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Transcription

1 Naw..t _._-.---_.. _ ctass

2 . A nomogram is shown below. Nomograms are used to estimate the surface area of individuals. w i~ "'lute :--< THS height (em) surface (rn") area (a) The table below contains information about three individuals. Use the nomogram to complete the table. Line W has been completed as an example. r ndividual Mass (kg) Height (em) Surface Area (rn') _--_. 60 lbo 79 C : - T_J (b) The table below shows the surface area and volume of two boys. Surface A"a (m~~olume (dm') i ~ --' Which of these boys is likely to be more susceptible to hypothermia? Give a reason for your answer. Boy Reason (c) Name the microscopic structures () in the lungs and () n the small intestine, which provide an increased surface area. Lungs _ Small intestine

3 .. The diagram below shows the relationship between the circulatory system and body cells. m, writ m B c direction of blood flow (a) dentify fluids found at A, Band C. A B c () (b) The composition of blood changes as it flows between points X and Y on the diagram. Complete the table below using the words increase or decrease to indicate the changes which occur. Substance Change in concentration X-V Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide " Metabolic waste () (e) Explain why the blood pressure drops as the blood flows from point X to point Y. ()

4 THS MARGN 3. The diagram below shows the relationship between blood, tissue fluid and lymph. capillary tissue cells to lymph node... (a) What is the function of vessel A?,.' ~ (b) Describe how the flow of fluid in vessel A is maintained. (c) Explain why the lymph node may become swollen if the tissues are invaded by bacteria. Cd) Cell B contains many lysosomes. What is the function of cell B?._. (e) How does oxygen from the red blood cells reach the tissue cells? (f) Explain why blood pressure falls as the blood flows through the capillaries.

5 \ 4 n4arks. The diagram below shows the human heart and some associated blood vessels. The arrows on the diagram show the direction of blood flow. \,\RGN (a) Name blood vessels A, Band C. A B C (b) Place arrows on the diagram to show the path of oxygenated blood as it flows through the heart. (c) Describe the function of the semi-lunar valve labelled on the diagram. (d) During which stage of the cardiac cycle do the semi-lunar valves open?

6 5. (a) The diagram represents a section through the heart. DONaT WRTE N THS MARCl': \ vena cava G B D (i) Name blood vessels E and F Vessel E VeJsel F (ii) State two differences between the composition of the blood in chambers Band D. (iii) Place a cross (X) on the diagram to indicate the position of the sinoatrial node (SAN). (iv) Describe the effect of the autonomic nervous system on the sinoatrial node (SAN). (b) State the function of the coronary artery.

7 - '"., - '..., - p_ ~.,., 6. The graph below shows the drop circulatory system. in pressure as blood flows through the 'hl\! J r.. u" TllS MARGN 00 blood 80 pressure (mmhg) "". ".....;:...:.. '_ -., '. ~... ;- :- ~.',;..,. ~.., ~.':: ( l- \ "':.',.~... ~... :... "~,, '":," ~... - ~,:",'... ';. :\', " arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins direction of flow through circulation (a) Calculate the decrease in pressure that occurs in the capillaries. Space for calculation mmhg. (b) The pressure of the blood is highest as it leaves the heart. Where in the circulation would blood be found at a pressure 5% of this value? (c) Why is there a maximum and minimum value given for the arteries and arterioles? (d) Name the blood vessels which link the following organs. From brain to heart _ From small intestine to liver _ 3 From heart to lungs _ [Tum over

8 7. n humans, alterations in the level of exercise bring about changes in pulse rate, stroke volume and ventilation rate. The level of exercise is measured as ratelof oxygen uptake. Grapb gives information about the heart. t shows how pulse rate and stroke volume change with the level of exercise in an individual. Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from the heart in one beat. Graph KEY -pulse rate stroke volume CJ... ::l c E 0... ṯil ("": <:J..a -...J <:J... t<:l... v ~ ::l Q o Rate of oxygen uptake (itres/minute) E.._, 40 (.) v E ::l 0 0 :> v...!>! ci) 80 4 Graph gives information about the lungs. t shows how the ventilation rate changes with the level of exercise in the same individual. Ventilation rate is the volume of air inhaled during one minute. Graph... ṿ... ::l c: 50 E-'"0.~..c c <i) ~ 30 -ṿ... ~ 0 c o... <0 0 o o Rate of oxygen uptake (litres/minute) -4

9 7. (continued) (0) (i) With reference to Graph, what is the pulse rate and the stroke volume when the Tate of oxygen uptake is 0 8 litres/rninute? Pulse rate _ Stroke volume (ii) What is the stroke volume when the pulse rate is 74 beats per minute? -, "\' C. t" THS MARCN cm3 (iii) What is the total volume of blood leaving the heart in one minute when the rate of oxygen uptake is 6 litres/rninute? Space for calculation itres/rninute (iv) From Graph, compare the pattern of changes in pulse rate and stroke volume as oxygen uptake increases. (b) (i) Fresh air contains 0% oxygen. From Graph, what is the volume of oxygen inhaled per minute when the rate of oxygen uptake is 6 litres/rninute? Space for calculation litres (ii) What additional information would be required to calculate the average volume of air taken in during each breath at any time? (c) (i) With reference to both graphs, state the ventilation rate when this individual's pulse rate is 00 beats per minute... litres/minute (ii) Complete the table below by ticking the correct statement(s). Statement Tick (./) The rate at which pulse rate changes is highest at low rates of oxygen uptake. When ventilation rate doubles, the rate of oxygen uptake doubles. (d) Name the blood vessel which carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

10 j 8. The graph shows average blood pressure in different types of blood vessels. MARGN ncreasing blood pressure p Q capillary R Type of blood vessel (a) Name the types of blood vessel represented by P, Q and R. p,. Q R (b) Blood pressure values fluctuate in vessel type P. Explain the reason for this. (c) Explain why there is a large drop in blood pressure in vessel type Q. (d) n the vena cava, blood pressure falls below atmospheric air pressure yet blood is still able to return to the heart. Explain how the blood flow is maintained.

11 9. The graph below shows the occurrence of high blood pressure in British men of different ages. MARCi~,--.--r-._ EJ. 80 Untreated high blood 70 pressure 60 0 Percentage Treated of male 50 high blood population 40 pressure 30 Ṉormal 0 blood pressure 0 Key Age groups (years) 75+ (a) (i) What percentage of British men aged between 5 and 34 have high blood pressure? (ii) n men aged who have high blood pressure, what is the percentage of treated to untreated individuals expressed as a simple ratio? Space for working treated untreated (iii) Describe one trend shown by the graph and suggest an explanation for it. Trend Explanation

12 9. (continued) (b) A blood pressure reading that is greater than 60/90 mmhg is regarded as being too hig~. Why are blood pressure readings given as two figures? THS MARCN - (c) Beta-blockers are drugs often used in the treatment of high blood pressure. (i) Beta-blockers cause vasodilation. Explain how this lowers blood pressure. (ii) Beta-blockers also slow heart rate. Suggest which region of the heart is likely to be affected by beta-blockers. [Turn over

13 0. An investigation was carr ied out into the effect of caffeine on blood pressure, using coffee as the SOurce of caffeine. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures of six students were measured using a digital sphygmomanometer. Each student was then given a cup of coffee to drink. After one hour their blood pressure was measured again. The results are shown in the table below. t -'0/~ nitial blood F;n bi~-:jl..student pressure pressure (mmhg) (mmll~._ 34/8~ ~ 7/79._...~~ ~ 3 8/70 4/7 ~. 4 -t---~4~tr_.43/83. ~ 5 _./73 33/7? j ~_6_ 9/84 -L 37/90 i i Average ' 5/77 (a) Calculate the average final blood pressure and write your answer in the table above. Space JOT calculation (b) What conclusion can be drawn from these results? (c) Describe an appropriate control for this investigation. (d) Apart from leaving one hour between readings, list two other variables which would need to be kept constant during this investigation.

14 to. (continued) (e) What is meant by systolic and diastolic blood pressure? Systolic Diastolic (j) The graphs below show initial and final blood pressures of one of the students. Graph ni tial Blood Pressure Graph Final Blood Pressure WR!TE.~ n-- Tl-!l~ MARGl... i \ "'"'.,.. ec 0 Ē E '-" ṿ 00.. :J tr: q) ::J c, -g 80 ~-;::.::l 70 + f.-!-. ~t+ ~t ~ itc!i,.i. t" t :+- -H-H + l- T f~ t- +- ~ f-h t+-! r T +- H-.L \! 4- '"\: ~ ~++ ~. f+ + ~tl= f-lt- -+-, _L ".L + H+ tt~t- t+ o Time (s).j. 3,-... ; E..., E <:J... :J UJ cr lo 00 <:J a c::s 70 Wit.~*r-t:... Er~ [[ "" Ft.p4 rr ~+- T [i tlli :::t. h- +- ~.L+- ~ -+- rhtt +,+.- f"i: ft ~.~ j_ "-H~F.+-;_ - f-rj_ R= t- W-J :q~ tr!+. t- FH J_ M r-~, W H +f- :8 ± +" J-J ~ P-ri- '-= t:+q:j o Time (s) T.L J.-cq: 3 : \ \, j \ (i) use the information in the table and the graphs to identify the student. Student number "' (ii) Calculate the increase in the pulse rate of this student over the period of the investigation. Space for calculation ---i bpm [Turn over

15 . The diagram below shows a section through a lymph node. THS MARG~ lymphatic vessel X il. (a) Complete the table to name the cells found in the node, and to describe their functions. Bvlymphocytc Type of cell Secretion of antibodies (yes/no) Type of response. no cell-mediated response non-specific - response 3 J (b) Add an arrow to the diagram to indicate the direction of flow of lymph in vessel X. Give a reason for your choice. Reason. (c) Describe one way in which the composition of lymph differs from plasma...., (d) What eventually happens to the lymph after it leaves the gland? (e) Describe one function of the lymphatic system, apart from protecting the body from infection.

16 WYSK 9-0 Topic 3 Transport ~ What you should know e _ (See table 0.3 on page (Chapters9-0) 60 for word bank.) 9 The hepatic vein is exceptional in that it connects one capillary bed (the gut) to another (the liver). A small object has a large relative to its volume, as volume increases, relative surface area n large organisms the organs which absorb materials are situated at a distance from many of the cells in need of these essentials. A _ system is required to deliver materials to cells at a rate faster than _ 3 are thick-walled vessels which carry blood away from the heart; veins are thinner-walled vessels with _. _._.. which carry blood back to the _ 4 Arteries divide into smaller vessels called arterioles; veins are formed by a convergence of smaller vessels called. Blood passes from arterioles to venules through tiny exchange vessels called 5 When blood is forced through a capillary bed, some plasma passes out through the vessel walls. This liquid which bathes the cells is called. t differs from plasma in that it contains little or no 6 Some tissue fluid returns to blood capillaries by ; the remainder enters tby lymphatic vessels and becomes _ 7 The heart has two upper chambers called and two lower chambers called..' Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart from the body by the ; it is pumped by the heart to the lungs via the _.. _ Oxygenated blood returns to the heart from the lungs by the ; it is pumped by the heart to the body via the _ 8 The aorta divides into arteries which supply oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. Tne artery supplies cardiac muscle, the arteries take blood to the head, the artery supplies the liver, the _ arteries transport blood to the kidneys, Similarly veins from each of these organs return deoxygenated blood to the vena cava. 0 Coronary heart disease involves the restriction or blockage of the coronary blood supply to the heart wall. This may be caused by fatty deposits called or blood clots. The risk of hear. disease is increased by ciqaratte smoking,, a diet rich in fatty foods, and lack of exercise. A cardiac: cycle consists of a period of contraction called and a period of relaxation called 3 During a cardiac cycle two separate heart are heard; each indicates the closing of a set of valves. 4 A cardiac cycle is initiated in the heart itself by the (sino-atrial node). ts messages are picked up by the node and passed via conducting to the ventricular walls which respond by contracting. 5 The electrical activity of the heart can be displayed on a screen as an _ 6 Blood pressure can be measured using a 7 Blood pressure shows a progressive decrease as it travels round the Circulatory system; the greatest drop occurs in the and capillaries which offer the greatest to flow. 8 The system transports lymph in lymphatic vessels; lymph is returned to the bloodstream via two which enter veins from the arms. 9 The products of d!gestion are transported from gut to bloodstream via the lymphatic system. 0. Lymph are the sites of _ formation and phagocytic removal of microbes. aorta carotid fat nodes pulmonary vein systole arteries coronary fibres osmosis renal tissue fluid arterioles decreases heart overweight resistance transport artherornas diastole hepatic pacemaker sounds valves atria diffusion lymph portal sphygmomanometer vena cava atri0 -ven tri cuar ducts lymphatic protein stress ventricles capillaries electrocardiogram lymphocyte pulmonary artery surface area venules

17 Unit The Continuation of Life Topic 3 Transport Essay Questions. Give an account of the circulation of the blood under the [ollowing headings: i) Pulmonary circulation (through heart and lungs) (5) ii) Systemic circulation (through heart and rest of the body) (5). De.~cribethe heart under the [00 wing headings:,(i) The cardiac cycle (ii) The conducting system (6) (4) 3. Describe how the heart rate is controlled (0) 4. Discuss the conducting system of the heart (0)