PM 2.5 Monitoring in Mass and Compositions: Comparison Using Different Equipment. Bandung, West Java- Indonesia
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1 PM 2.5 Monitoring in Mass and Compositions: Comparison Using Different Equipment Bandung, West Java- Indonesia Puji Lestari Rizki Pratiwi, Fatimah Dinan Q, Haryo Satriyo Tomo a, Graydon Snider ** and Crystal L. Weagle ** Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB) Indonesia **Dalhousie University-Canada
2 ACAM, Guangzou, June 5-9
3 Photo by PI: finding my own legend 2012
4 Background The impact of PM2.5 to health and Environment. Particulate with size less than 2.5 m could penetrate deep into the lung and cause lung damage Lack of monitoring data on PM2.5 Spatially and Temporally for epidemiology study in Indonesia specially in Bandung and Jakarta and other cities PM2.5 is regulated under Government Regulation No. 41/1999, however, there is very limited monitoring of PM2.5 Conventional filter based sampler for PM2.5 is high cost and high maintenance. The used of Nephelometer may could overcome the monitoring data required. ACAM, Guangzou, June 5-9
5 City Characteristics Population > 2.5 millions Latitude 6.55 S, L E Geographically, Bandung is surrounded by hills and volcanic mountains which some of them are still active. The city is congested with a large number of motor vehicles, including both public and private transportations
6 Main Objectives To Conduct Sampling Performance Evaluation for PM2.5 monitoring in Bandung (apply different equipment). Combination of Filter-based and Continuous measurement Measurements Hourly PM2.5 Concentration To characterize the PM2.5 particles in Urban area Bandung To collect long-term systematic data for PM2.5 in Bandung ACAM, Guangzou, June 5-9
7 Sampling Location at Institute of Technology Bandung, S 06 o 53 18, E 107 o Co-located Mini Volume Portable Air Sampler (Minivol), Havard Impactor, AirPhoton- Nephelometer & Filter sampler, Sun photometer Samplers were Placed on the roof of 8 story building on ITB Campus with elevation 826 m or ft asl 7
8 : Sampling Equipment FILTER SAMPLER Gravimetric mass (μg/m3) 4 LPM 8-slots cartridges; each a pair of 2μm PTFE Teflon and 8-μm Nuclepore NEPHELOMETER Particle light scattering (Mm -1 ) 450 nm (blue) 532 nm (green) 632 nm (red) HARVARD IMPACTOR Also used as the reference instrument in development study of Personal Respirable Particulate Sampler and Compact Multistage Cascade Impactor. Gravimetric mass (μg/m3) 10 LPM 1 μm Teflon filter MiniVol sampler 8
9 Co- Location of Sampling AirPhoton Filter Sampler AirPhoton Nephelometer Reference Sampler Harvard Impactor Parallel & Simultaneous 9
10 Sampling Program Co-Located sampling for Intercomparison evaluation (July-August 2014) , using AirPhoton (Nephelometer +Filter sampler) about 120 samples were collected Measurement were conducted during , with 24 hour period of sampling in Urban Mix sites & rural More than 350 samples were collected using Dichotomous and Mini volume Samplers Chemical Speciation (BC, an ions and cations and elements) Hang Zoe,Aug 19-20
11 Sampling Periods NORMAL PERIOD Jan December 2016 COLLOCATION PERIOD Jul 18 Aug 20, 2014 To obtain PM2.5 concentration Intercomparison for testing accuracy data 63 days 63 days 63 days 7 days 7 days 7 days 160 mins/day continuous 24 hours/day continuous 24 hours/day for 9 days = 24 hours/filter 11
12 PM 2.5 Filter Sampler (µg/nm 3 ) Filter Sampler Sampling Performance Evaluation y = x R² = LINEARITY TEST PM2.5 Linear (PM2.5) PM 2.5 Harvard Impactor (µg/nm 3 ) 12
13 Nephelometer Sampling Performance Evaluation HOURLY ESTIMATES Harvard Impactor μg/m3 Variable N N* Mean SE Mean Min Max PM 2,5 (Red) ,765 0,472 16,272 51,13 PM 2,5 (Green) ,574 0,469 17,15 54,204 PM 2,5 (Blue) ,561 0,48 17,136 55,671 13
14 18 Jul 19 Jul 20 Jul 21 Jul 22 Jul 23 Jul 24 Jul 25 Aug 6 Aug 7 Aug 8 Aug 9 Aug 10 Aug 11 Aug 12 Aug 13 Aug 14 Aug 15 Aug 16 Aug 17 Aug DAILY AVERAGES Nephelometer Sampling Performance Evaluation PM (μg/nm3) PM2.5 Red PM2.5 Green PM2.5 Blue PM2.5 Harvard Impactor 14
15 Nephelometer Sampling Performance Evaluation Legend : Y = Neph PM2.5 (μg/m3), X = Harvard Impactor PM2.5 (μg/m3) Blue (450 nm) y = x R² = y = x R² = Green (532 nm) y = x R² = LINEARITY TEST Red (632 nm) Good correlations for all wavelengths These two samplers show identical measurement 15
16 10-19 Jan' Feb'14 28 Mar-6 Apr'14 24 Apr-3 May' May'14 29 Jun-8 Jul' Jul' Jul' Aug' Aug' Aug' Aug' Aug' Oct'14 26 Nop-5 Dec'14 23 Dec' Jan' Feb' Mar Apr' May' Jun' Jul'15 26 Aug-4 Sep' Oct' Nop' Jan' Feb' Mar' Apr' May' Jun' Jul' Aug'16 31 Aug-9 Sep' Oct' Nop' Dec' Dec' Dec' Dec'16 Concentration (µg/m 3 ) Concentration of PM2.5 ( ) Trend of PM 2.5 Concentration during Hang Zoe,Aug 19-20
17 Hang Zoe,Aug 19-20
18 Temporal PM2.5 Variations in Bandung PM2.5 (ug/nm³) January August Diurnal Variations Increase starts at 6 am peak at 9 am and at 5 pm peak at 8 pm Closely related to human activities Anthropogenic emission 18
19 10-19 Jan' Feb'14 28 Mar-6 Apr'14 24 Apr-3 May' May'14 29 Jun-8 Jul' Jul' Jul' Aug' Aug' Aug' Aug' Aug' Oct'14 26 Nop-5 Dec'14 23 Dec'14-2 Jan' Jan' Feb' Mar Apr' May' Jun' Jul'15 26 Aug-4 Sep' Oct' Nop' Jan' Feb' Mar' Apr' May' Jun' Jul' Aug'16 31 Aug-9 Sep' Oct' Nop' Dec' Dec' Dec' Dec'16 Concentration (µg/m 3 ) Jan' Feb'14 28 Mar-6 Apr'14 24 Apr-3 May' May'14 29 Jun-8 Jul' Jul' Jul' Aug' Aug' Aug' Aug' Aug' Oct'14 26 Nop-5 Dec'14 23 Dec' Jan' Feb' Mar Apr' May' Jun' Jul'15 26 Aug-4 Sep' Oct' Nop' Jan' Feb' Mar' Apr' May' Jun' Jul' Aug'16 31 Aug-9 Sep' Oct' Nop' Dec' Dec' Dec' Dec'16 Concentration (µg/m 3 ) Anion Concentration CL NO3 PO4 SO Cation Concentration Na NH4 K Mg
20 10-19 Jan' Feb'14 28 Mar-6 Apr'14 24 Apr-3 May' May'14 29 Jun-8 Jul' Jul' Jul' Aug' Aug' Aug' Aug' Aug' Oct'14 26 Nop-5 Dec'14 23 Dec'14-2 Jan' Jan' Feb' Mar Apr' May' Jun' Jul'15 26 Aug-4 Sep' Oct' Nop' Jan' Feb' Mar' Apr' May' Jun' Jul' Aug'16 31 Aug-9 Sep' Oct' Nop' Dec' Dec' Dec' Dec'16 Concentration (ng/m 3 ) Trend of Metal Concentration Note: Al, Fe, Ti and Fe
21 Concentration (ug/m3) Composition of PM Others Metal Mg K NH4 Na SO4 PO4 NO3 Cl BC COMPOSITION OF PM2.5 BC 8% Cl 0% NO3 2% PO4 1% SO4 17% Others 65% Na 1% K 1% NH4 4% Metal 1% Mg 0%
22 PM2.5 and PM Concentrations in Bandung ( ) Fine and Coarse Particulate in Dago Pakar during Phase II Fine and Coarse Particulate in Tegalega During Phase Concentration (ug/m3) C (ug/m3) DP 2 DP 5 DP 9 DP 12 DP 15 DP 18 DP 47 DP 50 DP 53 DP 57 DP 60 DP 63 DP 105 DP 108 DP 111 DP 20 DP 23 DP 26 DP 29 DP 32 DP 35 DP 38 DP 41 DP 44 DP 71 DP 74 DP 77 DP 80 DP 83 DP 86 DP 89 DP 89 DP 92 DP 95 DP 98 DP TG 1 TG 3 TG 5 TG 46 TG 48 TG 50 TG 53 TG 55 TG 57 TG 59 TG 61 TG 63 TG 65 TG 67 TG 69 TG 71 TG 73 TG 75 TG 77 TG 79 TG 81 TG 83 TG 85 TG 89 TG 91 TG 93 TG 96 TG 98 TG 100 TG 102 TG 104 TG 9 TG 11 TG 13 TG 15 TG 17 TG 20 TG 22 TG 24 TG 26 TG 28 TG 30 TG 32 TG 34 TG 36 TG 38 TG 40 TG 42 TG 44 TG 106 TG 108 TG 110 TG 112 Dry Season Wet Season Wet Season Dry Season Fine Coarse Sample Code Fine Coarse Sample Code DAGO PAKAR Non Urban site No activities Urban Mixed site Commercial road Hang Zoe,Aug 19-20
23 Annual Concentrations of PM Annual Concentration in Tegalega Annual Concentration in Dago Pakar Concentration (ug/m3) wet wet dry dry wet dry wet dry wet dry Concentration (ug/m3) wet dry wet dry wet dry wet dry PM2.5 PM10 Year and Season PM PM10 Year and Season Hang Zoe,Aug 19-20
24 Composition of PM2.5 and PM Composition of PM2.5 in Wet and Dry Season Concentration, ug/m Dago Pakar (Dry) Dago Pakar (Wet) Tegalega (Dry) Tegalega (Wet) Location Composition of PM in Wet and Dry Season Concentration, ug/m Dago Pakar (Dry) Dago Pakar (Wet) Tegalega (Dry) Tegalega (Wet) Location Anthropogenic Crustal BC Ca2+ Mg2+ K+ NH4+ Na+ SO4= NO3- Cl- Anthropogenic Crustal Ca2+ Mg2+ K+ NH4+ Na+ SO4= NO3- Cl- Hang Zoe,Aug 19-20
25 Source Apportionment results from Urban Mixed site (Published in AE 2009)
26 Source Apportionment Results: Dago Pakar
27 Conclusions Intercomparison study with reference instrument Harvard Impactor showed that AirPhoton Filter Sampler and AirPhoton Nephelometer is a reliable combination of PM 2.5 measurement that is applicable for long term monitoring. Black Carbon, Sulfate and Ammonium are the primary compounds in the fine particles in Bandung In general. the main Sources of fine particles in Bandung, were secondary aerosol (ammonium sulfate and nitrate), Biomass burning and vehicles, while the main Sources for coarse particles were soil dust, lime dust and construction dust.
28 Thank you Hang Zoe,Aug 19-20
29 Nephelometer Sampling Performance Evaluation (Eq. 1) (Eq. 2) 29
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