PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF REFINED SHEA BUTTER OIL

Transcription

1 PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF REFINED SHEA BUTTER OIL By OGUNBADEJOBABATUNDEAZEEZ (2006/24235EH) DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA NIGERIA November, 2011

2 PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF REFINED SHEA BUTTER OIL By OGUNBADEJOBABATUNDEAZEEZ (2006/24235EH) A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING NOVEMBER,2011

3 DECLARATION I declare that the work in the project report entitled "PHYTOCHEMICAL ANAL YSIS OF REFINED SHEA BUTTER OIL" has been performed by me under the supervision of Engr. A.D. Mohammed. No part of this project report was presented for another degree or diploma elsewhere at any institution to the best of my knowledge. OGUNBADEJO BABATUNDE AZEEZ Student Name fl-/'j. -::uj7 f DATE iii

4 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project report entitled 'PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF REFINED SHEA BUTTER OIL' by OGUNBADEJO BABATUNDE AZEEZ meets the requirements for the partial fulfillment of the award of Bachelor of Engineering (REng) degree in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna. ~l 0L1... ~( PROJECT SUPERVISOR DATE ENGR. A.D. MOHAMMED HEAD OF DEPARTMENT DATE DR. M.O. EDOGA ",IX-fM~M EXTERNAL EXAMINER DATE iv

5 DEDICATION This project report is dedicated to the one thousand and one people living oppressed wherever in the globe they may be. Do not despair the mercy of Allah for he hears your supplications. v

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to acknowledge first and foremost my creator, cherisher and nourisher, Allah (subhana wata'allah) for his mercies on me from the start of my course in Federal University of Technology Minna up to this present time, all adoration is to you. My acknowledgement goes to my parents who have been wonderful in showing support to me both morally and financially from my childhood days up to this present time, your kindness can only be rewarded by Allah. I would also like to acknowledge my Aunt and her husband, Mr. and Mrs. Sulaimon Tijani and their wonderful kids (AbdulMuiz, Aisha and AbdulMalik) for showing me what the ties of kinship means during the period of my stay with them. Then my research supervisor, Engr. A.D. Mohammed, for his understanding and dedicating part of his precious time to attend to my write-ups and finally to my wonderful brothers and sisters, friends, enemies, critics, well-wishers and fumour mongers for every body have contributed to the lessons I have learnt by the passing of each they. Our reward is with the creator, who? Allah (subhana wata'allah). vi

7 ABSTRACT The study is aimed at performing phytochemical analysis of both refmed and raw shea ~ butter oil. The seed was pretreated through dehulling, cleaning and drying prior to solvent extraction using n-hexane as solvent. The oil was refmed through degumming, neutralization by agitation and bleaching at 60 C with commercial activated carbon. However, both qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the refined oil were determined. The result revealed that both samples contained carbohydrate, terpenoids, flavonoids and alkaloids but only the refined oil had phytosterols and cardiac glycoside. a. The concentration of alkaloid and flavonoid are 3.13 mg/ioo g and 2.56 mg/100 g in raw Shea butter and 4.57 mg/100 g and 3.96 mg/ioo g in refined Shea oil respectively. Shea butter oil has potential and biochemical basis for the ethno - phaimacological usage in treatment and prevention of muscle fatigue, dermatitis, skin cracks etc. vii

8 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION III CERTIFICATION lv DEDICATION v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Vl ABSTRACT Vll TABLE OF CONTENT Vlll LIST OF TABLES Xll CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction Aim and Objectives Problem Statement Justification of Study, Scope of Study 3 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature Review Origin and History of Shea Butter Compostion of Shea Butter Shea Butter Extraction and Refining Traditional method Separating/Cracking 6 viii /

9 Crushing Roasting Separating the Oils Collecting and Shaping Manual method Solvent Extraction Principles of Solvent Extraction Factors influencing the rate of Extraction Choice of Solvent RefIning of Shea Butter Oil Water Degumming Neutralization Bleaching Deodorization Physico-Chemical Properties of Shea Butter Physical Property Chemical Property Microbial Characteristics Uses of Shea Butter Traditional Uses 13 ix

10 2.5.2 Industrial Uses Emollient Effect on Dry Skin Anti-Irritant Effect Ultraviolet Rays Absorbing Function Anti-Inflammatory Effects Phytochemicals Types ofphytochemicals Flavonoids Phyto-Oestrogens Phytosterols Carotenoids Food Sources ofphytochemicals Increasing Intake ofphytochemicals Phytochemical Analysis Phytochemical Processing; The Emerging Field in Chemical Engineering 19 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Methodology Sample Collection and Preparation Experimental Procedure Moisture Content Oil Extraction Procedure 21 x

11 3.2.3 Solvent Recovery Procedure Oil Refining Procedure Degumming Neutralization Bleaching Phytochemical Analysis Procedure Qualitative Phytochemical test Procedure Test for Tannins Test for Saponins Test for Flavonoids Test for Alkaloids Test for Cardiac Glycosides Quantitative Phytochemical test Procedure Determination of Alkaloids Determination of Flavonoids 25 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 Result and Discussions 4.1 Results 4.2 Discussion CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Conclusion 5.1 Recommendation REFERENCES 32 xi

12 List of Tables TABLE PAGE Table 2.1: Composition of Shea Butter and its Fractions 5 Table 2.2: Fatty Acid Profiles 6 Table 2.3: Important Flavonoids and Functions 16 Table 3.1: List of Equipment/materials 22 Table 3.2: List of ChemicalslReagents 22 Table 4.1: Determination of Moisture Content 27 Table 4.2: Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis 27 Table 4.3: Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis 28 xii