2. Which of the following factors does not contribute to ion selectivity?

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1 General Biology Summer 2014 Exam II Sample Answers 1. Which of the following is TRUE about a neuron at rest? A. The cytosol is positive relative to the outside B. Na+ concentrations are higher inside C. The inside of the neuron must be polarized to fire an action potential D. K+ channels are leaky E. Na+ channels are open 2. Which of the following factors does not contribute to ion selectivity? A. Channel diameter B. Chemical properties of amino acids lining the channel C. Microenvironmental conditions affecting the channel D. Lipid solubility E. C & D 3. Action potentials can occur at all of the following sites Except: A. Nodes of Ranvier B. Axon Hillock C. Along the length of the axon D. Axon terminal E. Action potential can occur at all of the above sites 4. Which of the following refers to the amount of depolarizing current required to initiate an action potential? A. Threshold B. Generator potential C. Resting potential D. Depolarizing current E. Action potential 5. Which feature of a neuron does the Na+/K+ pump make possible? A. Saltatory conductance B. Selective permeability C. The refractory period D. The resting potential E. Axonal conductance 6. When a membrane is at rest, what attracts K+ ions to the outside of the neuron? A. Concentration gradient B. Electrical gradient C. Hydrogen bonding D. A & B E. A, B & C

2 7. Of the following, which current is responsible for the rising phase of the action potential? A. Na+ influx B. Na+ efflux C. K+ influx D. K+ efflux 8. Which of the following properties permits axons but not cell bodies to fire action potentials? A. Axons have unique Na + and K + channels B. Axons have Na + and K + channels in high density C. Axons have myelin D. The sodium-potassium pump is uniquely located in axons E. Cell body Na+ channels do not deinactivate when polarized 9. How do amino acid-based hormones affect their target cells? a. Amino acid-based hormones bind nuclear membrane receptors b. Amino acid-based hormones diffuse through plasma membranes c. Amino acid-based hormones bind intracellular receptors d. Amino acid-based hormones bind to receptors found in the nucleus e. Amino acid-based hormones activate G-proteins linked receptors 10. Of the following which does not contribute to target cell specificity? a. The three-dimensional shape of the hormone b. The number of hormones receptors c. The location of hormone receptors d. The concentration of the hormone e. The affinity of the receptor Use the following table to answer Questions Oxytocin 6 PTH 2 Prolactin 7 T3 3 ACTH 8 ADH 4 FSH 9 Calcitonin 5 Cortisol 10 Insulin 11. Which of the hormones listed above are released in response to a humoral stimulus? a. 1, 2 & 5 b. 6, 9 & 10 c. 2, 5 & 6 d. 5, 6 & 10 e. 2, 6 & 9

3 12. Which of the hormones listed above are released in classified as a tropic hormone? a. 1, 3 & 4 b. 3, 4 & 5 c. 3 & 4 d. 3, 4 & 7 e. 4, 6 & Which of the hormones listed above is (are) synthesized in the hypothalamus? a. 1 only b. 1 & 8 c. 2, 3 & 4 d. 1, 2 & 8 e. 2, 5 & In regards to male reproductive anatomy which of the following is NOT TRUE? A. Testes are located outside the abdomen B. The ductus deferens connects the epididymus to the seminal vesicle C. The prostate permits urine to mix with reproductive fluids D. The ejaculatory duct passes through the prostate E. The seminal vesicle produces most of the fluids that makeup semen 15. The ejaculatory duct is formed when the ductus deferens joins with which of the following? A. Urethra B. Epididymus C. Prostate D. Seminal vesicle E. Bladder 16. Which of the following processes is affected by increasing levels of LH? A. Proliferation B. Differentiation C. Meiosis D. Spermiogenesis E. All of the above 17. All of the following are likely when hcg levels are elevated EXCEPT: A. Conception has occurred B. Ovulation has occurred C. Progesterone levels are elevated D. FSH levels are elevated E. The corpus luteum has formed

4 18. Of the following, which is the fate of polar bodies? A. Polar bodies form the placenta B. Polar bodies form the extra-embryonic membranes C. Polar bodies form die and their contents are reabsorbed D. Polar bodies produce hormones necessary for pregnancy E. Polar bodies form the zona pellucida 19. LH affects which of the following ovarian structures? A. Primary follicle B. Secondary follicle C. Corpus luteum D. Graffian follicle E. A & B 20. Of the following, which is Not haploid? A. 1 st polar body B. 2 nd polar body C. Secondary oocyte D. Primary oocyte E. A & C 21. Of the following, which is NOT an effect of estrogen? A. GnRH levels increase B. LH levels increase C. The hypothalamus is inhibited D. The endometrium thickens E. FSH levels decrease 22. Which of the following types of cells have completed meiosis II? A. Oogonia B. Primary oogonia C. Secondary oogonia D. All of the above 23. Which of the following types of cells undergoes spermiation? A. Spermatozoa B. Spermatids C. Primary spermatocytes D. Secondary spermatocytes E. Spermatogonia

5 24. Of the following, which is the outer most embryonic membrane? A. Yolk sac B. Allantois C. Amnion D. Trophoblast E. Chorion 25. In regards to the placenta, which of the following is NOT TRUE? A. After the third month of pregnancy, the placenta performs most of the roles previously performed by the ovary B. The placenta prevents the mixing of fetal and maternal blood C. The placenta allows maternal antibodies to be shared with the developing fetus D. The umbilical vein brings maternal blood to the developing fetus E. C & D 26. In regards to pituitary gland, which of the following is NOT TRUE? a. The infundibulum is the physical connection between the pituitary and the hypothalamus b. The hypothalamus is the functional connection between the brain and the endocrine system c. The anterior pituitary is comprised of endocrine tissue d. The posterior pituitary is directly connected to the hypothalamus e. The activity of anterior pituitary is regulated by neural connections with the hypothalamus 27. In regards to the initiation of development, which of the following is Not True? A. Prior to fertilization the egg is arrested in metaphase of the second meiotic division B. Meiosis is reactivated by the penetration of the sperm C. During the first 72 hours of development the zygote does not change size D. Cells of the zygote divide mitotically E. The second polar body is emitted prior to fertilization 28. Which of the following result from elevated levels of relaxin? A. Increased milk production B. More glucose is available for the fetus C. Pubic bones become more flexible D. Increased rate of maternal metabolism E. B & D 29. In regards to target cell specificity, which of the following is NOT TRUE? A. Specificity is mediated by protein receptors B. Hormones can have direct molecular effects C. Target cell activation is affected by the number of receptors on target cell D. Receptor affinity can be regulated by changing microenvironmental conditions E. Receptor distribution determines site of hormonal action

6 30. Of the following characteristics, which makes a secretion a hormone? A. It is produced by a gland B. It activates a receptor C. It is delivered to a membrane surface by a duct D. It is secreted into extra-cellular space 31. Hormones that are made from lipids are likely to do all of the following EXCEPT: A. Pass through plasma membranes B. Pass through nuclear membranes C. Regulate gene expression D. Activate second messenger systems E. Bind to chaperons 32. For a developing embryo that is chromosomally male, what would be the consequence of the Y chromosome not producing TDF? A. External phenotype would be female B. Internal phenotype would be female C. Gonadal sex would be female D. A & B E. A, B & C 33. Of the following, which is the correct sequence through which sperm travels from the testis to outside the body? A. Epididymus, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct B. Epididymus, urethra, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct C. Epididymus, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra D. Ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens, epididymus, urethra E. Urethra, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle 34. The ovary is derived from which of the following structures? A. Genital tubercle B. Gonadal ridge C. Urethral groove D. Urethral folds E. Labioscrotal folds 35. Which of the following is likely to be TRUE if the developing embryo has a female external phenotype but lacks an internal phenotype? A. The embryo has been exposed to TDF B. The embryo lacks AMH C. The embryo has been exposed to testosterone D. The chromosomal sex of the embryo is female E. B & D

7 36. Under which of the following conditions will an embryo develop female internal genitalia? A. The embryo is a chromosomally and gonadally normal female B. The embryo is chromosomally female exposed to testosterone during the sexual indifferent stage C. The embryo is chromosomally male and does not produce MIH during the sexual indifferent stage D. A & C E. A, B & C 37. Which of the following is likely to be TRUE if the developing embryo has a female external phenotype but lacks an internal phenotype? A. The chromosomal sex of the embryo is female B. The embryo lacks AMH C. The embryo has been exposed to testosterone D. The embryo has been exposed to TDF E. B & D 38. Which of the following describes when a developing female is most likely to ovulate? A. A few weeks prior to menarche B. During the month following menarche C. During menarche D. During the year following menarche 39. Of the following structures that are present during the sexually indifferent phase, which does NOT form part of the penis? A. Genital tubercle B. Urethral groove C. Urethral folds D. Labioscrotal swellings E. A, B & C 40. Of the following, which is (are) NOT part of the male internal phenotype? A. Epididymus B. Ductus deferens C. Seminal vesicles D. Prostate gland E. A & D 48. The male scrotum is analogous to which female structure? A. Mons B. Clitoris C. Labia minor D. Labia majora E. Vestibule

8 49. Of the following, which occurs latest during embryological development? A. Establishment of chromosomal sex B. Establishment of gonadal sex C. Establishment of phenotypic sex D. Establishment of secondary sexual characteristics E. Menarche 50. In regards to male reproductive anatomy which of the following is NOT TRUE? A. Testes are located outside the abdomen B. The ductus deferens connects the epididymus to the seminal vesicle C. The prostate permits urine to mix with reproductive fluids D. The ejaculatory duct passes through the prostate E. The seminal vesicle produces most of the fluids that makeup semen 51. The ejaculatory duct is formed when the ductus deferens joins with which of the following? A. Urethra B. Epididymus C. Prostate D. Seminal vesicle E. Bladder 52. Which of the following processes is affected by increasing levels of LH? A. Proliferation B. Differentiation C. Meiosis D. Spermiogenesis E. All of the above 53. All of the following are likely when hcg levels are elevated EXCEPT: A. Conception has occurred B. Ovulation has occurred C. Progesterone levels are elevated D. FSH levels are elevated E. The corpus luteum has formed 54. Of the following, which is the fate of polar bodies? A. Polar bodies form the placenta B. Polar bodies form the extra-embryonic membranes C. Polar bodies form die and their contents are reabsorbed D. Polar bodies produce hormones necessary for pregnancy E. Polar bodies form the zona pellucida

9 55. LH affects which of the following ovarian structures? A. Primary follicle B. Secondary follicle C. Corpus luteum D. Graffian follicle E. A & B 56. Of the following, which is Not haploid? A. 1 st polar body B. 2 nd polar body C. Secondary oocyte D. Primary oocyte E. A & C 57. Of the following, which is NOT an effect of estrogen? A. GnRH levels increase B. LH levels increase C. The hypothalamus is inhibited D. The endometrium thickens E. FSH levels decrease 58. Which of the following types of cells have completed meiosis II? A. Oogonia B. Primary oogonia C. Secondary oogonia D. All of the above 59. Which of the following types of cells undergoes spermiation? A. Spermatozoa B. Spermatids C. Primary spermatocytes D. Secondary spermatocytes E. Spermatogonia

1. Be able to characterize the menstrual cycle from the perspective of the ovary a. Follicular phase b. Luteal phase

Human Sexuality Exam II Review Material Gametogenesis: Oogenesis 1. Be able to characterize the menstrual cycle from the perspective of the ovary a. Follicular phase b. Luteal phase 2. Know the relative