DECLARATION. Sani Suleiman Manu of the Department of Chemical Engineering, School of

Transcription

1 DECLARATION I Sani Suleiman Manu of the Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology Minna hereby declare that this work was can-ied out strictly by me under the close supervision of my supervisor Eng Isa Abubakar. All information that has been retrieved from published and unpublished works have been duly acknowledged.. -~~ SIgnature.... "5/ t ~ / ').005 Date.... III

2 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project work was supervised and approved by the following persons on behalf of Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State. Signature ~ Project superviso~ Eng. Abubarkar Isah Signature Head of Department Date.... Dr. F.A. Aberagba Signature External Examiner Date.... IV

3 DEDICATION This project is dedicated to my Mum, Hajiya Hadeezah Sani. PRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF CASTOR OIL FROIVI CASTOR BEAN SEEDS ) BY SAN! SULEIl\1.AN MANU REG NO: 99/8366EII l)epartm.ent OF CIIEMICAL ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF.ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHN OLOGY. 1~~EDERAL UNI\TERSIT Y OF l"eciinology MINNA, }\~IG}~R ST A l~e

4 protection. ACKNOWLDGEMENT All praise is to ALLAH, the LORD of the universe for His care, guidance and I wish to express my profound gratitude to my able supervisor Engr. Abubarkar. Isah for his advice and relentless effort in making this course a success. I will like to express my gratitude to the entire staff of Chemical Engineering Department. I will like to use this opportunity to thank my mother, Hajiya Hadeezah Sani, my father Alhaji Sani Isyaku and my Brother Alhaji Idris Sani for their moral and financial support through out my academic career. Also my special thanks go to General Ibrahim Badamasi,.. Babangida, Prince Shedrack Akolokwo, and the Staff of Environmental Protection and Control Department ofnddc. My acknowledgement will not be complete if I forget to express my gratitude to my friends, specifically D12, and the remaining members of my family.

5 ABSTRACT This project was carried out to produce and analyse castor oil from castor bean seed usijjlg Soxhlet apparatus. The extracion was done using different time and weight of the castor bean seed. Both physical and chemical properties of the sample were evaluated and when compared to ASTM specification it was confirmed that the property of the oil was within the specification. A 22 full factorial design was carried out in this work to investigate the variation of the oil yield with the time of extraction and the weight of the castor seed. The equation obtained from the factorial design was simulated and very small error between the experimental and simulated yield of the oil extracted from the castor seed was discovered. Vll

6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Cover page Title page. Declaration Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of content List of tables List of figures page 11 III IV V VI Vll Vlll-X Xl XII CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 General Introduction 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.3 Scope of work 1.4 Justification CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature review 2.1 History and scientific classification Castor bean flowers and seeds Toxicity of Castor bean seeds 2.2 Castor cake 2.3 Castor oil Extraction of oil Soxhlet apparatus Oil expression technique Oil purification technique 2.4 Uses of Castor oil Castor oil in paints Castor oil in Nylon Castor bean motor oil Fruit flavours from Castor V III

7 2.4.5 Oil packaging and shelf life 2.5. Chemistry of plant oil 2.6 Analysis of oil via chemical and physical properties Chemical properties Saponification value Iodine value Acid value ph value Physical properties Viscosity Refractive index Specific gravity 2.7 Refining De gumming Bleaching Neutralising 2.8 Experimental design Basic principle of experimental design Factorial experiment Full factorial experiment General 2k design design CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Experimentation 3.1 Experimental procedure 3.2 Refining of extracted oil Preparation of clay De gumming Neutralisation Bleaching 3.3 Characteristics of extracted oil Determination ofiodine value Determination of Saponification value Determination ofunsaponificable matter ~.3.4 Determination of acid value Determination of ph value Determination of specific gravity IS ix

8 3.3.7 Determination of refractive index 33 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 Results and discussion of results 4.1 Summary of results 4.2 Dis,cussion of results CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Conclusion and recommendation 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Recommendation References Appendix x

9 LIST OF TABLES Table \ 2.1 Constituent of Castor seed 2.2 Fatty acid composition of Castor Oil 2.3 Inter,national Castor Oil specification (ASTM) 2.4 Treatment combination and response for 22 design 2.5 The contrast coefficient for estimating effect 2.6 Algebraic signs for calculating effect in the 22 design 4.1 Volume of Oil extracted 4.2 Free fatty acid value 4.3 Iodine value 4.4 Saponification value 4.5 Physical properties of refined castor Oil 4.6 'Chemical properties of refined Castor Oil page Xl

10 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2.1 Castor bean plant showing large, tropical, palmately lobed 5 leaf and cluster of sping red fruits 2.2 Flower cluster of castor bean Castor bean seed dries and splits into 3 sections Many faces of castor seeds Soxhlet apparatus set-up to 2.6 Scr~w press diagram Flow sheet of Castor bean 12 xu