibenclmide. Citrullus colocynthis L. nd Cucumis cllosus L. ttributed to the vitl phytoconstituents contined like crbohydrte, glycosides, flvonoids nd sponins. The nti-oxidnt nd free rdicl scvenging properties of flvonoids nd other polyphenolic compounds of the both plnts might be responsible for the ntidibetic ctivity in the combintion therpy s well s in the individul tretments of both the plnts. In the present work showed tht the ethnolic fruit extrct of Citrullus colocynthis L. (300 mg/kg), Cucumis cllosus L. (500 mg/kg) nd the combintion therpy of both plnt extrct t sme dose ( mg/kg) respectively reduced blood sugr slightly significnt (P<0.05) nd significntly (P<0.01) in normoglycemic rts t 60, 90 nd 120 All rights Reserved Pge 101

7 VII. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the experimentl evidence obtined in the present lbortory niml study indicte tht ethnolic fruit extrct of Citrullus colocynthis L. nd Cucumis cllosus L. possess nti-dibetic properties nd combintion of these plnt extrct t sme dose shows synergistic ction, due to presence of mjor phytochemicl constituents such s lkloids, crbohydrtes, glycosides nd phenolic, which suggest the presence of biologiclly ctive components which my be worth further investigtion nd elucidtion. The observed results proved tht synergistic ntihyperglycemic effect of the combintion therpy of sme dose of Citrullus colocynthis L. nd Cucumis cllosus L. This lso gives n opportunity to reduce the dose of herbs in order to void the burden of herbl over dosing. BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Tnko, Y, Yerim, M, Mhdi, M.A, Yro, A.H, Mus, K.Y nd Mohmmed, A, Hypoglycemic ctivity of methnolic stem brk of Adnsonni digitt extrct on blood glucose levels of Streptozocin-Induced dibetic wistr rts. Interntionl Journl of Applied Reserch in Nturl Products, Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp [2] Tripthi, V, Verm, J, Current updtes of Indin ntidibetic medicinl plnts. Interntionl Journl of Reserch in Phrmcy nd Chemistry, Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp [3] Wng, T.J, Lrson, M.G, Vsn, R.S, Cheng, S, Rhee, E.P nd Cbe, M.E, Metbolite Profiles nd the Risk of developing dibetes. Nture Medicine, Vol. 17, Issue 4, pp [4] Vionnet, N, Stoffel, M, Tked, J, Ysud, K, Bell, G.I nd Zouli, H, Nonsense muttion in the glucokinse gene cuses erly-onset non-insulin-dependent dibetes mellitus. Nture, Vol. 356, pp [5] Tripthi, V, Verm, J, Different models used to induce dibetes: A Comprehensive Review. Interntionl Journl of Phrmcy nd Phrmceuticl Sciences, Vol. 6, Issue 6, pp [6] Strojek, K, Fetures of mcrovsculr complictions in type-2 dibetic ptients. Act Dibetologic, Vol. 40, pp [7] Csqueiro, J, Csqueiro, J nd Alves, C, Infections in ptients with dibetes mellitus: review of pthogenesis. Indin Journl of Endocrinology nd Metbolism, Vol. 16, Issue 1, pp [8] Holt, G.I., Dignosis, epidemiology nd pthogenesis of dibetes mellitus n updte for Psychitrists. British Journl of Psychitry, Vol. 184, pp [9] Bch F, Lee S, Gungor N, Arslnin SA, From pre-dibetes to type 2 dibetes in obese youth: pthophysiologicl chrcteristics long the spectrum of glucose dysregultion. Dibetes cre, 33(10), pp [10] Cheung, K.W nd Wong, S.F, Gesttionl Dibetes Mellitus Updte nd Review of Literture. Reproductive System nd Sexul Disorder, pp [11] Borhde, P, Deshmukh, T, Ptil, V nd Khndelwl, K, Review on Citrullus colocynthis. Interntionl Journl of Reserch in Phrmcy nd Chemistry, Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp [12] Agrwl, V, Shrm, A.K, Updhyy, A, Singh, G nd Gupt, R., Hypoglycemic effects of Citrullus colocynthis roots. Act Polonie Phrmceutic Drug Reserch, Vol. 69, Issue 1, pp [13] Gurudeebn, S, Styvni, K nd Rmnthn, T, Bitter Apple (Citrullus colocynthis): An overview of chemicl composition nd biomedicl potentils. Asin Journl of Plnt Science, Vol.1, pp [14] Yoshikw, M, Morikw, T, Kobyshi, H, Nkmur, A, Mtsuhir, K nd Nkmur, S, Bioctive sponins nd glycoside. XXVII. Structure of new Cucurbitne type triterpen glycoside nd nti llergic constituents from Citrullus colocynthis. Chemicl nd Phrmceuticl Bulletin, Vol. 3, pp [15] Rsool, K nd Jhnbkhsh, T, Anti cndidl screening nd ntibcteril of Citrullus colocynthis in South Est of Irn. Journl of Horticulture nd Forestry, Vol. 3, Issue 13, pp [16] Sb, A.B nd Oridup, A.O, Serch for novel ntioxidnt, nti-inflmmtory/ nlgesic or nti-prolifertive drug: Cucurbitcin hold the ce. Journl of Medicinl Plnts Reserch, Vol. 4, Issue 25, pp [17] Drdk, H, Almsd, M.M, El-Bnn, N.M nd Smr, O.H, Hypolipidemic effects of Citrullus colocynthis L. in rbbits. Pkistn Journl of Biologicl Science, Vol. 10, Issue 16, pp [18] Dhnoti, R, Chuhn, N.S, Srf, D.K nd Dixit, V.K, Effect of Citrullus colocynthis Schrd fruits on testosterone-induced lopeci. Nturl Product of Reserch, Vol. 25, Issue 15, pp [19] Kumr, S, Kumr, D, Sroh, K, Singh, N nd Vshisht, B, Antioxidnt nd free rdicl scvenging potentil of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrd. Methnolic fruit extrct. Act Phrmceutic, Vol. 58, Issue 2, pp. All rights Reserved Pge 102

8 [20] Chnd, T, Bhndri, A, Kumwt, B.K, Shrm, A, Bnsl, V.K nd Preek, A, Phytochemicl Investigtion of seed of Cucumis cllosus (Rottl.) Cogn. Reserch Journl of Phrmceuticl, Biologicl nd Chemicl Sciences, Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp [21] Aror, R, Kur, M nd Gill N.S, Antioxidnt ctivity nd Phrmcologicl evlution of Cucumis melo vr. grestis Methnolic Seed Extrct. Reserch Journl of Phytochemistry, Vol. 5, Issue 3, pp [22] Chnd, T, Bhndri, A, Bhupendr, K.K, Pwn, K, Shrm, S nd Verm, R, In vitro ntioxidnt ctivity of lcoholic extrct of seeds of Cucumis cllosus (Rottl.) Cogn. Americn Journl of Phrmtech Reserch, Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp [23] Turner, M.A, Screening methods in phrmcology. Acdemic Press, pp. 26. [24] Agrwl, V, Shrm, A.K, Updhyy, A, Singh, G nd Gupt, R., Hypoglycemic effects of Citrullus colocynthis roots. Act Polonie Phrmceutic Drug Reserch, Vol. 69, Issue 1, pp [25] Bidkr JS, Ghnwt DD, Bhujbl MD nd Dm GY, Antihyperlipidemic ctivity of Cucumis melofruit peel extrcts in high cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemi in rts. J Complement Inteqr Med, Vol. 9, Issue 22, pp [26] Shrm, V.K, Kumr, S, Ptel, H.J nd Hugr, S, Hypoglycemic ctivity of Ficus Glomert in lloxn induced dibetic rts. Interntionl Journl of Phrmceuticl Sciences Review nd Reserch, Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp [27] Heroor, S, Beknl, A nd Mhurkr, N, Synergistic ctivity of brk extrcts of Pongmi glbr nd Ficus Glomert in lloxn-induced dibetic rts. World Journl of Phrmcy nd Phrmceuticl Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue 6, pp [28] Rghvendr, H.G, Sen, S, Sivrmi, Y.R, Sridhr, C, Chkrborthi, R nd Suchitr, B, Synergistic ctivity of Tribulus terrestris nd Annon squmos extrcts ginst lloxn induced dibetes nd hyperlipidemi in rts. Phrm Science Monitor, Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp. All rights Reserved Pge 103