EXTRACTION OF NEEM. SEEll on.. FOR MEDICINALAND INSECTICIDAL USE.' WAZIRI EMMANUEL ADAMU

Transcription

1 EXTRACTION OF NEEM. SEEll on.. FOR MEDICINALAND INSECTICIDAL USE.' BY WAZIRI EMMANUEL ADAMU EH DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENG INEERING TECHNOLOGY FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA NIGER STATE, NIGERIA. '. NOVEMBER,2007

2 EXTRACTION O.F NEEM SEED OIL F'OR MEDICINAL AND INSECTICIDAL USE WAZIRI EMMANUEL AOAMIJ 200t/t1673EH '.. A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B. ENG) DEGREE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, 'OF FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA NIGER STATE, NIGERIA NOVEMBER,2007 II

3 DECLARATION 1, Waziri Emmanuel Adamu with matriculation number 200tlll673EH do solemnly declare that this project work, "Extraction o[ Neem seed oil for medicinal and insecticidal use," was undertaken by me under a close supervision of Engr U.G Akpon. The authors of any book~ and publications that became helpful [or the completion of this project work were gracefully and gratefully acknowledged. And as much as 1 know, this is going to be the first presentation of this particular work, ever. Wazhi Emmanuel Adamu Date III

4 CERTI.FICATION/APPROVALPAGE This is to certify that this project titled, "Extraction of neem seed oil for medicinal and insecticidal usc "was fully carried out by'waziliemmal1uel Adamu. und~r the able supervision ofengr U.G AI{pan and submitted to the Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology Minna, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of a Bachelor of Engineering Degree (B. Eng.) In Chemical Engineering.,",, """=f" Date ~ Head of Depal1ment Date Extemal Examine." Sigl1atm"e & Date IV

5 DEDICATION This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his love, grace and protection, my lovely parents MI'. and Mrs. Adamu W~ili whom have been financially, morally and spiritually there for me, my brother Mr Isaac A Waziri, for his wonderful support and most especially my elder sisters Miss Rebecca A. waziri, Miss Lois A. Waziri and Mrs Esther Akanbi for there love and total commitment towards my success, and to every African child/youth aspiring to make Africa:1, continent to reckon with and to all those who aspire to achieve knowledge with determination. v

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1 express my gratitude to Almighty God for guiding and protecting me through from the beginning 10 the end, surely, every thing that has a beginning has an end. First my gratitude goes to my most unique supervisor Eng... U.G Akl)an, for. his wonderful personality and total commitment towards success. Taking time out of his busy schedule to explain and correct my short comings. I appreciate the assistance of my lectures; Prof. Odigure, Prof. K.R Onifade, Dr M. 0 Edoga and other members of staff of the department, who at one time or the other has been of tremendous help to me. I pray that God mercy will be on each and every one of you. Amen. I could not have reached this level if not [or the unquantifiable assistance gi ven to me by my lov\ng and caring parents, Mr. and Mrs. Adamu Waziri [or their prayers and support throughout my education career. I cannot but also thank my loving sister Miss Lois A. Waziri and my brother Mr Isaac A. Waziri for there multidimensional supp0l1. I appreciate every step of your efforts and may God almighty grant your prayer in Jesus name. Amen. Also, my heart felt thanks goes to my sisters; Mrs Esther Akanbi and Miss Rebecca AWaziri who have been all to me throughout the course of my study. I also ~ecognize the support of certain people that God has elevated to be good friends indeed: Anthony Imogu, Otu George, Titi, Olalekan Adebayo, Francis Joseph, Dannis Ogangu and all that which I didn't remember I appreciate you all for your wonderfull support. May the good Lord bless you all Amen. ;;:.,.;.. VI

7 ABSTRACT, Neem seed oil was extracted with the aid of n-hexane as solvent (40-60 C), using soxhlet apparatus (Batch solvent extraction), five grams of poun~ed Neem seed were used for an interval of 2 hours.the average amount of extracted and the average percentage yiel~ was l.67g and 33.36% respectively.the highest amount of oil and the highest percentage yield of oil was at the 8 th hour, of extraction were l.70g and 34% respectively. A plot of percentage yield of oil ~gail1st time of extraction gave a straight line graph. The analysis made on Neem s,eed oil, gives the following characterization; melting point (29 C), boiling point (259 ), specific gravity (0.9161) Iodine value (69.9), Acid value (117.81) and free fatty acid (5.92). The effectiveness of Neem seed oil on insect was 81.9 % efficiency when sprayed on insect and food,77.78% efficiency when sprayed on insect oniy,59.7% efficiency when sprayed on food only and 95.8%. Using synthetic insecticide,(baygon);all insect were in restricted environment. VI!

8 TABLE OF CONTENT Page Cover page --, ,- (i) 1fitle----~ ~ (ii) Declaration , ~ (iii) Certification! Approval ,; (iv) De«iication ,; ,; (v) Acknowle«igement :--';' ~~--- (vi) Abstract ; , (vii) List of Figures-.: : (xii) List of 1fables ; (ix) CHAPTER ONE 1~ 0 I~1fIt()DlJC1fI()~ ~ Back groun«i of s tu«iy Aim an «i () b j ectiv e Ju~tification CHAP1fEIt 1fW() 2.0 LI1fEItA1flJltE lte"iew , A, brief «iescription of the neem tree ----, History... a Other chemical use for insect control Effect of chemicals( controller) on life ~.., ; Active ingre«iient of neem Producing neem extracts and oil Effect of neem to malarial parasite Hew the peem product are used... i Oil extraction... ~... 9, ' 2.S.1 Hot water flotation extraction metho«i Solvent extraction...' Advantage of solvent extraction... ~ ~ ix

9 2.8.4 The following demerit are associated with solvent extraction. ' Factors affecting extraction rates N eem seed oil Composition ofneem seed oil... ::' Purification of neem seed oil Phisical and chemical properties of neem, oil Other uses of neem tree and seed oil N eem tree products ', CHAPTER THREE 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 list of Equipment 3.2 Procedure for Extractions process Pretreatment Operation Decortication and seed cleaning 3.23 Reduction of moisture content Procedure for extraction of neem seed 3.3. Characterization of extracted oil Determination of neem seed melting point Determination of neem seed boiling point Deter~inationof specific gravity Determination of iodine value Determination of acid value Determination of free fatty acid 3.4. Testing the effectiveness of neem seed oil, CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Experimental result Observation of test carried out on neem seed oil 4.2 discussion of result x

10 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Recommendation REFERENCES Appendix ,. Xl

11 LIST OF FIGURE Fig 1.0 Schematic flow diagram for neem oil extraction Fig2.0 the Set up apparatus for the extraction process Fig3.0 Graph of % yield vs time of extraction LIST OF TABLES 2.0 Composition of neem seed oil 2.1 Properties of neem seed oil, 3.1 List of chemicals and materials 4.1 % yield and the amount neem seed oil extracted 4.2 Priperties of neem oil 4.3 Efficiency of neem oil on Grasshopper' Xl