EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF WATERMELON SEED OIL

Transcription

1 EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF WATERMELON SEED OIL By UGWUANYI DAVID EJIKE (2006/24248EH) DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA NIGERIA November, 2011

2 EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF WATERMELON SEED OIL '...,,6.,~.. ~~. ~ By UGWUANYI DAVID EJIKE '. ~ (2006/2424SEH) A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA NIGERIA.'.. ~ '..,4~. :.. IN PARTIAL.FULFILMENT OF THE REQUmEMENT FOR THE AWARD OF., BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B. ENG) DEGREE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING NOVEMBER, 2011

3 DECLARATION I declare that the work in the project report (thesis) entitled EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF WATERMELON SEED OIL has been performed (carried out) by me under the supervision of Dr. lo. Okafor. No part ofthis project report (thesis) was presented for another degree or diploma elsewhere at any institution to the best of my knowledge. UGWUANYI DAVID EJIKE Name of Student Signature Date ii

4 CERTIFICATION This project titled Extraction and Characterization of Watermelon Seed Oil by UGWUANYI DAVID EJIKE meets the regulations governing the award of, the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (B. ENG.) of the Federal University of Technology, Minna, and it is approved for its contribution to scientific knowledge and literary presentation. Dr. 1. O. Okafor Date Supervisor Dr. M.O. Edoga Date Head of Department External Examiner ~~Ob(2-01 ~ Date. iii

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All thanks to Almighty God who kept me alive up to this point, empowering me with the much needed wisdom, understanding and knowledge needed for the completion of the work. My heartfelt appreciation goes to Dr. J.O. Okafor who professionally supervised this project work. I humbly appreciate his fatherly advice, the love and affection towards me. I appreci~te the efforts of the hard working Lecturers of the Chemical Engineering Department especially Dr. M.O. Edoga (HOD), to mention but a few who.p.ave in one way affected my life for the better of it. I appreciate the effort of Mr. Bulus (W AFT Lab) who took it upon himself to assist me in all.c'~ \ ~..!.:' '.. '..,.',;,.. the analysis carried out in this research work. My profound gratitude goes to my beloved mother Mrs. Ugwuanyi Elizabeth and my wonderful sisters Ogochukwu and her husband Phat Ojikeya, Nkechi and Ogochukwu Okanyi for their, prayers, affection and financial support throughout my years of studies. I am also grateful to my aunty and her husband Mr and Mrs Ndubuisi Nnadi and Mr and Mrs Stanley for their immense support and contributions during my study at the University. I am also grateful to the entire Omeje family Mrs. Augusta, Mr and Mrs Augustine, Rv. Fr. Chibundu, Mrs Pauline, Associate Prof. Joachim and his wife Mrs Pet, Dr. Jude and his wife Mrs. Chioma, Mr and Mrs luke and Mr Chinedu for their moral support, prayers and attention when I needed them most. Finally, this work will not be complete without giving appreciation to my wonderful uncle and his wife Mr and Mrs.'Iyke Ugwuanyi and my lovely friends Samuel Erasmus, C~risty Onourah, and my spiritual father Pastor Erasmus Uruawuike (Late)..<.., r t or... ~..... iv

6 ABSTRACT The research titled extraction and characterization of watermelon seed oil was carried to investigate the effect that different drying methods, solvents and seed size wquld have on thequality and quantity of oil from watermelon (Citrilus lanatus) seeds. Tbe watermelon seeds were removed from the pod and washed. The sample was weighed and divided into two equal parts; one part was subjected to sun drying while the other part was.subjected to oven drying (at a,'.< ; temperature of 30 C). Drying by sun as expected was gradual as compared to the Qven drying method which was faster and more rapid. The dried seeds (sun-dried or oven... dried) were dehusked, dry-milled into fine crumbs using hand milling machine. The powdered product from the mill was then subjected to oil extraction using hexane and petroleum ether as solvent. Proximate and physico-chemical analysis of water melon seeds were carried out. The results showed that the seeds contained 5.15 ± 0.03 % moisture, 4.90 ± 0.14 % ash, ± 0.05 % fat, ± 0.02 % protein, 6.10 ± 0.02 % crude fibre and 6.35 :i: 0.12 % nitrogen free extract. Physico-chemical characteristics showed that the pale yellow oil had a specific gravity of ± and a refractive index of l.47l. Saponification value was mgkohlg (for both drying methods). Iodine value was mgiodine/g (for both dryills methods). Acid value was mgkohfg and free fatty acid was mgkohig (for both drying methods). The peroxide value was meq peroxide/g. The water, -mdon seed can thus be considered a good source of protein with high nutritional value. Many of ~ physieochemical -properties of the seed oil studied.compared favourably with other _~~ se-ed ~Us such as soyabean, cowpea, groundnut etc. The watermelon seed oil _ dt~b_1l$ potcentiai for use as domestic and industrial oil. v

7 Content Title Page Declaration Certification Acknowledgement Abstract. Table of Content List of Tables List of F!gures CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Aims and Objectives,1.2 Scope of the Study 1.3 Problem Statement 1.4Justification of the Study TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages 1 U III IV V VI Xl xu ','., 1,.i 'i'.'.~.~ \ CHAPTER TWO.,2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Watermelon Seed Background :. 2.2 Oil j: I fany Aeids Tooopherots Oxidative Stability Refining Degumming Caustic Neutralization Bleaching Deodorization Process 12, 2.3 Nutritional Benefits of Watermelon Seed Oil vi < ~- ~ ~

8 '. ~: Content Application of Watermelon Seed Oil Health Benefits of Watermelon 2.4 Leaching Methods of Extraction Supercritical Fluid Extraction, 2.4, 1.2 Solvent Extraction Mechanical Pressing Extraction Factors Influencing the Rate of Extraction 2.4,2.1 Particle Size Solvent Temperature 2.4,2.4 Agitation of Fluid Choice of Solvent, Selectivity Recoverability ~olatility Purity S Solubility A: ~ L T... -.:t'fu,.,4';3.'121 _.-tamma'uht~;r '.$ Pk:,~~Cllemical Properties of Oil, ~SJ Ad' V:ttJue (free Fatty Acid) ~.$.~ $~,tmifi~qn Value l.$'..' i_~,' V~Ju Pages , 21,,. ':.. :.' '... -,f (,., '. : ; ~.. 1,c' 0-..::' Refractive Index 2,5.6 Specific Gravity 2,5,7 Viscosity ,' vii

9 Content 2.6 Proximate Analysis of Oil Bearing Seeds Moisture Content, Crude Fiber Ash Content Nitrogen Free Extract Crude Protein,1., Oil Content Pages.~.' 22., ~,,' ;t ~ 0; :' 23.r ;' f ~'.~ '. ' CHAPTER THREE 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD 3.1 Sample Preparation Analysis Crushing and Grinding Sieving, Drying Materials and Apparatus Reagents 3.2 Proximate Analysis Oil Content Moisture Content Crude Fiber Ash Content Nitrogen Free Extract Crude Protein,3.3 Physico - Chemical Properties of Watermelon Seed Oil ph Refractive Index Viscosity Specific Gravity Acid Value (Free Fatty Acids) ' ' , 1... ~, 32 ' ].:. ;~ ;~, :!, 32 :;:.l ':, 32 '! ,'I!.!~

10 Pages Content Saponification Value 34 j Peroxide Value Ester Value 3S Iodine Value ' (' CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ; 4.1 Results 4.2 Discussion of Results ',. CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Recommendation REFERENCES APPENDICES 47 _ :. ~. 57 ~'... -'.' ix

11 LISTS OF TABLES Table Table 4.1 proximate Composition of Watermelon Seed Table 4.2 Physico _ Chemical properties of Watermelon Seed Oil (Hexane) Table 4.3 Physico _ Chemical properties of Watermelon Seed Oil (petroleum ether) Table A1 Oil extracts'using 0.5 mm sample size (petroleum ether solvent) Table A2 Oil extracts using 1.0 mm sample size (petroleum ether solvent) Table A3 Oil extracts using 2.0 mm sample size (petroleum ether solvent) Table A4 Oil extracts using 0.5 mm sample size (hexane solvent) Table AS Oil extracts using 1.0 mm sample size (hexane solvent) Table A6 Oil extracts using 2.0 mm sample size (hexane solvent) Pages ~:,', \... j.',..' ),i!'.).~..., :~..' '.' x.',