Use of organic stimulants and biological control agents in turf management Interim Report - Year 2

Transcription

1 Use of organic stimulants and biological control agents in turf management Interim Report - Year 2 Andrew Peart Turfgrass Technology Project Number: TU99010

2 TU99010 This report is published by Horticulture Australia Ltd to pass on information concerning horticultural research and development undertaken for the turf industry. The research contained in this report was funded by Horticulture Australia Ltd with the financial support of NSW Golf Association, Victorian Golf Association and the Victorian Golf Course Superintendents Association. All expressions of opinion are not to be regarded as expressing the opinion of Horticulture Australia Ltd or any authority of the Australian Government. The Company and the Australian Government accept no responsibility for any of the opinions or the accuracy of the information contained in this report and readers should rely upon their own enquiries in making decisions concerning their own interests. ISBN Published and distributed by: Horticultural Australia Ltd Level 1 50 Carrington Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) Fax: (02) horticulture@horticulture.com.au Copyright 2002 Horticulture Australia

3 USE OF ORGANIC STIMULANTS AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS IN TURF MANAGEMENT Interim Report - Year 2 January 2002 Andrew Peart Consultant Turfgrass Technology 9 George Street Sandringham VIC 3191 Phone: (03) Fax: (03) info@turftech.com.au TURFGRASS TECHNOLOGY

4 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 2.1 Trial sites 2.2 Treatments 2.3 Maintenance 2.4 Assessment 2.5 Statistical analysis 3. Results/Discussion 3.1 Commonwealth Golf Club 3.2 Kingswood Golf Club 3.3 Riversdale Golf Club 3.4 Pennant Hills Golf Club 4. Conclusion 5. Acknowledgments Appendix 1. Application details 2. Result summary 3. Product costing 4. Product details and usage claims

5 1. INTRODUCTION The demand for high quality turf surfaces has resulted in modern turf construction techniques utilising high drainage rate sands that are devoid of naturally occurring organic matter and microbiological activity. High quality turf surfaces, particularly golf and bowling greens, require high levels of fertilisers, fungicides and insecticides to maintain a good quality playing surface without blemish. In recent times there has been a change of philosophy in turf management due to the concerns surrounding the use of synthetic pesticides and inorganic fertilisers. As a result, turf managers are now considering organic and biological alternatives to supplement the maintenance program. There are now numerous organic and biological products available that has the potential to be substitutes for, or to supplement the inorganic fertilisers and synthetic pesticides already being used. There are currently at least 36 Bio-control products registered by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) that provide control of fungal pathogens, insects and weeds. In addition to the bio-control agents there are numerous organic products that are based on plant extracts (eg. seaweed, mustard, tea-tree oil), animal manures and other by-products materials (eg. blood and bone). These organic products are often supplemented with micro-organisms. In Australia there are some "organic" based products already in use in turf management. Many of these products are associated with extravagant claims of providing many benefits including thatch reduction, pest and disease control, reduced fertiliser usage, increased root growth, stronger and tougher plants that have improved heat, drought and wear tolerance. Almost without exception, none of these product claims are supported by independent, replicated trials. In fact very few are supported by any trial data at all except for vague observational trials without control plots. This project is undertaking a study of several "organic" products and assessing their value in turf maintenance programs, by examining their affects on turf quality, thatch depth, root growth, root health, incidence of disease and nematodes. Nematode control still remains a principal concern in the turf industry, particularly as there is only one registered nematicide, (Nemacur). Nemacur is a S7 poison and there is a general reluctance in having to handle such a chemical. In addition to the handling issues, there are the concerns about the off-site affects (eg. duck kills) and its reduced effectiveness through enhanced biodegradation. Previous studies have shown the benefits of non-chemical (organic) control but require further investigation with a wider range of products. An important outcome of this project will be to establish alternative organic methods of nematode management and possible control. The purpose for utilising these biological and organic products is to attempt to develop a more self sustainable system that encourages natural antagonists to provide disease and nematode suppression as well as the breakdown of the organic matter that naturally accumulates in turf systems (ie. thatch and rootmat). Sand profiles have very poor nutrient retention and it is an expected outcome to identify organic amendments and supplements that will improve nutrient retention (eg. humic acids), provide supplementary nutrients (eg. nitrogen fixers) and stimulate microbial activity. The trial(s) are being undertaken on creeping bentgrass varieties maintained as a putting green surface. The trial sites have been selected that are sand based and have a history of high incidence of nematodes and disease. There are four trial sites, three in Melbourne and one in Sydney. At the Melbourne sites there is an emphasis on evaluating a broad range of products, whereas the Sydney site is examining more specifically the disease, and nematode control attributes. In Sydney, the climatic conditions during the summer are consistently hot and humid and outbreaks of disease (such as Pythium, sp., Rhizoctonia sp. and Anthracnose) are a more regular occurrence. By establishing sites in two cities it will allow more products to be tested under two different climatic regimes with several products being common to both locations.

6 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Trial Sites The trials were established on golf greens and green nurseries in Melbourne and Sydney. Commonwealth Golf Club was seeded on 6 th October 1999 while the other trial sites already were established greens. Site State Establishment Date Soil Type Commonwealth G.C. Victoria 6/10/99 Imported medium sand and native loamy sand Kingswood G.C. Victoria 17/11/99 Native loamy sand Riversdale G.C. Victoria 17/11/99 Grey dune sand Pennant Hills G.C. NSW 19/1/00 70:30 sand soil mix Site Treatments Plot Size (m") Replications Bentgrass Variety Commonwealth G.C (randomised block) Penncross Kingswood G.C (randomised block) G2 Riversdale G.C (randomised) SR 1019 (Providence) Pennant Hills G.C (randomised block) Penncross and Tifdwarf (couchgrass) 2.2 Treatments The following table summarises the treatments being assessed and at which trial site. Treatment Method of Application Commonwealth Golf Club Kingswood Golf Club Riversdale Golf Club Pennant Hills Golf Club Acadian foliar s Amino Grow foliar / Biogain drench s Carbo-Aid drench s C.L.C. drench V V E-2001 drench Geoflora range drench Kelpak drench s Kelpak & Molasses drench Natural Grow Green drench V Nemacur watered in V Neotrol watered in V y Nutratherm range drench s Nutrigro watered in V Petrik range drench/foliar V RD-1 watered in / Seasol drench / Supa Humus drench / Trichoflow watered in V Trichoflow & Carbo Aid watered in V Trichoderma Amino Grow Acadian Molasses watered in " V The E2001 treatment was discontinued after 4 applications as the manufacturer realised the bacteria in the product was being broken down in the presence of sunlight. These plots were then maintained the same as the Control.

7 2.3 Maintenance The Superintendent at each golf course undertakes the maintenance of each trial site. From October 2000, each site will receive 2 kgn/100m 2 /year with the exception of the stand-alone programs (Nutratherm, Geoflora and Petrik) that received no additional fertiliser. These plots are covered with plastic when the trial is fertilised. Prior to this the Superintendent applied a nitrogen fertiliser as deemed necessary to maintain adequate turf quality. The rationale for this procedure was that it was perceived that products with an additional nitrogen component were being advantaged compared to the control plots as they were receiving extra nitrogen. All treatments were balanced with the use of the soluble fertiliser Greensmaster NK 20:0:20 applied monthly in conjunction with the products. Application details are summarised in Appendix 1. The use of fungicides has been limited and only applied when the course superintendent felt the disease pressure was affecting the performance of their green. Any fungicide that has been applied has been compatible with the Trichoderma programs being trialed. 2.4 Assessment Establishment Established assessment were carried out at Commonwealth Golf Club only and the assessment methods are summarised in the following table:- Seedling emergence Visual estimate based on seedling emergence, 23 days after sowing 0 = none and 5 = excellent Seedling vigour Visual estimate based on plant height and health 23 days after sowing 0 = very low and 5 = excellent Turf cover Visual estimate of ground cover (%) until full over Disease Incidence Visual estimate of area of the disease damage during establishment 0 = 0, 1=1-20% and 5 = % Full Sward Full sward assessments were carried out at all four sites on a monthly basis. Turf colour Visual estimate 0 = very light green and 5 = very dark qreen Turf density Visual estimate of living plants per unit area 0 = bare ground and 5 = very dense Turf quality Visual estimate integrating colour, uniformity, density, texture growth habit and smoothness 0 = very poor and 5 = excellent Disease Visual estimate of total area of disease incidence 0 = 0,1= 1-20% and 5 = % The following assessments were conducted monthly in Year 1 and due to no significance were conducted quarterly in the second year Thatch depth Measurement of thatch depth (mm) within a 50mm core sample taken from the middle of each pjot

8 Root length Measurement of the longest root (mm) within a 50mm core sample taken from the middle of each plot Root health Visual estimate based on the health of the roots within a 50mm core sample taken from the middle of each plot 0 = no roots 1 = brown/black shrivelled roots (> 70%) 2 = brown/black shrivelled roots (50-70%) 3 = brown/black shrivelled roots (<50%) 4 = healthy white/cream roots (>70%) 5 = healthy white/cream roots with obvious new root initiation Visual Root Mass Visual estimate of volume of roots within a 50mm core samples taken from the middle of each plot 0 = poor and 5 = excellent Other Nematode Counts Nematode counts are carried out at Riversdale Golf Club and Pennant Hills Golf Club three times per year. All treatments are assessed at Pennant Hills Golf Club and seven treatments at Riversdale Golf Club; the two Trichoderma treatments are not assessed. Nematode samples are taken using a 12mm diameter core to a depth of 75mm. A minimum of thirty cores is taken from each plot at Riversdale and twenty from each plot at Pennant Hills. No cores are taken within 150mm of the edge of any plot. Nematode numbers are expressed in numbers per 200ml of soil. Root Mass by Ashing Root mass is determined by root ashing from all treatments at all sites. Roots are washed from a 50mm core sample taken from the middle of each plot. The thatch layer is removed prior to washing. The roots are oven dried at 70 C for 24 hours. The roots are weighed, ashed in a muffle furnace at 450 C for 6 hours then reweighed. 2.5 Statistical Analysis Analysis of variance was used to compare the varieties within each trial site and there is no comparison between sites, or treatments other than the Control. The Least Significant Difference (LSD) is presented and is used to determine statistical differences between varieties by subtracting one variety's mean from another variety's mean. Statistical differences occur when this value is larger than the corresponding LSD value.

9 3. RESULTS/DISCUSSION 3.1 Commonwealth Golf Club Results Tables in Appendix 2 summarise the seedling emergence and vigour, turf establishment and disease incidence during establishment, respectively. Tables summarise the results for turf quality, turf density, turf colour and disease incidence once regular assessments commenced. Tables summarises the results for thatch depth, root length, root health, visual root mass and root mass by ashing Discussion There was no significant difference is seedling emergence and vigour between treatments 23 days after the trial was sown. The rate of turf establishment between treatments was not significantly different until the last assessment, which show the Petrik program to have significantly greater turf cover than both the Conventional and Combined programs. This is likely to be due to the application of a high rate of Hi-N and green manure product for that program early in December The Petrik program showed a significantly higher incidence of disease during the first assessment. The disease was identified as Pythium spp. However, this difference was not sustained through the establishment period. Overall disease incidence was not significantly different between treatments. In general, overall turf quality between the Conventional program, compared with the Petrik and Combined programs has shown very little significant difference for the first two years of the trial. The Petrik program had significantly greater overall turf quality than the Conventional on three occasions during the second year however this was not consistent. The Petrik program during the second year of the trial, produced turf that was significantly denser than the Conventional on many occasions. However, during the last three months of the second year there was no significant difference between any of the treatments. Generally, the Petrik program has produced turf with a significantly lighter colour than the Conventional program for the duration of the trial. However, on four occasions it produced turf that was significantly darker green than the Conventional. This apparent inconsistency of colour may well be correlated to the application times of nitrogen containing products such as Hi-N and refined litter compared with the timing of the conventional products. The Petrik program had significantly more disease than the Conventional program during the first two years of the trial. In May, June 2000 and July 2001 it had significantly greater incidence of Rhizoctonia spp. and in the months of January, March, April, May, June and July 2001 significantly greater incidence of dollar spot and subsequent scarring. The Combined program has shown no significant difference in disease incidence compared with the Conventional program. The thatch depth produced by the Petrik program was significantly greater than the Conventional for the months of June to September 2000 however since then, there has been no significant difference in thatch depth between any of the programs. Root length has not been significantly different between treatments for the duration of the trial. The Combined treatment produced turf with significantly greater root health than the Conventional program for one assessment in the second year, however overall there has been no significant difference observed between programs for root health. There has been no significant difference between programs for visual root mass with the exception of the last assessment which the Combined program produced turf with significantly more visual root mass than the Conventional program.

10 Root mass by ashing has shown no significant difference between programs on the two occasions it has been carried out. The number of applications and cost of each program (per 100m 2 ) since the trial commenced can be seen in the following table. Year 1 Year 2 Total for 2 years Proa ram ADDIIC. Total Cost ADDIIC. Total Cost ADDIIC. Total Cost Combined 50 $ $ $428 Petrik 40 $ $ $355 Conventional 31 $ $ $289 The Conventional program was the cheapest and has had the least number of applications during the two-year period. While the Petrik program has been the second most expensive for the duration of the trial, it was the cheapest program during the second year. This can be attributed to a change in the Petrik program from an establishment to a maintenance phase. Since then, May 2001, the number of products used in the Petrik program has reduced from 31 to 11 with four of these only being applied once. The change in program has resulted in a simpler program for the user as well as being substantially cheaper, $33 per 100 square metres for the past six and a half months. However, the maintenance regime utilises very few organic products with only four applications of refined litter occurring as well as monthly applications of Green Manure and Impulse 500. The majority of the program has concentrated on the use of mono ammonium phosphate, muriate of potash, sulphate of potash, manganese sulphate and liquid dolomite. These applications are based on monthly soil tests that need to be accounted for in the overall cost of the program. In total the Conventional program used a total of 18 different products, the Petrik program 32 and the Combined 38. After two years of the trial the results show very little evidence to suggest that one program produces significantly greater turf quality, or disease resistance, to another. The greatest difference is the cost, number of applications and products used for each program. 3.2 Kingswood Golf Club Results Tables in Appendix 2 summarise the results for turf quality, density, colour and disease incidence. Tables summarises the results for thatch, root length, root health, visual root mass and root mass by ashing Discussion Turf quality had been of a significantly higher quality than the Control for the Geoflora, Nutratherm and Nutrigro treatments for the assessments in September, October and November 2000, however this was not sustained for the second year. Conversely the quality of the Geoflora was significantly less than the Control for the months of May to July and October to November Other treatments have had single assessments where their quality has been significantly greater than the Control during the first two years but they have not continued to be significant. In general, with the exception of Geoflora, all treatments produced turf of equal or better quality than the Control for the first two years of the trial. Turf density was significantly greater for Nutrigro, Geoflora and Nutratherm compared with the Control for the September, October and November 2000 assessments. Other treatments had significantly greater turf density for individual assessments. However, this was not continued in the second year. In general, all treatments produced turf of equal or better density than the Control with the exception of Geoflora for the November 2001 assessment. It was highlighted that after the green was renovated in August 2000 the Nutrigro, Geoflora and Nutratherm treatments knitted together significantly quicker than the Control, however this was not observed after the 2001 renovation.

11 Turf colour was considerably variable throughout the first year with some treatments producing significantly darker green turf than the Control for some assessments while producing a lighter turf for others. This may have been primarily due to the timing of the fertiliser onto the Control plots compared with the assessment times. Balancing out the fertility of each treatment, with the exception of the Nutratherm and Geoflora programs, has eliminated anomalies in fertiliser amounts and timing, making assessments of turf colour more consistent. During the second year of the trial the assessments of colour was far more consistent. Geoflora produced turf that was significantly lighter than the Control for the months of March to November, while Nutratherm also produced turf that was significantly lighter on two occasions. There was no significant difference between the Control and any other treatments during the second year for colour. Colour is more often than not directly proportional to the quantity of nitrogen applied to the turf, with the exception of fixation and mineralisation. The Nutratherm and Geoflora programs are applying less nitrogen than the other treatments and this is being reflected in the colour assessments. However, this has not adversely affected the overall density and to a lesser extent the overall quality. The incidence of disease was widespread early in the trial. It was identified as take-all patch and there was no significant difference between the Control and any of the treatments in its severity. Little disease was observed after the initial take-all patch during the first two years and although two treatments had significantly more Rhizoctonia spp. than the Control for one assessment in the second year, this was not consistent. After two years thatch depth between the Control and the other treatments was shown not to be significantly different, although there were some significant differences observed between the Control and some treatments on individual occasions. There has been no significant difference observed in root length, root health, visual root mass or root mass by ashing between the Control and other treatments during the trial. The following table summarises the number of applications and costs (per 100m 2 ) for the treatments for the duration of the trial. Yearl Year 2 Total for 2 years Proaram ADDIIC. Total Cost AODMC. Total Cost ADDIIC. Total Cost Geoflora 13 $ $ $446 Nutri Gro 14 $ $ $322 Nutratherm 14 $ $ $288 CLC (hiah) 12 $92 12 $82 24 $175 Seasol 23 $74 24 $66 47 $140 Bioaain 17 $57 17 $46 34 $103 CLC (low) 12 $54 12 $44 24 $98 Suoa Humus 12 $41 12 $30 24 $71 Natural Grow Green 17 $38 17 $28 34 $66 Control 13 $29 13 $18 26 $47 All treatments were more expensive than the Control program for the duration of the trial. Most treatments were applied on a monthly basis with the exception of Seasol fortnightly, Biogain, every three weeks and Natural Grow Green, which initially was monthly and was changed to fortnightly. The added time to apply the treatments must be taken into account in terms of cost and labour. The Geoflora, Nutratherm and Nutrigro treatments are the most expensive. The Geoflora program reduced the application rate from 4000ml per 100 square metres to 2000ml during the second year in an attempt to reduce the overall cost of the program. It reduced the cost from $259 in the first year to $187 in the second and after twelve months on that regime the cost would have been $149. This is similar to the costs of the Nutratherm and Nutrigro programs however as seen from the second year results the overall colour was significantly lighter throughout the year and the quality significantly less than the Control at the end of the year. 3.3 Riversdale Golf Club Results Tables in Appendix 2 summarise the results for turf quality, density, colour and disease incidence respectively.

12 Tables summarises thatch depth, root length, root health, visual root mass and root mass by ashing. Table 40 summarises the results of the nematode counts Discussion Throughout the duration of the trial no treatment resulted in a significant improvement in turf quality compared to the Control. However all treatments were producing turf of an acceptable to high quality. Turf density has not been significantly greater for any treatment on a consistent basis compared with the Control for the duration of the trial. Carbo-Aid produced turf that was significantly more dense than the Control for the months of October and November 2000 but this did not continue, as did Acadian for the July 2001 assessment. There was little significant difference in turf colour between the treatments and the Control for the duration of the trial. There were some significant differences recorded but these were not consistent. Overall, all treatments produced an acceptable turf colour throughout the trial. All treatments in the trial with the exception of Neotrol claim to reduce or suppress disease incidence. Diseases that were observed during the trial were anthracnose, winter fusarium and dollar spot. There was some incidence of disease during the trial although there was no significance in severity between any treatments and the Control. There was no significant difference observed during the duration of the trial between the treatments and the Control for thatch depth, root health, visual root mass and root mass by ashing. Acadian produced turf with significantly longer roots than the Control for one assessment in the second year. However, this was the only significant difference observed for root length for any treatment. Neotrol is the only product that claims to reduce nematode numbers while Acadian claims to increase the plant's tolerance to parasitic nematodes. No treatment produced a significant reduction in nematode numbers compared with the Control during the trial and there was also no reduction in turf quality due to nematodes. The following table summarises the number of applications and the associated cost (per 100m 2 ) of each treatment for the duration of the trial. Year 1 Year 2 Total for 2 years Proaram ADDHC. Total Cost ADDHC. Total Cost ADDHC. Total Cost Carbo Aid 23 $ $ $260 Trichoderma 12 $ $ $249 Amino Gro 24 $71 24 $ $171 Trichoflow 12 $48 12 $ $152 Neotrol 2 $30 2 $31 4 $61 CLC 12 $25 12 $26 24 $51 Acadian 24 $22 24 $23 48 $45 Keloak 12 $16 12 $18 24 $34 Control 5 $12 6 $14 11 $26 All treatments were more expensive than the Control program for duration of the trial. The total cost makes no allowance for the time it takes or the number of times the treatments are applied. Carbo-Aid, Amino Grow and Acadian were all applied twice a month whereas the other treatments were applied monthly with the exception of Neotrol that was applied twice a year and Trichoflow that was applied fortnightly for the last six months of the second year. The higher cost of these treatments could be offset with fewer applications of fungicides as they all claim to reduce the incidence of disease, except Neotrol. However, during the trial no treatment has had a significant effect on the reduction of disease incidence. The cost of the Trichoflow treatment was far more expensive in the second year compared to the first due to an increase in the number of applications and a higher application rate. The application rate was doubled to 30g per 100 square metres while the frequency of application was also doubled to fortnightly. However, it still did not have a significant reduction in disease incidence compared to the Control.

13 3.4 Pennant Hills Golf Club Results Tables in Appendix 2 summarise the results for turf quality, density, colour and disease incidence. Tables summarise the results of thatch depth, root length, root health and visual root mass. Table 49 summarises the results of the nematode counts Discussion Overall, turf quality for all treatments was not significantly different to the Control during the first two years of the trial. However, on one occasion the Nutratherm program produced turf that was significantly lower in quality than the Control while Nutrigro produced turf that was significantly greater than the Control. However, neither of these two results were repeated and in general the quality of the turf produced by all treatments was an acceptable to high standard. In general there were few significant differences in turf density for any of the treatments compared to the Control with the exception of Nutratherm. The density of the Nutratherm treatment was significantly less than the Control in July, August 2000 and June, July Turf colour was generally not significantly different throughout the first two years of the trial compared to the Control, with the exception of Nutratherm. Nutratherm produced turf that was significantly lighter green than the Control for May to July 2000 and May to August This would indicate that the level of nitrogen applied in the Nutratherm program needs to be increased over the winter months to compensate for the lower rates of mineralisation. There were other significant differences in turf colour, however none were consistent. Following a soil test in October 2001 the Nutratherm program was amended by the manufacturers with the addition of malt, doubling of the rate of GR 6 to 1000ml/100 sq. m. and alternating the applications of Bio Cal with Bio K. The trial area has been under disease pressure for the majority of the trial with anthracnose, dollar spot and winter fusarium being the primary diseases present. No treatment has produced turf with significantly less disease than the Control for the duration of the trial. Products that claim to reduce disease incidence are CLC, Kelpak, Trichoflow, and Trichoderma. In general there has been no significant differences in thatch depth during the trial. There has been no significant difference recorded for root length, root health, visual root mass or nematode numbers between the treatments and the Control. The following table summarises the first two years of application costs (per 100m 2 ) for the treatments and the number of applications of each product. Yearl Year 2 Total for 2 years Proaram ADDHC. Total Cost ADDHC. Total Cost ADDHC. Total Cost Trichoflow 12 $ $ $467 Nutratherm 14 $ $ $322 Nutri Gro 14 $ $ $307 Trichoderma 12 $ $ $248 CLC 12 $72 12 $81 24 $153 Seasol 12 $68 12 $79 24 $148 Kelpak 12 $38 12 $49 24 $87 Neotrol 3 $35 3 $46 6 $81 Bioaain 12 $29 12 $40 24 $68 Nemacur 1 $17 2 $35 3 $52 Acadian 12 $13 12 $24 24 $38 Control 7 $9 7 $20 14 $29 All treatments are more expensive than the Control. The Trichoflow program was more expensive during the second year compared with the first due to an application of Trichoboost at 5kg/100 sq.m. This single application cost $126 and was aimed at being an effective preventative control to the dollar spot that has been particularly active at the site.

14 4. CONCLUSIONS The first two years of these trials have shown no major differences in overall turf performance between conventional fertiliser practices, organic based stand-alone programs or supplementary products added to conventional fertilisers programs. All products basically claim to improve turf quality / health and this has not been supported by consistent improvements in either turf quality or density. There are many additional publicised claims regarding the benefits of using these products, however this trial has shown these not to be significant or consistent. Products that claim to reduce thatch produced no significant reduction compared to the Control. Products claiming increased root growth failed to exhibit results that were significantly greater than the Control. Products that claim to reduce disease incidence were not significantly different to the Control for Dollar Spot and Anthracnose. Some of the products claim to protect the plant from nematode attack rather than acting as a nematicide. Previous trial work has shown Neotrol to have some action against nematode numbers. So far, no treatment has been effective in significantly reducing nematode numbers at the two sites where nematode numbers are being assessed. The major difference observed in the first two years of the trial is the cost of the treatments and the number of applications that must be made. In general the conventional program is the cheapest and requires the least applications. Hence the benefits of using these products would need to be great in order to justify their cost and the added expense in applying them. 5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to Horticulture Australia Limited and the New South Wales Golf Association, New South Wales Golf Course Superintendents Association, Victorian Golf Association and the Victorian Golf Course Superintendents Association for their financial support. Special thanks to the Superintendents, staff and the Golf Club at each of the sites for providing maintenance. In particular, Mark Prosser, Commonwealth Golf Club, Terry Ford, Kingswood Golf Club, Michael Picken, Riversdale Golf Club and Richard Kirkby, Pennant Hills Golf Club for their tireless dedication in maintaining the trials. Thanks to the companies for providing product information and product for use as well as Michael Ahearn of Turf and Irrigation for providing the Greensmaster fertiliser.

15 APPENDIX 1: Application details Commonwealth Golf Club Table 1 Conventional Program application details Table 2 Petrik Program application details Table 3 Combined Program application details Kingswood Golf Club Table 4 Treatment application details Table 5 Supplementary fertiliser application details Riversdale Golf Club Table 6 Treatment application details Table 7 Supplementary fertiliser application details Pennant Hills Golf Club Table 8 Treatment application details Table 9 Supplementary fertiliser application details 2: Result summary 3: Product costing 4: Product details and usage claims

16 Table 1a: Commonwealth Golf Club - Conventional Program application details (year 1) ^4 W %;> J///*/*//*/* ^4 ^4 ^ /y% Product Calcium chelate Dynamic Lifter Essential Kelpak Lesco Fe, Mn & Mg Lesco Turf Starter Liquid potassium Nitrosert Organic Iron Poa restrictor Poarestrictor Scott's Supa K Supa Cal Supa Humus Supa iron Supa K Supa K Elite Turf starter ( ) all rates - ml or g per 100m2 Table 1a: Commonwealth Golf Club - Conventional Program application details (year 1 continued ) ZJ Calcium chelate 130 Dynamic Lifter Essential 150 Kelpak 100 Lesco Fe, Mn & Mg Lesco Turf Starter Liquid potassium 250 Nitrosert Organic Iron 160 Poa restrictor Poa restrictor Scott's Supa K Supa Cal 200 Supa Humus 200 Supa Iron Supa K Supa K Elite 1600 Turf starter { ) all rates - ml or g per 100m2 jp

17 Table 1b: Commonwealth Golf Club - Conventional Program application details (year 2) Product <? ', ^4 ^ SSS* sssss* W ^yy^ ' * P Calcium chelate Essential Kelpak 100 Lesco Turf Starter Lesco ( ) Liquid Greens / tees ( ) 1000 Liquid potassium (0-0-20) Magnesium sulphate Novex Greens ( ) 2000 Novex ( ) Organic Iron Poa restrictor Poa restrictor Prilled Gypsum Scott's Supa K Supa Cal 200 Supa Humus 200 Supa Iron 190 Supa K Supa K Greens 1350 TX-10 all rates - ml or g per 100m2 Table 1b: Commonwealth Golf Club - Conventional Program application details (year 2 continued ) Product Calcium chelate 4 " 4 " A* Essential Kelpak Lesco Turf Starter Lesco ( ) Liquid Greens /tees ( ) Liquid potassium (0-0-20) Magnesium sulphate 500 Novex Greens ( ) Novex ( ) Organic Iron Poa restrictor Poa restrictor Prilled Gypsum Scott's Supa K Supa Cal Supa Humus Supa Iron Supa K30 Supa K Greens TX-10 all rates - ml or g per 100m2

18 X X 1? a 8 a «2 a» to CM o CO I I % I O c \ < X X X 8 O 3 1 o N 1 O CM? \ % \ X 0 ID 1 a 1 I a 1 8 a O ID a 2 2 a «, to CM i 1 s 0 m CM 1 O 0 0 s in 1 a 1-0 I a 1 S a 0 m a 2 2 a «, lo CM P 0 m a 1 O 0 in a a 2 2 tn CM 1 a 1 a a 2 2 ID CM 0 0 ID 0 in m 0 0 ID ID CM - < \ X X x O O a 1 a a 1 a a 2 2 in CM 1 1 a 1 a a «2 m CM a a 1 O O O 0 O m O O O 0 0 m 0 0 ID i 1 \ \ S a a «>. " ID CM a 1? s CM a "* I CM s a \ \ u * O O 0 0 ID 1 tn O ID 1 0 in s O in 8 I CM 1 g s 1 1 s 1 O m 0 0 CM O O O - O CO Product T3 CJ E CO '_i.o d b CD 1 < >< m I I I! 1! + I 1 I I 1 I I 1 J I I! 1 1 i I? 1 I 1!! 1 s CO G CD I E 1 O I Cfl "S a I IB.c a 3 CO or I 2 sz tn CO 5

19 *. \ \ \ \ V '1 x \ X ^ e\*\ sii a. a a. a

20 Table 3a: Commonwealth Golf Club - Combined Program application details (year 1) Product / / S/S/SSSSSS//SJ// Boric acid 100 BXd 10 BXi Calcium chelate Copper sulphate 100 Dolomite Dunase 2 Dynamic Lifter Essential Fex plus 10 Green manure Hi-N Humate (26%) Humate + 7% nitrogen Humic acid Impulse Impulse cobolt Impulse molybdenum Kelpak Lesco Fe, Mn & Mg Lesco Turf Starter Liquid dolomite Liquid potassium Lo-N Magnesium sulphate 1000 Manganese sulphate 150 Molasses Muriate of potash Nitrosert Omega Organic Iron Poa restrictor Poa restrictor Refined litter RPA 1 Scott's Supa K Supa Cal Supa Humus Supa Iron Supa K Supa K Elite Sdupa K Greens Turf starter ( ) Ultra all rates - ml or g per 100m2

21 Table 3a: Commonwealth Golf Club - Combined Program application details {year 1 continued ) Product s*^ I* 3 * <&*' y?4 4 *4 ' * d ^ ^ 4 ^ * {? y y y y * f 0-4 Boric acid BXd BXi Calcium chelate 130 Copper sulphate Dolomite Dunase 2 2 Dynamic Lifter Essential 150 Fex plus Green manure Hi-N Humate (26%) Humate + 7% nitrogen Humic acid Impulse Impulse cobolt Impulse mofybdenum Kelpak Lesco Fe, Mn & Mg Lesco Turf Starter Liquid dolomite Liquid potassium 250 Lo-N Magnesium sulphate Manganese sulphate Molasses Muriate of potash Nitrosert Omega Organic Iron 160 Poa restrictor Poa restrictor Refined litter RPA 1 1 Scott's Supa K Supa Cal Supa Humus Supa Iron 200 Supa K Supa K Elite Sdupa K Greens Turf starter ( ) 1800 Ultra all rates ml or g per 100m2

22 Table 3b: Commonwealth Golf Club - Combined Program application details (year 2) rff Product S S «sss s/sssss BXd 10 BXi 50 Calcium chelate Dunase 2 Essential Fex plus Green manure Humic acid Impulse Impulse calcium Impulse manganese Impulse potassium Impulse silicon Kelpak 100 Lesco Turf Starter ( ) 2100 Lesco ( ) Liquid dolomite Liquid greens / tees ( ) Liquid potassium (0-0-20) Magnesium sulphate Molasses Novex Greens ( ) 2000 Novex ( ) Omega Organic Iron 160 Poa restrictor Poa restrictor Prilled Gypsum RPA 1 Scott's Supa K Supa Cal 200 Supa Humus 200 Supa iron 190 Supa K Supa K Greens 1350 TX-10 Ultra all rates - ml or g per 100m2

23 Table 3b: Commonwealth Golf Club - Combined Program application details (year 2 continued.. Product o> A- 3 ^ t* *s ^ 0-4 *4 *4 W W W * * < BXd BXi 50 Calcium chelate Dunase Essential Fex plus Green manure Humic acid Impulse Impulse calcium 50 Impulse manganese 25 Impulse potassium 25 Impulse silicon 5 Kelpak Lesco Turf Starter ( ) Lesco ( ) 2000 Liquid dolomite Liquid greens / tees ( ) 1000 Liquid potassium (0-0-20) Magnesium sulphate 1500 Molasses Novex Greens ( ) Novex ( ) 1700 Omega Organic Iron Poa restrictor Poa restrictor Prilled Gypsum 5000 RPA Scott's Supa K Supa Cal Supa Humus Supa Iron Supa K30 Supa K Greens TX Ultra all rates - ml or g per 100m2

24 Table 4a: Kingswood Golf Club Application details (year 1) Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4 Treatment 5 Treatment 6 Treatment 7 Treatment 8 Treatment 9 Treatment 10 Treatm Date NutriGro (L) NutriGro (G) Blogain Geoflora Control CLC1 CLC2 Seasol RD1 SupaHumus E2001 Blopla 17-NOV Dec Dec Dec Dec gN 17-Dec Dec Jan-OO Jan Jan Jan-OO Feb gN 16-Feb Feb Mar Mar gN 20-Mar Mar-OO Apr-OO Apr May May May-OO 130gN 2-Jun Jun Jun Jun gN 3-Jul-OO Jul Ju! Jul-OO 160gN 2-Aug-OO Aug Sep-OO Sep gN 27-Sep-OO Oct Oct-OO ct gN Nov-OO Nov-OO 5.7 Product rates (ml or g per 100m 2 ) Product Application Rates and Dates for Treatment 4 - Control Program (kg / 100m 2 ) Product 14-Dec Jan Feb Mar Mar-00 6^Apr Apr May-OO 22-Jun-OO 27-Jul-OO 13-Se Ammonium sulphate Cheminel 1.00 Greenmaster Iron sulphate Magnesium Sulphate Sulphate of Potash SupaK 2.00

25 Table 4b: Kingswood Golf Club - Application details (year 2) Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4 Treatment 5 Treatment 6 Treatment 7 Treatment 8 Treatment 9 Treatment 10 Treatm Date NutriGro (L) NutriGro (G) Biogain Geoflora Control CLC1 CLC2 Seasol RD 1 SupaHumus Vigaroot Biopl 27-Nov-OO gN Nov-OO Dec Dec qN Jan Jan Jan gN Feb Feb gN Mar Mar Mar gN Apr Apr May gN May Jun gN Jun Jun gN Jul Jul Jul gN Aug Aug-OI Aug gN Sep Sep Sep gN Oct Oct gN Oct NOV Product rates (ml or g per 100m 2 ) Product Application Rates and Dates for Treatment 4 Control Program (kg / 100m 2 ) Product 27-Nov-OO 19-Dec Jan Feb Mar-01 1-May-Ol* ; S-Jun Jun Jul Aua Se Greenmaster

26 Table 4: Kingswood Golf Club - Application details (year 3) Treatment 1 NutriGro (L) NutriGro (G) Treatment 2 Biogaln Treatment 3 Geoflora Treatment 4 Control Treatment 5 CLC1 Treatment 6 CLC2 Treatment 7 Seasol Treatment 8 RD1 Treatment 9 SupaHumus Treatment 10 Vigaroot Date 16-Nov Nov-OI gN Dec Dec qN Treatm Biop Nutratherm program - applied Soft rock 5kg / 100sq.m Sulphate of 3kg / 100sq.m GR 1000ml / 100sq.m Bio 500ml / 100sq.m 500ml / 100sq.m Nutratherm program - applied GR 1000ml/100sq.m Bio 500ml/100sq.m

27 Table 5: KIngswood Golf Club - Supplementary fertiliser application details Product Type Application Rate/100m2 Frequency of Application Nitrogen <%N) N applied per 100m2 / month N applied per 100m2/year Additional N required per 100m2 / year Nutri Gro Nutrient 2000ml monthly 5% 100q 1200g 800g Biogain Stimulant 57 g 3 weeks 0% 0g 0g 2000g Geoftora N/S/M 4000ml monthly 3.10% 124g 1488g Og Control Fertiliser 830g monthly 20% 167g 2000g Og CLC (low) Stimulent 200 ml monthly 6.35% 12.7g 152.4g 1848q CLC (high) Stimulent 500 ml monthly 6.35% 31.75g 381g 1619g Seasol Stimulent 200ml twice monthly 0% 0g 0g 2000q RD 1 (Trichoderma) Micro 30g monthly 0% 0g 0g 2000g Supa Humus Stimulent 200 ml monthly 0% 0g 0g 2000g E2001 Nutrient 1000ml 6 weeks 0% 0g Ofl 2000g Natural Grow Green Nutrient 50ml monthly 0% og 0g 2000g Nutratherm N/S/M 1000ml monthly 8% 80g 960fl Og Super Charge N/S/M 40,000B 6 monthly 0.50% 33.3g 400g og

28 Table 6a: Riversdale Golf Club - Application details (year 1) Date Treatment 1 Amino Gro Treatment 2 Kelpak Treatment 3 Control Treatment 4 Carbo Aid Treatment 5 Neotrol Treatment 6 Trichoflow Treatment 7 Acadian Treatment 8 Trichoderma Treatment 9 CLC 17-NOV Dec Dec Dec Jan-OO Jan Feb Feb Mar Apr Apr May May Jun Jun-OO Jul Jul Aug-OO Aug Sep Sep-OO ct ct gN Nov-OO Product rates {ml or g per 100m 2 ) Note Treatment 1: AminoGro - 50ml/100m2 of Synertrol Oil applied with each application Treatment 7: Acadian - 50mi/100m2 of Synertrol Oii applied with each application Treatment 8: Trichoderma - 20g/100m2 Acadian, 500ml/100m2 AminoGro and 400g/t00m2 soluble Molasses applied with each application Product Application Rates and Dates for Treatment 3 - Control Program (kg / 100m z ) Product 16-Nov Jun Sep Oct Nov-OO Ag. Lime Ammonium nitrate 1.00 HiK + TGR 1.60 Calcium ammonium nitrate 1.00 Greenmaster Sulphate of potash 1.00 Supa Iron 0.20

29 Table 6b: Riversdale Golf Club - Application details (year 2) Date Treatment 1 Amino Gro Treatment 2 Kelpak Treatment 3 Control Treatment 4 Carbo Aid Treatment 5 Neotrol Treatment 6 Trichoflow Treatment 7 Acadian Treatments Trichoderma Treatment 9 CLC 24-Nov-OO gN Dec Dec gN Jan Jan Jan gN Feb Feb gN Mar Mar gN Apr May gN May Jun gN Jun Jun gN Jul-OI Jul gN Aug Aug gN 500* Sep Sep gN 500" ct Oct gN Nov-OI Product rates ( ml or g per 100m 2 ) Note Treatment 1: AminoGro - 50ml/100m2 of Synertrol Oil applied with each application Treatment 7: Acadian - 50ml/100m2 of Synertrol Oil applied with each application Treatment 8: Trichoderma - 20g/100m2 Acadian, 500ml/100m2 AminoGro and 400g/100nr>2 soluble Molasses applied with each application * no additional fert applied ** no additional fert plus Cal 200ml/100sq.m *** no additional fert plus SB1 250ml/100sq.m "" Carbo Aid plus SB2 250ml/100sq.m Product Application Rates and Dates for Treatment 3 - Control Program (kg 1100m! ) Product i SHM- 24-Nov-OO 1-Dec-00 ' : 19-Dec Jan-01 9-Feb-or 26-Feb4>1 27-Feb Mar-01 1-May-01 Ag. Lime Greenmaster HiK + TGR Supa Iron Novex Dynamic Lifter Supa Stanphos Product 5-Jun Jun JUI Aug Aug Sep Sep Oct-01 7-Nov-OI Ag. Lime Greenmaster Hi K + TGR Supa Iron 200 ml Novex Dynamic Lifter Supa Stanphos 100 ml

30 Table 6: Riversdale Golf Club - Application details (year 3) Date Treatment 1 Amino Gro Treatment 2 Kelpak Treatment 3 Control Treatment 4 Carbo Aid Treatment 5 Neotrol Treatment 6 Trichoflow Treatment 7 Acadian Treatment 8 Trichoderma Treatment 9 CLC 28-Nov-OI gN 500*** Dec-OI ' Dec gN 500*** Product rates (ml or g per 100m 2 ) Note Treatment 1: AminoGro - 50ml/100m2 of Synertrol Oil applied with each application Treatment 7: Acadian - 50ml/100m2 of Synertrol Oil applied with each application Treatment 8: Trichoderma - 20g/100m2 Acadian, 500ml/100m2 AminoGro and 400g/100m2 soluble Molasses applied with each application * no additional fert applied ** no additional fert plus Cal 200ml/100sq.m *** no additional fert plus SB1 250mi/100sq.m **** Carbo Aid plus SB2 (12-?-?) < 250ml/100sq.m

31 Table 7: Rlversdale Golf Club - Supplementary fertiliser application details Product Typo Application Rate/1 OOmZ Frequency of Application Nitrogen <%N) N applied per 100m2 / month N applied per 100m2 / year Additional N required per 100m2/year Amino Gro* Stimulent 400 ml twice monthly 2.40% 19.2g 230g 1770g Kelpak Stimulent 100 ml monthly 0% 0g% 0g 2000g Control Fertiliser 83Dg monthly 20% 167g 2000g Og Carbo Aid Stimulent 500 ml twice monthly 3% 30g 360g 1640g Neotrol Stimulent 100 ml twice season 0% 0g 0g 2000g Trichoflow Micro 30 g (initial) 15 s monthly 0% 0g Og 2000g Acadian" Stimulent 10g twice monthly 0% 0g Og 2000q Trichoderma** Micro 50 g (initial) 25 s monthly 2.40% 12g 144g 1856g CLC Stimulent 100 ml monthly 6.35% 6.35g 76g 1924g * Applied with: Synertrol Horti 50ml/100m2 ** Applied with: 500ml/100m2 20g/100m2 400g/100m2

32 Table 8a: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Application details (year 1) Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4 Treatment 5 Treatment 6 Treatment 7 Treatment 8 Treatment 9 Treatm Date Nutrattierm Super Charge Neotrol Kelpak CLC Seasol Trichoflow Trichoderma Acadian NutriGro (L) NutriGro (G) Bio 19-Jan-OO Feb Feb Mar Apr May-00 1-Jun Jun Jun Jul Aug-OO Oct Oct Oct Nov-OO Dec Product rates ( ml or g per 100m 2 ) Note Treatment 1: Nutratherm - 500ml GR 6 & 500ml Bio Cal Treatment 3: Kelpak -1800g/100m2 of soluble molasses applied with each application Treatment 6: Trichoflow -1000ml/100m2 of Carboaid applied with each application Treatment 7: Trichoderma - 20g/100m2 Acadian, 500ml/100m2 AminoGro and 400g/100m2 soluble Molasses applied with each application Treatment 8: Acadian - 50ml/100m2 of Synertrol Oil applied with each application Product Application Rates and Dates for Treatment 12 - Control Program (kg / 100m 2 ) Product 15-May-00 8-Jun Oct-OO 26-Oct-OO 21-Nov-OO 14-Dec-00 Nutra Feed no Nutra Feed no Greenmaster

33 Table 8b: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Application details (year 2) Date Treatment.1 Treatment 2 Nutratherm Super Charge Neotrol Treatment 3 Kelpak Treatment 4 CLC Treatment 5 Seasol Treatment 6 Trichoflow Treatment 7 Trichoderma Treatment 8 Acadian Treatment 9 NutriGro (L) NutriGro (G) 18-Jan Mar Apr Apr May May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct-01 ** Nov-OI (RD1) 25 *** Dec **** Treat Bio Product rates (ml or g per 100m 2 ) Note Treatment 1: Nutratherm - 500ml GR 6 & 500ml Bio Cal Treatment 3: Kelpak -1800g/100m2 of soluble molasses applied with each application Treatment 6: Trichoflow -1000ml/100m2 of Carboaid applied with each application Treatment 7: Trichoderma - 20g/100m2 Acadian, 500ml/100m2 AminoGro and 400g/100m2 soluble Molasses applied with each application Treatment 8: Acadian - 50ml/100m2 of Synertrol Oil applied with each application Treatment 1: Nutratherm - 12kg/100sq.m of Dolomite Lime 2kg/100sq.m of Potassium Carbonate 100g/100sq.m of Borax 2L/100sq.m of I.P.Starter 1L/100sq.m of Bio K 1L/100sq.m of Malt "Treatment 1: Nutratherm - 1L/100sq.m of GR 6 500ml/100sq.m of Bio K 500ml/100sq.m of Malt ""Treatment 1: Nutratherm - 1U100sq.m of GR 6 500ml/100sq.m of Bio Cal 500ml/100sq.m of Malt Product Application Rates and Dates for Treatment 12 - Control Program (kg / 100m 2 ) Product 18-Jan-01 1-Mar-01 5-Apr Apr May May Jun^01 26-Jul-OI 24-Aug Oct N Nutra Feed no Greenmaster

34 Table 9: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Supplementary fertiliser application details Product Type Application Rate/100m2 Frequency of Application Nitrogen <%N) N applied per 100m2 / month N applied per 100m2/year Additional N required per 100m2/year Nutratherm N/S/M 1000ml monthly 8% 80g 960s Og Super Charge N/S/M 40,000g 6 monthly 0.50% 33.3s 400g Og Neotrol Micro 100ml twice season 0% 0g 0g 2000g Kelpak & Molasses Stimulant 100ml&1800g monthly 0% 0g og 2000g CLC Stimulent 500 ml monthly 6.35% 31.75g 381g 1619g Seasol Stimulent 500ml monthly 0% 0g OS 2000g Trichoflow * Micro 30 g (initial) 15 j monthly 3% 30g 360g 1640g Trichoderma ** Micro 50 g (initial) 25 monthly 2.40% 12f) 144g 1856g Acadian *** Stimulent 10g monthly 0% 0g Og 2000g Nutri Grow Nutrient 2000ml monthly 5% 100g 1200g 800g Biogain Stimulent 57 g monthly 0% 0g og 2000g Nemacur Nematicide 110ml twice season 0% 0g Og 2000q Control Fertiliser 830g monthly 20% 167g 2000g Og * Applied with: Carbo-Aid@ 1000ml/100m2 * Applied with: 400g/100m2 * Applied with: Synertrol Horti 50ml/100m2

35 APPENDIX 2: Result summary Commonwealth Golf Club Kingswood Golf Club Riversdale Golf Club Pennant Hills Golf Club Table 10 Emergence and seedling vigour Table 11 Turf establishment Table 12 Disease incidence during establishment Table 13 Turf quality Table 14 Turf density Table 15 Turf colour Table 16 Disease incidence Table 17 Thatch Table 18 Root length Table 19 Root health Table 20 Visual root mass Table 21 Root mass by ashing Table 22 Turf quality Table 23 Turf density Table 24 Turf colour Table 25 Disease incidence Table 26 Thatch Table 27 Root length Table 28 Root health Table 29 Visual root mass Table 30 Root mass by ashing Table 31 Turf quality Table 32 Turf density Table 33 Turf colour Table 34 Disease incidence Table 35 Thatch Table 36 Root length Table 37 Root health Table 38 Visual root mass Table 39 Root mass by ashing Table 40 Nematode count Table 41 Turf quality Table 42 Turf density Table 43 Turf colour Table 44 Disease incidence Table 45 Thatch Table 46 Root length Table 47 Root health Table 48 Visual root mass Table 49 Nematode count

36 Table 10: Commonwealth Golf Club - Emergence and Seedling Vigour (29/10/99) Treatment Emergence Vigour Petrik Conventional Combined LSD (p<0.05) ns ns Table 11: Commonwealth Golt Club - Turf Establishment (% Cover) Treatment 12-N0V Nov NOV Dec Dec Jan-00 Petrik Conventional Combined LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns 6 Table 12: Commonwealth Golf Club - Disease Incidence during Establishment Treatment 12-N0V N0V-99 Conventional Petrik Combined LSD (p<0.05) 1.1 ns Table 13a: Commonwealth Golf Club - Turf Quality (year 1) Treatment Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Combined Conventional Petrik LSD (p<0.05) ns 0.4 ns ns ns ns ns Table 13b: Commonwealth Golf Club - Turf Quality (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Conventional Petrik Combined LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns 0.3 ns ns 0.2 ns 0.2 ns ns ns Table 14a: Commonwealth Golf Club - Turf Density (year 1) Treatment Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Combined Petrik Conventional LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns 0.4 Table 14b: Commonwealth Golf Club - Turf Density (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Conventional Petrik Combined LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns Table 15a: Commonwealth Golf Club - Turf Color (year 1) Treatment Mar-00 Apr-00 May-oo Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Combined Conventional Petrik CO CO CO b in in LSD (p<0.05) ns Table 15b: Commonwealth Golf Club - Turf Color (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Conventional Petrik Combined LSD (p<0.05) 0.0 ns ns ns 0.0 ns

37 Table 16a: Commonwealth Golf Club - Disease Incidence (year 1) Treatment Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-OO Conventional Combined Petrik , LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 16b: Commonwealth Golf Club - Disease Incidence (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Jan-01 D.spot Feb-01 D.spot Mar-01 D. spot Apr-01 D.spot May-01 D. spot May-01 F.ring Jun-01 D.spot Jun-01 F.ring Jul-01 D.spot Jul-01 F.ring Conventional Petrik Combined LSD (p<0.05) ns 0.3 ns ns 0.5 ns 0.4 ns Table 16b: Commonwealth Golf Club - Disease Incidence (year 2) Treatment Jul-01 Rhizoc. Aug-01 F.ring Sep-01 Oct-01 F.ring Nov-01 F.ring Conventional Petrik Combined LSD (p<0.05) 02 ns ns ns ns Table 17a: Commonwealth Golf Club - Thatch (mm) (year 1) Treatment Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jui-oo Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Conventional Combined Petrik LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns Table 17b: Commonwealth Golf Club - Thatch (mm) (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Feb-01 May-01 Aug-01 Nov-01 Conventional Petrik Combined LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns Table 18a: Commonwealth Golf Club - Root Length (mm) (year 1) Treatment Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Combined Conventional Petrik LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 18b: Commonwealth Golf Club - Root Length (mm) (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Feb-01 May-01 Aug-01 Nov-01 Conventional Petrik Combined en o co CM CM CO LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns Table 19a: Commonwealth Golf Club Root Health (year 1) Treatment Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Combined Conventional Petrik LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns 0.6 ns ns ns Table 19b: Commonwealth Golf Club - Root Health (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Feb-01 May-01 Aug-01 Nov-01 Conventionai Petrik Combined LSD (p<0.05) ns ns 0.4 ns ns

38 Table 20a: Commonwealth Golf Club - Visual Root Mass (year 1) Treatment Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Combined Petrik Conventional , LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns Table 20b: Commonwealth Golf Club -' visual Root Mass (year 2) Treatment Deo-00 Feb-01 May-01 Aug-01 Nov-01 Conventional Petrik Combined LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns 0.7 Table 21: Commonwealth Golf Club - Root Mass by Ashing (g) Treatment May-00 Dec-00 Petrik Combined Conventional LSD (FX0.05) ns ns

39 Table 22a: Kingswood Golf Club - Turf Quality (year 1) Treatment Nov-99 Dec-99 Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Nutrigro Geoflora Nutratherm E CLC (high) Supa Humus Biogain CLC (low) Control Seasol RD Natural Grow Green LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns 0.3 ns Table 22b: Kingswood Golf Club - Turf Quality (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Nutrigro Biogain Geoflora Control CLC (low) CLC (high) Seasol RD Supa Humus Natural Grow Green Nutratherm LSD (p<0.05) ns 0.2 ns 0.3 ns ns Table 23a: Kingswood Golf Club - Turf Density (year 1) Treatment Nov-99 Dec-99 Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Nutratherm Nutrigro Geoflora Supa Humus CLC (low) Biogain E Seasol CLC (high) Control RD Natural Grow Green LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns 0.3 ns 0.2 ns ns Table 23b: Kingswood Golf Club - Turf Density (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Nutrigro Biogain Geoflora Control CLC (low) CLC (high) Seasol RD Supa Humus Natural Grow Green Nutratherm

40 Table 24a: Kingswood Golf Club - Turf Color (year 1) Treatment Nov-99 Dec-99 Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Nutratherm Geoflora "' CLC (high) Supa Humus CLC (low) E Control Natural Grow Green Seasol RD Nutrigro Biogain LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns Table 24b: Kingswood Golf Club - Turf Color (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Nutrigro Biogain Geoflora Control CLC (low) CLC (high) 3.6 Seasol 3.6 RD Supa Humus Natural Grow Green 3.9 Nutratherm LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns Table 25a: Kingswood Golf Club - Disease Incidence (year 1) Treatment Dec-99 Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Nutrigro Biogain Geoflora Control CLC (low) CLC (high) Seasol RD Supa Humus E Natural Grow Green Nutratherm LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 25b: Kingswood Golf Club - Disease Incidence (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Nutrigro Biogain Geoflora Control CLC (low) CLC (high) Seasol RD Supa Humus Natural Grow Green Nutratherm LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns 0.4 ns ns 0.4 ns

41 Table 26a: Kingswood Golf Club - Thatch (mm) (year 1) Treatment Dec-99 Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Supa Humus CLC (low) > CLC (high) Control Seasol RD E Natural Grow Green Biogain Geoflora Nutratherm Nutrigro LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns 2 ns 2 ns ns 2 ns Table 26b: Kingswood Golf Club - Thatch (mm) (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Feb-01 May-01 Aug-01 Nov-01 Nutrigro Biogain Geoflora Control CLC (low) CLC (high) Seasol RD Supa Humus Natural Grow Green Nutratherm LSD (p<0.05) ns 2 ns ns ns Table 27a: Kingswood Golf Club - Root Length (mm) (year 1) Treatment Dec-99 Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Biogain Control CLC (low) E Geoflora Natural Grow Green CLC (high) RD Supa Humus Seasol Nutratherm Nutrigro LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 27b: Kingswood Golf Club - Root Length (mm) (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Feb-01 May-01 Aug-01 Nov-01 Nutrigro Biogain Geoflora Control CLC (low) CLC (high) Seasol RD Supa Humus Natural Grow Green Nutratherm LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns

42 Table 28a: Kingswood Golf Club - Root Health (year 1) Treatment Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Control Geoflora ; Natural Grow Green Nutrigro RD Nutratherm CLC (low) E CLC (high) Supa Humus Seasol Biogain LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 28b: Kingswood Golf Club - Root Health (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Feb-01 May-01 Aug-01 Nov-01 Nutrigro Biogain Geoflora Control CLC (low) CLC (high) Seasol RD Supa Humus Natural Grow Green Nutratherm LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns Table 29a: Kingswood Golf Club - Visual Root Mass (year 1) Treatment Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Geoflora Nutrigro CLC (low) RD Biogain Control Supa Humus Natural Grow Green CLC (high) Seasol E Nutratherm LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns Table 29b: Kingswood Golf Club - Visual Root Mass (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Feb-01 May-01 Aug-01 Nov-01 Nutrigro Biogain Geoflora Control CLC (low) CLC (high) Seasol RD Supa Humus Natural Grow Green Nutratherm LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns

43 Table 30: Kingswood Golf Club - Root Mass by Ashing Treatment Dec-00 Nutrigro 1.50 Biogain 1.39 Geofiora 1.44 Control 1.47 CLC (low) 1.72 CLC (high) 1.78 Seasol 1.60 RD Supa Humus 1.72 E Natural Grow Green 1.52 Nutratherm 1.53 LSD (p<0.05) ns

44 Table 31a: Riversdale Golf Club - Turf Quality (year 1) Treatment Nov-99 Dec-99 Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Aug-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Carbo Aid Trichoflow Control Amino Grow Kelpak Trichoderma Acadian CLC Neotrol LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns 0.4 ns Table 31b: Riversdale Golf Club - Turf Quality (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Amino Grow Kelpak Control Carbo Aid Neotrol Trichoflow Acadian Trichoderma CLC LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 32a: Riversdale Golf Club - Turf Density (year 1) Treatment Nov-99 Dec-99 Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Aug-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Carbo Aid Amino Grow Control Acadian Trichoflow Trichoderma Kelpak CLC Neotrol LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 32b: Riversdale Golf Club - Turf Density (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Amino Grow Kelpak Control Carbo Aid Neotrol Trichoflow Acadian Trichoderma CLC LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns 0.2 ns ns ns

45 Table 33a: Riversdale Golf Club - Turf Color (year 1) Treatment Nov-99 Dec-99 Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Aug-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Carbo Aid Trichoflow Control Kelpak CLC Amino Grow Trichoderma Acadian Neotrol LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns 0.4 ns ns ns 0.4 ns Table 33b: Riversdale Golf Club - Turf Color (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Amino Grow Kelpak Control Carbo Aid Neotrol Trichoflow Acadian Trichoderma CLC LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns 0.1 ns Table 34a: Riversdale Golf Club - Disease Incidence (year 1) Treatment Dec-99 Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Control Trichoflow Amino Grow Carbo Aid CLC Kelpak Neotrol Acadian Trichoderma LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 34b: Riversdale Golf Club - Disease Incidence (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Amino Grow Kelpak Control Carbo Aid Neotrol Trichoflow Acadian Trichoderma CLC

46 Table 35a: Riversdale Golf Club - Thatch (mm) (year 1) Treatment Dec-99 Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-oo Aug-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Neotrol ' Acadian Control Kelpak Amino Grow Trichoflow CLC Carbo Aid Trichoderma LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns 3 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 35b: Riversdale Golf Club - Thatch (mm) (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Feb-01 May-01 Sep-01 Nov-01 Amino Grow Kelpak Control Carbo Aid Neotrol Trichoflow Acadian Trichoderma CLC LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns Table 36a: Riversdale Golf Club - Root Length (mm) (year 1) Treatment Dec-99 Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Neotrol Acadian CLC Kelpak Amino Grow Trichoderma Carbo Aid Trichoflow Control LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 36b: Riversdale Golf Club - Root Length (mm) (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Feb-01 May-01 Sep-01 Nov-01 Amino Grow Kelpak Control Carbo Aid Neotrol Trichoflow Acadian Trichoderma CLC LSD (p<0.05) ns ns 19 ns ns

47 Table 37a: Riversdaie Golf Club - Root Health (year 1) Treatment Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Acadian Kelpak Neotrol CLC Carbo Aid Amino Grow Trichoderma Trichoflow Control LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 37b: Riversdaie Golf Club - Root Health (year 2) Treatment Dec-00 Feb-01 May-01 Sep-01 Nov-01 Amino Grow Kelpak Control Carbo Aid Neotrol Trichoflow Acadian Trichoderma CLC LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns Table 38a: Riversdaie Golf Club - Visual Root Mass (year 1) TREATMENT Aug-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Control Trichoflow Acadian Amino Grow Kelpak Carbo Aid Neotrol Trichoderma CLC LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns Table 38b: Riversdaie Golf Club - Visual Root Mass (year 2) TREATMENT Dec-00 Feb-01 May-01 Sep-01 Nov-01 Amino Grow Kelpak Control Carbo Aid Neotrol Trichoflow Acadian Trichoderma CLC LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns 0.6

48 Table 39: Riversdale Golf Club - Root Mass by Ashing TREATMENT Dec-oo Amino Grow 0.44 Kelpak 0.62 Control 0.39 Carbo Aid 0.22 Neotrol 0.27 Trichoflow 0.52 Acadian 0.23 Trichoderma 0.29 CLC 0.25 LSD (p<0.05) ns Table 40a: Riversdale Golf Club - Nematode Count (year 1) Sheath Spiral Stubby Root Pin Treatment Jan-00 Mar-00 Oct-00 Jan-00 Mar-00 Oct-00 Jan-00 Mar-00 Oct-00 Mar-00 Carbo Aid Control Kelpak Amino Grow CLC Neotrol Acadian LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns 100 ns ns Total Parasitic Treatment Jan-00 Mar-00 Oct-00 Carbo Aid Control Kelpak Amino Grow CLC Neotrol Acadian LSD (p<0.05) 257 ns ns Table 40b: Riversdale Golf Club - Nematode Count (year 2) Sheath Spiral Stubby Root Total Parasitic Treatment Jan-01 Mar-01 Oct-01 Jan-01 Mar-01 Oct-01 Jan-01 Mar-01 Oct-01 Jan-01 Mar-01 Oct-01 Amino Grow Kelpak Control Carbo Aid Neotrol Acadian CLC LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns

49 Table 41a: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Turf Quality (year 1) Treatment Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 Nutrigro CLC > Nemacur Neotrol Acadian Seasol Biogain Trichoftow Trichoderma Control Kelpak/Molasses Nutratherm LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 41b: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Turf Quality (year 2) Treatment Feb-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Nutratherm Neotrol Kelpak/Molasses CLC Seasol Trichoftow Trichoderma Acadian Nutrigro Biogain Nemacur Control LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 42a: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Turf Density (year 1) Treatment Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 Nutrigro CLC Neotrol Biogain Nutratherm Seasol Trichoderma Control Trichoflow Acadian Nemacur Kelpak/Molasses LSD (p<0.05) ns 0.7 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 42b: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Turf Density (year 2) Treatment Feb-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Nutratherm Neotrol Kelpak/Molasses CLC Seasol Trichoflow Trichoderma Acadian Nutrigro Biogain Nemacur Control LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns

50 Table 43a: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Turf Color (year 1) Treatment Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 Nutrigro CLC Kelpak/Molasses Seasol Neotrol Trichoflow Biogain Nemacur Trichoderma Control Acadian Nutratherm LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns 0.2 ns ns ns Table 43b: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Turf Color (year 2) Treatment Feb-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Nutratherm Neotrol Kelpak/Molasses CLC 3.9 Seasol Trichoflow Trichoderma Acadian Nutrigro Biogain 3.9 Nemacur Control 3.9 LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 44a: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Disease Incidence (year 1) Treatment Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 D.spot D.spot W.fus W.fus W.fus W.fus D.spot D.spot D.spot Anth. D.spot Nutrigro Seasol Trichoflow Nemacur Control Acadian CLC Neotrol Kelpak/Molasses Biogain Trichoderma Nutratherm LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns

51 Table 44b: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Disease Incidence (year 2) Treatment Feb-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 W.fus W.fus W.fus D.spot D.spot D.spot D.spot Nutratherm > , Neotrol Kelpak/Molasses CLC Seasol Trichoflow Trichoderma Acadian Nutrigro Biogain Nemacur Control LSO(p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 45a: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Thatch (mm) (year 1) Treatment Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-OCi Jul-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Seasol Nutrigro Trichoflow Biogain Control Kelpak/Molasses Trichoderma CLC Nemacur Neotrol Nutratherm Acadian LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns 5 ns ns ns ns Table 45b: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Thatch (mm) (year 2) Treatment Feb-01 May-01 Aug-01 Nov-01 Nutratherm Neotrol Kelpak/Molasses CLC Seasol Trichoflow Trichoderma Acadian Nutrigro Biogain Nemacur Control LSD (p<0.05) ns ns 3 ns

52 Table 46a: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Root Length (mm) (year 1) Treatment Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 CLC Acadian Neotrol Trichoderma Nutratherm Kelpak/Molasses Trichoflow Biogain Control Seasol Nemacur Nutrigro LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 46b: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Root Length (mm) (year 2) Treatment Feb-01 May-01 Aug-01 Nov-01 Nutratherm Neotrol Kelpak/Molasses CLC Seasol Trichoflow Trichoderma Acadian Nutrigro Biogain Nemacur Control LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns Table 47a: Pennant Hills Golf Club Root Health (year 1) Treatment Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Nutrigro Trichoderma Biogain CLC Neotrol Trichoflow Nemacur Kelpak/Molasses Seasol Acadian Control Nutratherm LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 47b: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Root Health (year 2) Treatment Feb-01 May-01 Aug-01 Nov-01 Nutratherm Neotrol Kelpak/Molasses CLC Seasol Trichoflow Trichoderma Acadian Nutrigro Biogain Nemacur Control LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns

53 Table 48a: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Visual Root Mass (year 1) TREATMENT Jul-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Acadian Control > Biogain Nemacur Neotrol Seasol CLC Trichoflow Trichoderma Nutrigro Nutratherm Kelpak/Molasses LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns Table 48b: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Visual Root Mass (year 2) TREATMENT Feb-01 May-01 Aug-01 Nov-01 Nutratherm Neotrol Kelpak/Molasses CLC Seasol Trichoflow Trichoderma Acadian Nutrigro Biogain Nemacur Control LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns Table 49a: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Nematode Count (year 1) Stubby Root Ring Total Parasitic Treatment Mar-OC May-00 Oct-00 Mar-00 May-00 Oct-00 Mar-00 May-00 Oct-00 Nutratherm CLC Acadian Kelpak/Molasses Biogain Nutrigro Trichoflow Seasol Nemacur Control Trichoderma Neotrol LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 49b: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Nematode Count (year 2) Stubby Root Ring To tal Parasitic Treatment Jan-01 Apr-01 Oct-01 Jan-01 Apr-01 Oct-01 Jan-01 Apr-01 Oct-01 Nutratherm Neotrol Kelpak/Molasses CLC Seasol Trichoflow Trichoderma Acadian Nutrigro Biogain Nemacur Control LSD (p<0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns

54 APPENDIX 3: Product Costing Table 50 Commonwealth Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser Table 51 Kingswood Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser Table 52 Riversdale Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser Table 53 Pennant Hills Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser

55 Table 50a: Commonwealth Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser (Year 1) Convential Program Product Pack Size Pack Litre or kq Applic. per year Prod. Applied per 100m 2 /year Applic cost per 100m 2 /year Calcium chelate 10 $80.00 $ $1.04 Dynamic Lifter 28.5 $6.50 $ $11.50 Essential 10 $ $ $3.15 Kelpak 25 $87.45 $ $2.45 Lesco Fe, Mn & Mq 22.5 $60.50 $ $5.11 Lesco Turf Starter $66.00 $ $6.16 Liquid potassium 10 $70.00 $ $1.05 Nitrosert $ $ $2.64 Organic Iron 10 $70.00 $ $1.12 Poa restriotor $82.50 $ $16.37 Poarestrictor $82.50 $ $4.71 Scotf s Supa K $82.50 $ $19.80 Supa Cal 20 $ $ $10.40 Supa Humus 20 $ $ $10.40 Supa Iron 20 $ $ $4.46 Supa K30 20 $ $ $10.01 Supa K Elite 22.5 $66.00 $ $9.39 Turf starter ( ) 22.5 $74.80 $ $17.95 TOTAL $ Petrik Program Product Pack Size Pack Litre or kg Applic. per year Prod. Applied per 100m 2 /year Applic cost per 100m 2 /year Aq lime 25 $0 $ $1.40 Boric acid 25 $50.00 $ $0.74 BXd 4 $ $ $3.16 BXi 20 $ $ $6.00 Copper sulphate 25 $45.00 $ $0.94 Dolomite 1000 $ $ $8.55 Dunase 1 $ $ $1.98 Dynamic Lifter 1000 $ $ $16.50 Fex plus 5 $ $ $9.74 Green manure 20 $ $ $52.62 Hi-N 20 $ $ $39.90 Humate (26%) 20 $ $ $1.00 Humate + 7% nitroqen 20 $ $ $1.00 Humic acid 20 $ $ $16.00 Impulse $ $ $3.47 Impulse cobolt 1 $35.00 $ $0.42 Impulse molybdenum 1 $35.00 $ $0.42 Impulse potassium 1 $14.31 $ $0.86 Impulse silicon 5 $86.80 $ $0.26 Liquid dolomite 200 $ $ $5.90 Lo-N 20 $ $ $6.72 Magnesium sulphate 25 $37.50 $ $1.50 Manqanese sulphate 25 $37.50 $ $1.50 Molasses 15 $10.00 $ $2.40 Mono ammonium phosphate 50 $28.00 $ $1.40 Muriate of potash 50 $40.00 $ $2.72 Omega 20 $ $ $14.35 Refined litter 1000 $36.00 $ $4.46 RPA 1 $ $ $2.54 Single superphosphate 50 $12.50 $ $0.50 Sulphate of potash 50 $40.00 $ $5.60 Ultra 10 $ $ $15.28 TOTAL $229.83

56 Table 50a: Commonwealth Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser (year 1) (continued.) Combined Program Product Pack Size Pack Litre or kg Applic. per year Prod. Applied per 100m 2 /year Applic cost per 100m 2 /year Boric acid 25 $50.00 $ $0.20 BXd 4 $ $ $2.37 BXi 20 $ $ $5.00 Calcium chelate 10 $80.00 $ $1.04 Copper sulphate 25 $45.00 $ $0.18 Dolomite 1000 $ $ $4.50 Dunase 1 $ $ $1.49 Dynamic Lifter 28.5 $6.50 $ $11.50 Essential 10 $ $ $3.15 Fex plus 5 $ $ $5.68 Green manure 20 $ $ $17.77 Hi-N 20 $ $ $0.84 Humate (26%) 20 $ $ $1.00 Humic acid 20 $ $ $10.00 Impulse $ $ $3.06 Impulse coboit 1 $35.00 $ $0.35 Impulse molybdenum 1 $35.00 $ $0.35 Kelpak 25 $87.45 $ $2.45 Lesco Fe, Mn & Mq 22.5 $60.50 $ $5.11 Lesco Turf Starter $66.00 $ $6.16 Liquid dolomite 200 $ $ $1.20 Liquid potassium 10 $70.00 $ $1.05 Lo-N 20 $ $ $0.84 Magnesium sulphate 25 $37.50 $ $1.50 Manqanese sulphate 25 $37.50 $ $0.23 Molasses 15 $10.00 $ $1.61 Nitrosert $ $ $2.64 Omega 20 $ $ $8.80 Organic Iron 10 $70.00 $ $1.12 Poa restrictor $82.50 $ $16.37 Poa restrictor $82.50 $ $4.71 RPA 1 $ $ $1.90 Scotf s Supa K $82.50 $ $19.80 Supa Cal 20 $ $ $10.40 Supa Humus 20 $ $ $10.40 Supa Iron 20 $ $ $4.46 Supa K30 20 $ $ $10.01 Supa K Elite 22.5 $66.00 $ $9.39 Turf starter ( ) 22.5 $74.80 $ $17.95 Ultra 10 $ $ $9.17 TOTAL $315.75

57 Table 50b: Commonwealth Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser (Year 2) Convential Program Product Pack Size Pack Utre or kq Applic. per year Prod. Applied per 100m 2 /year Applic cost per 100m 2 /year Calcium chelate 10 $80.00 $ $7.28 Essential 10 $ $ $26.67 Kelpak 25 $87.45 $ $0.35 Lesco ( ) 22.5 $60.50 $ $5.38 Lesco Turf Starter $66.00 $ $6.15 Liquid greens/tees ( ) 20 $75.00 $ $3.75 Liquid potassium 10 $70.00 $ $4.20 Magnesium sulphate 50 $40.00 $ $1.60 Novex Greens ( ) 22.5 $78.00 $ $6.94 Novex ( ) 22.5 $78.00 $ $5.90 Organic Iron 10 $70.00 $ $6.72 Poa restrictor $82.50 $ $4.71 Poarestrictor $82.50 $ $9.42 Prilled qvpsum 22.5 $18.00 $ $0 Scott's Supa K $82.50 $ $39.64 Supa Cal 20 $ $ $1.49 Supa Humus 20 $ $ $1.49 Supa Iron 20 $ $ $1.41 Supa K30 20 $ $ $1.43 Supa K Greens 22.5 $66.00 $ $3.96 TX $45.00 $ $9.00 TOTAL $ Petrik Program Product Pack Size Pack Litre or kg Applic. per year Prod. Applied per 100m 2 /year Applic cost per 100m 2 / year Boric acid 25 $50.00 $ $1.02 BXd 4 $ $ $0.79 BXJ 20 $ $ $0 Copper sulphate 25 $45.00 $ $1.17 Dolomite 1000 $ $ $3.60 Dunase 1 $ $ $0.50 FexPnt 5 $25.70 $ $0.17 Fex plus 5 $ $ $8.93 Green manure 20 $ $ $19.50 Hi-N 20 $ $ $22.26 Humic acid 20 $ $ $8.00 Hydroboost 1 $35.00 $ $1.05 Impulse $ $ $6.33 Impulse calcium 1 $35.00 $ $3.85 Impulse cobolt 1 $35.00 $ $0.53 Impulse copper 1 $35.00 $ $1.05 Impulse manganese 1 $35.00 $ $0.88 Impulse molybdenum 1 $35.00 $ $0.53 Impulse potassium 1 $14.31 $ $1.79 Impulse silicon 5 $86.80 $ $0.35 Liquid dolomite 200 $ $ $3.35 Manganese sulphate 25 $37.50 $ $1.38 Molasses 15 $10.00 $ $1.34 Mono ammonium phosphate 50 $28.00 $ $2.52 Muriate of potash 50 $40.00 $ $2.40 Omeqa 20 $ $ $6.58 Refined litter 1000 $36.00 $ $9.00 RPA 1 $ $ $0.63 Sulphate of potash 50 $40.00 $ $3.60 Ultra 10 $ $ $7.64 (0-0-38) slow release K 22.5 $82.50 $ $9.18 TOTAL $ CM

58 Table 50b: Commonwealth Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser (year 2) (continued ) Combined Program Product Pack Size Pack Litre or kq Appiic, per year Prod. Applied per 100m 2 /year Appiic cost perl 00m 2 /year BXd 4 $ $ $0.79 BXi 20 $ $ $0 Calcium chelate 10 $80.00 $ $7.28 Dunase 1 $ $ $0.50 Essential 10 $ $ $26.67 Fex plus 5 $ $ $3.25 Green manure 20 $ $ $18.23 Humlc acid 20 $ $ $8.00 Impulse $ $ $5.20 Impulse calcium 1 $35.00 $ $1.75 Impulse manganese 1 $35.00 $ $0.88 Impulse potassium 1 $14.31 $ $0.36 Impulse silicon 5 $86.80 $ $0.09 Kelpak 25 $87.45 $ $0.70 Lesco Turf Starter $66.00 $ $6.15 Lesco ( ) 22.5 $60.50 $ $5.38 Liquid dolomite 200 $ $ $1.00 Liquid qreens/tees ( ) 20 $75.00 $ $3.75 Liquid potassium 10 $70.00 $ $4.20 Magnesium sulphate 25 $37.50 $ $3.00 Molasses 15 $10.00 $ $1.34 Novex Greens ( ) 22.5 $78.00 $ $6.94 Novex ( ) 22.5 $78.00 $ $5.90 Omega 20 $ $ $5.12 Organic Iron 10 $70.00 $ $6.72 Poa restrictor $82.50 $ $4.71 Poarestrictor $82.50 $ $9.42 Prilled qypsum 22.5 $18.00 $ $0 RPA 1 $ $ $0.63 ScotfsSupaK $82.50 $ $39.64 Supa Cal 20 $ $ $1.49 Supa Humus 20 $ $ $1.49 Supa Iron 20 $ $ $1.41 Supa K30 20 $ $ $1.43 Supa Greens 22.5 $66.00 $ $3.96 TX $45.00 $ $9.00 Ultra 10 $ $ $7.64 TOTAL $212.01

59 Table 51b: Kingswood Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser (year 2) Product Pack Size Cost Litre or Kg App. Rate per 100m2 Application No. of App. per Year Nutri Gro Liquid 20 Utre $ $ ml $ Granules 25 kg $19.70 $ kg $ Biogain 10x114g $ $ g $ Geoflora Geo Litre $1, $ ml $ Geo Phos 200 Utre $1, $ ml $ GeoK 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ Geo Humus 200 Utre $1, $ ml $ Geo Fuivic 200 Utre $1, $ ml $ Geo SPI 200 Utre $1, $ ml $ Geo Utre $1, $ ml $ Geo Phos 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ GeoK 200 Utre $1, $ ml $ Geo Humus 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ Geo Fuivic 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ Geo SPI 200 Utre $1, $ ml $ Control Greenmaster 25 kg $45.00 $ g $ CLC (low) 20 Litre $ $ ml $ CLC (high) 20 Litre $ $ ml $ Seasol 20 Utre $ $ ml $ Supa Humus 25 Utre $ $ ml $ Natural Grow Green 20 Litre $ $ ml $ Nutratherm GH 6 20 Utre $ $ ml $ Bio Cal 20 Litre $ $ ml $ Super Charge 40 kq $16.00 $ kg $ Cos of

60 Table 51a: Kingswood Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser (year 1) Product Pack Size Cost Litre or Kg App. Rate per 100m2 Application No. of App. per Year of Prod Nutri Gro Liquid 20 Litre $ $ /2000 ml $ $109.0 Granules 25 kg $19.70 $ kg $ $15.8 Biogain 10x114q $ $ g $ $28.3 Geoflora Geolime 200 Litre $ $ ml $ $8.00 Geo Litre $1, $ ml $ $73.8 Geo Humus 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ $88.7 Geo FuMc 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ $14.4 Geo Litre $1, $ ml $ $16.5 Geo Phos 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ $18.7 GeoK 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ $17.0 Geo Humus 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ $6.42 Geo FuMc 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ $4.80 Geo SPI 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ $11.0 Control Greenmaster 25 ka $45.00 $1.80 various $ $7.50 Amm. Sulphate 50 kg $38.50 $ /1400 q $ $2.70 Cheminel 35 Litre $ $ ml $ $3.29 Iron sulphate 25 kg $16.50 $ /800 g $ $2.64 Mag. Sulphate 25 kg $37.50 $ /400 g $ $1.50 Sul. of Potash 50 kg $40.00 $ /1250 g $ $6 SupaK 22.5 kg $82.50 $ kg $ $7.34 CLC (low) 20 Litre $ $ ml $ $25.6 CLC (high) 20 Litre $ $ ml $ $64.2 Seasol 20 Litre $ $ ml $ $45.5 RD 1 (Trichoderma) 1.5kg $ $ /30 g $ $43.6 Supa Humus 25 Litre $ $ ml $ $12.1 Natural Grow Green 20 Litre $ $ /100 ml $ $9.5 Nutratherm GR 6 20 Litre $ $ ml $ $58.5 Bio Cal 20 Litre $ $ ml $ $58.5 Super Charge 40 kg $16.00 $ kg $ $32.0 Geoflora (high) Geo Litre $1J $ ml $ $80.3 Geo Fulvic 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ $21.6 Geo SPI 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ $63.7 Geo Cal 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ $61.0 Nutratherm (high) GR 6 20 Litre $ $ ml $ $97.1 Bio Cal 20 Utre $ $ ml $ $97.1 Super Charge 40 kg $16.00 $ kg $ $32.0

61 Table 51 b: Kingswood Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser (year 3) Product Pack Size Cost Litre or Kg App. Rate per100m2 Application No. of App. per Year Nutrl Gro Liquid 20 Litre $ $ ml $ Granules 25 kg $19.70 $ kg $ Bfogaln 10x114q $ $ g $ Geoflora Geo Litre $1, $ ml $ Geo Phos 200 Utre $1, $ ml $ GeoK 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ Geo Humus 200 Utre $1, $ ml $ Geo Fulvic 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ Geo SPI 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ Geo Litre $1, $ ml $ Geo Phos 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ GeoK 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ Geo Humus 200 Utre $1, $ ml $ Geo Fulvic 200 Utre $1, $ ml $ Geo SPI 200 Litre $1, $ ml $ Control Greenmaster 25 kg $45.00 $ g $ CLC (low) 20 Litre $ $ ml $ CLC (high) 20 Utre $ $ ml $ Seasol 20 Litre $ $ ml $ Supa Humus 25 Litre $ $ ml $ Natural Grow Green 20 Utre $ $ ml $ Nutratherm GR 6 20 Litre $ $ ml $ Bio Cal 20 Litre $ $ ml $ BioK 20 Litre $ $ ml $ Malt 20 Utre $25.00 $ ml $ Sulphate of Potash 50kg $40.00 $ q $ Soft rock phospate 25 kg $15.00 $ g $ Super Charge 40 kg $16.00 $ kg $ Co o

62 Table 52a: Riversdale Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser (year 1) Product Pack Size Cost Litre or Kg App. Rate per 100m2 Application No. of App. per Year Cost of Amino Gro 10 Litre $89.73 $ /400 ml $9 24 Kelpak 25 Litre $87.45 $0 100 ml $ $ Control Greenmaster 25 kg $45.00 $ g $ Ag. Lime 25 kg $0 $ kg $ Amm. nitrate 50 kg $38.50 $0.77 1kg $ Cal. Amm. nitrate 50 kg $38.50 $0.77 1kg $ HIK + TGR 22.7 kg $75.00 $ kg $ Sulphate of potash 50 kg $40.00 $0.80 1kg $ Supa Iron 20 Litre $ $ ml $ Carbo Aid 20 Litre $ $ /1000 ml $ $ Neotrol 3.8 Litre $ $ mi $ $ Trichoflow 1.5 kg $ $ /30 g $ $ Acadian 5 kg $ $ g $ Trichoderma Trichoderma 2.5 kg $ $ /50 g $ $ Amino Gro 10 Utre $89.73 $ ml $ $ Acadian 5 kg $ $ g $ Molasses 25 kg $29.20 $ q $ CLC 20 Litre $ $ ml $ $ Table 52b: Riversdale Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser (year 2) Product Pack Size Cost Litre or Kg App. Rate per100m2 Application No. of App. per Year Cost of Kelpak 25 Litre $87.45 $0 100 ml $ Amino Gro 10 Litre $89.73 $ ml $9 24 $ Ag. Lime 25 kg $0 $ kg $ Control Greenmaster 25 kg $45.00 $ q $ $ HIK + TGR 22.7 kg $75.00 $ kg $ Dynamic Lifter 28.5 kg $6.50 $ kg $ $ Novex kg $78.00 $ kg $ Supa Stanphos 1 Litre $8.00 $ ml $ Supa Iron 20 Utre $ $ ml $ CarboAid CarboAid 20 Utre $ $ ml $ $ Cal 40 1 Utre $5.60 $ ml $ SB-1 1 Utre $6.50 $ ml $ SB-2 1 Litre $6.50 $ ml $ Neotrol 3.8 Utre $ $ ml $ Trichoflow 1.5 kg $ $ /30g $ $ Acadian 5 kg $ $ g $ Trichoderma Trichoderma 2.5 kg $ $ g $ Amino Gro 10 Utre $89.73 $ ml $ Acadian 5 kg $ $ g $ Molasses 25 kg $29.20 $ g $ CLC 20 Utre $ $ ml $

63 Table 53a: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser (year 1) Product Pack Size Cost Litre or Kg App. Rate per 100m2 Application No. Of App. per Year Y of Produ Nutratherm GR 6 20 Litre $ $ ml $ $58.56 Bio Cal 20 Litre $ $ ml $ $58.56 Super Charge 40 kg $16.00 $ kg $ $32.00 Neotrol 3.8 Litre $ $ ml $ $26.28 Kelpak 25 Litre $87.45 $0 100 ml $ $4.20 Molasses 25 kg $29.20 $ g $ $25.32 CLC 20 Litre $ $ ml $ $64.32 Seasol 20 Litre $ $ ml $ $59.64 Trichoflow 1.5 kg $ $ /30g $ $35.62 Carbo Aid 20 Litre $ $ ml $ $117.4 Trichoderma Trlchoderma 2.5 kfl $ $ /50 g $ $42.90 Amino Gro 10 Litre $89.73 $ ml $ $53.88 Acadian 5 kg $ $ a $ $9.60 Molasses 25 kg $29.20 $ q $ $5.64 Acadian 5 kg $ $ g $ $4.80 Nutri Gro Liquid 20 Litre $ $ /2000 ml $ $114.4 Granules 25 kg $19.70 $ kg $ $15.80 Biogain 10x114g $ $ g $ $20.04 Nemacur 5 Litre $ $ ml $ $7.87 Control Greenmaster 25 kg $45.00 $ g ' $ $4.50 Nutra Feed kg $55.00 $ a $ $3.30 Nutra Feed 20 25kg $55.00 $ g $ $0.88

64 Table 53b: Pennant Hills Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser (year 2) Product Pack Size Cost Litre or Kq App. Rate per 100m2 Application No. of App. per Year Y of Produc Nutratherm GR 6 20 Litre $ $ /1000ml $ $63.44 Bio Cal 20 Litre $ $ ml $ $48.80 BioK 20 Litre $ $ ml $ $14.64 I.P.Starter 20 Litre $66.00 $ ml $ $6.60 Malt 20 Litre $25.00 $ /500ml $ $2.48 Super Charge 40 kg $16.00 $ kq $ $32.00 Dolomite 1000kq $ $ kg $ $2.16 Borax 20kq $20.00 $ g $ $0.10 Potassium Carbonate 35kg $55.00 $1.57 2kq $ $3.14 Neotrol 3.8 Litre $ $ ml $ $26.28 Kelpak 25 Litre $87.45 $0 100 ml $ $4.20 Molasses 25 kg $29.20 $ g $ $25.32 CLC 20 Litre $ $ ml $ $64.32 Seasol 20 Litre $ $ mi $ $59.64 Trichoflow 1.5 kg $ $ /30g $ $46.58 Trichoboost 25 kg $ $ g $ $ Carbo Aid 20 Litre $ $ ml $ $ Trichoderma Trichoderma 2.5 kg $ $ g $ $39.60 Amino Gro 10 Litre $89.73 $ ml $ $53.88 Acadian 5 kg $ $ g $ $9.60 Molasses 25 ka $29.20 $ g $ $5.64 Acadian 5 kg $ $ g $ $4.80 Nutri Gro Liquid 20 Litre $ $ ml $ $ Granules 25 kg $19.70 $ kg $ $31.60 Biogain 10x114g $ $ g $ $20.04 Nemacur 5 Litre $ $ ml $ $15.74 Control Greenmaster 25 kg $45.00 $ q $ $18.00 Nutra Feed kg $55.00 $ g $ $1.65

65 Annua) application cost summary (products and supplementary fertiliser) Commonwealth Golf Club (year 1) Commonwealth Golf Club (year 2) Program Applic Total Cost Conventional 31 $138 Petrik 40 $230 Combined 50 $216 Proqram Applic Total Cost Conventional 33 $151 Petrik 32 $125 Combined SO $212 Kingswood Golf Club (year 1) Kingswood Golf Club (year 2) Product Applic. Product cost Sup. Fsrt. Cost Total Cost Geoflora 13 $259 $0 $259 Gsoflora (high) 12 $227 $0 $227 (projected) Nutrathsrm (high) 13 $226 $0 $226 (projected) Nutri Qro 14 $125 $28 $152 Nutratherm 14 $149 $0 $149 RD 1 (Trichoderma) 10 $44 $29 $72 CLC (high) 12 $64 $28 $92 Seasol 23 $46 $29 $74 Biogaln 17 $28 $29 $57 CLC (low) 12 $26 $28 $54 Supa Humus 12 $12 $29 $41 Natural Grow Green 17 $10 $29 $38 Control 13 $29 $0 $29 Product Applic. Product cost Sup. Fert Cost Tots! Cost Geoflora 12 $187 $0 $187 Nutri Gro 14 $162 $7 $170 Nutratherm 13 $139 $0 $139 CLC (high) 12 $64 $18 $82 Seasol 24 $48 $18 $66 Biogain 17 $28 $18 $46 CLC (low) 12 $26 $18 $44 Supa Humus 12 $12 $18 $30 Natural Grow Grean 17 $10 $18 $28 Control 13 $18 $0 $18 Riversdale Golf Club (year 1) Rivarsdals Golf Club (year 2) Product Applic. Product coat Sup. Fert Cost Total Cost CarboAid 23 $118 $12 $129 Trichoderma 12 $112 $12 $124 Amino Gro 24 $59 $12 $71 Trichoflow 12 $36 $12 $48 Neotrol 2 $18 $12 $30 CLC 12 $13 $12 $25 Acadian 24 $10 $12 $22 Kelpak 12 $4 $12 $16 Control 5 $12 $0 $12 Product Applic. Product cost Sup. Fsrt. Cost Total Cost CarboAid 24 $118 $13 $131 Trichodsrma 12 $112 $13 $125 Amino Gro 24 $86 $14 $100 Trichoflow 12 $91 $14 $104 Neotrol 2 $18 $14 $31 CLC 12 $13 $13 $26 Acadian 24 $10 $14 $23 Kelpak 12 $4 $14 $18 Control 6 $14 $0 $14 Pennant Hills Golf Club (year 1) Pennant Hills Golf Club (year 2) Product Applic. Product cost Sup. Fert. Cost Tots! Cost Trichoflow 12 $153 $8 $161 Nutratherm 14 $149 $0 $149 Nutri Gro 14 $130 $6 $136 Trichoderma 12 $112 $8 $120 CLC 12 $64 $8 $72 Seasol 12 $60 $9 $68 Kelpak 12 $30 $9 $38 Biogain 12 $20 $9 $29 Neotrol 3 $26 $9 $35 Nemacur 1 $8 $9 $17 Acadian 12 $5 $9 $13 Control 7 $9 $0 $9 Product Applic Product cost Sup. Fort. Cost Total Cost Trichoflow 12 $290 $16 $306 Nutrathsrm 14 $173 $0 $173 Nutri Gro 14 $162 $9 $171 Trichodsrma 12 $109 $19 $127 CLC 12 $64 $16 $81 Seasol 12 $60 $20 $79 Kelpak 12 $30 $20 $49 Biogain 12 $20 $20 $40 Neotrol 3 $26 $20 $46 Nemacur 2 $16 $20 $35 Acadian 12 $5 $20 $24 Control 7 $20 $0 $20

66 Annual application and cost summary Commonwealth Golf Club Yearl Year 2 Total for 2 years Program Applic. Total Cost Applic. Total Cost Applic. Total Cost Combined 50 $ $ $428 Petrik 40 $ $ $355 Conventional 31 $ $ $289 Kingswood Golf Club Yearl Year 2 Total for 2 years Program Applic. Total Cost Applic. Total Cost Applic. Total Cost Geoflora 13 $ $ $446 Nutri Gro 14 $ $ $322 Nutratherm 14 $ $ $288 CLC (high) 12 $92 12 $82 24 $175 Seasol 23 $74 24 $66 47 $140 Biogain 17 $57 17 $46 34 $103 CLC (low) 12 $54 12 $44 24 $98 Supa Humus 12 $41 12 $30 24 $71 Natural Grow Green 17 $38 17 $28 34 $66 Control 13 $29 13 $18 26 $47 Riversdale Golf Club Yearl Year 2 Total for 2 years Program Applic. Total Cost Applic. Total Cost Applic. Total Cost Carbo Aid 23 $ $ $260 Trichoderma 12 $ $ $249 Amino Gro 24 $71 24 $ $171 Trichoflow 12 $48 12 $ $152 Neotrol 2 $30 2 $31 4 $61 CLC 12 $25 12 $26 24 $51 Acadian 24 $22 24 $23 48 $45 Kelpak 12 $16 12 $18 24 $34 Control 5 $12 6 $14 11 $26 Pennant Hills Golf Club Yean Year 2 Total for 2 years Program Applic. Total Cost Applic. Total Cost Applic. Total Cost Trichoflow 12 $ $ $467 Nutratherm 14 $ $ $322 Nutri Gro 14 $ $ $307 Trichoderma 12 $ $ $248 CLC 12 $72 12 $81 24 $153 Seasol 12 $68 12 $79 24 $148 Kelpak 12 $38 12 $49 24 $87 Neotrol 3 $35 3 $46 6 $81 Biogain 12 $29 12 $40 24 $68 Nemacur 1 $17 2 $35 3 $52 Acadian 12 $13 12 $24 24 $38 Control 7 $9 7 $20 14 $29

67 Table 48: Commonwealth Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser Convential Program Product Pack Size Pack Litre or kg Applic. per year Prod. Applied per 100m 2 / year Applic cost per 100m 2 / year Calcium chelate 10 $80.00 $ $1.04 Dynamic Lifter 28.5 $6.50 $ $11.50 Essential 10 $ $ $3.15 Kelpak 25 $87.45 $ $2.45 Lesco Fe, Mn & Mg 22.5 $60.50 $ $5.11 Lesco Turf Starter $66.00 $ $6.16 Liquid potassium 10 $70.00 $ $1.05 Nitrosert $ $ $2.64 Organic Iron 10 $70.00 $ $1.12 Poa restrictor $82.50 $ $16.37 Poa restrictor $82.50 $ $4.71 Scott's Supa K $82.50 $ $19.80 Supa Cal 20 $ $ $10.40 Supa Humus 20 $ $ $10.40 Supa Iron 20 $ $ $4.46 Supa K30 20 $ $ $10.01 Supa K Elite 22.5 $66.00 $ $9.39 Turf starter ( ) 22.5 $74.80 $ $17.95 TOTAL $ Petrik Program Product Pack Size Pack Litre or kg Applic. per year Prod. Applied per 100m 2 /year Applic cost per 100m 2 / year Boric acid 25 $50.00 $ $0.20 BXd 4 $ $ $0.79 BXi 20 $ $ $1.00 Copper sulphate 25 $45.00 $ $0.45 Dolomite 1000 $ $ $3.60 Dunase 1 $ $ $0.50 Fex Pnt 5 $25.70 $ $0.17 Fex plus 5 $ $ $8.93 Green manure 20 $ $ $13.73 Hi-N 20 $ $ $22.26 Humic acid 20 $ $ $8.00 Hydroboost 1 $35.00 $ $1.05 Impulse $ $ $2.76 impulse calcium $35.00 $ $2.10 impulse cobolt $35.00 $ $0.53 Impulse copper $35.00 $ $1.05 Impulse manganese $35.00 $ $0.00 Impulse molybdenum $35.00 $ $0.53 Impulse potassium $14.31 $ $1.43 Impulse silicon 5 $86.80 $ $0.26 Liquid dolomite 200 $ $ $1.00 Manganese sulphate 25 $37.50 $ $0.38 Molasses 15 $10.00 $ $1.34 Mono ammonium phosphate 50 $28.00 $ $1.12 Muriate of potash 50 $40.00 $ $0.00 Omega 20 $ $ $6.58 Refined litter 1000 $36.00 $ $2.88 RPA 1 $ $ $0.63 Sulphate of potash 50 $40.00 $ $2.00 Ultra 10 $ $ $7.64 (0-0-38) slow release K 22.5 $82.50 $ $7.34 TOTAL $92.89

68 Table 48: Commonwealth Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser (continued ) Combined Program Product Pack Size Pack Litre or kg Applic. per year Prod. Applied per 100m 2 / year Applic cost per 100m 2 /year Boric acid 25 $50.00 $ $0.20 BXd 4 $ $ $2.37 BXi 20 $ $ $5.00 Calcium chelate 10 $80.00 $ $1.04 Copper sulphate 25 $45.00 $ $0.18 Dolomite 1000 $ $ $4.50 Dunase 1 $ $ $1.49 Dynamic Lifter 28.5 $6.50 $ $11.50 Essential 10 $ $ $3.15 Fex plus 5 $ $ $5.68 Green manure 20 $ $ $17.77 Hi-N 20 $ $ $0.84 Humate (26%) 20 $ $ $1.00 Humic acid 20 $ $ $10.00 Impulse $ $ $3.06 Impulse cobolt 1 $35.00 $ $0.35 Impulse molybdenum 1 $35.00 $ $0.35 Kelpak 25 $87.45 $ $2.45 Lesco Fe, Mn & Mq 22.5 $60.50 $ $5.11 Lesco Turf Starter $66.00 $ $6.16 Liquid dolomite 200 $ $ $1.20 Liquid potassium 10 $70.00 $ $1.05 Lo-N 20 $ $ $0.84 Magnesium sulphate 25 $37.50 $ $1.50 Manganese sulphate 25 $37.50 $ $0.23 Molasses 15 $10.00 $ $1.61 Nitrosert $ $ $2.64 Omega 20 $ $ $8.80 Organic Iron 10 $70.00 $ $1.12 Poa restrictor $82.50 $ $16.37 Poa restricted $82.50 $ $4.71 RPA 1 $ $ $1.90 Scotf s Supa K $82.50 $ $19.80 Supa Cal 20 $ $ $10.40 Supa Humus 20 $ $ $10.40 Supa Iron 20 $ $ $4.46 Supa K30 20 $ $ $10.01 Supa K Elite 22.5 $66.00 $ $9.39 Turf starter ( ) 22.5 $74.80 $ $17.95 Ultra 10 $ $ $9.17 TOTAL $215.75

69 Table 48: Commonwealth Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser Convential Program Product Pack Size Pack Litre or kg Applic. per year Prod. Applied per 100m 2 / year Applic cost per 100m 2 /year Calcium chelate 10 $80.00 $ $1.04 Dynamic Lifter 28.5 $6.50 $ $11.50 Essential 10 $ $ $3.15 Kelpak 25 $87.45 $ $2.45 Lesco Fe, Mn & Mg 22.5 $60.50 $ $5.11 Lesco Turf Starter $66.00 $ $6.16 Liquid potassium 10 $70.00 $ $1.05 Nitrosert $ $ $2.64 Organic Iron 10 $70.00 $ $1.12 Poa restrictor $82.50 $ $16.37 Poa restrictor $82.50 $ $4.71 Scott's Supa K $82.50 $ $19.80 Supa Cal 20 $ $ $10.40 Supa Humus 20 $ $ $10.40 Supa Iron 20 $ $ $4.46 Supa K30 20 $ $ $10.01 Supa K Elite 22.5 $66.00 $ $9.39 Turf starter ( ) 22.5 $74.80 $ $17.95 TOTAL $ Petrik Program Product Pack Size Pack Litre or kg Applic. per year Prod. Applied per 100m 2 / year Applic cost per 100m 2 /year Boric acid 25 $50.00 $ $0.72 BXd 4 $ $ $0.00 BXi 20 $ $ $3.00 Copper sulphate 25 $45.00 $ $0.72 Dolomite 1000 $ $ $0.00 Dunase 1 $ $ $0.00 Fex Pnt 5 $25.70 $ $0.00 Fex plus 5 $ $ $0.00 Green manure 20 $ $ $5.77 Hi-N 20 $ $ $0.00 Humic acid 20 $ $ $0.00 Hydroboost 1 $35.00 $ $0.00 Impulse $ $ $7 Impulse calcium 1 $35.00 $ $1.75 Impulse cobolt 1 $35.00 $ $0.00 Impulse copper 1 $35.00 $ $0.00 Impulse manganese 1 $35.00 $ $0.88 Impulse molybdenum 1 $35.00 $ $0.00 Impulse potassium 1 $14.31 $ $0.36 Impulse silicon 5 $86.80 $ $0.09 Liquid dolomite 200 $ $ $2.15 Manganese sulphate 25 $37.50 $ $0.86 Molasses 15 $10.00 $ $0.00 Mono ammonium phosphate 50 $28.00 $ $1.12 Muriate of potash 50 $40.00 $ $2.20 Omega 20 $ $ $0.00 Refined litter 1000 $36.00 $ $6.12 RPA 1 $ $ $0.00 Sulphate of potash 50 $40.00 $ $1.40 Ultra 10 $ $ $0.00 (0-0-38) slow release K 22.5 $82.50 $ $3.67 TOTAL $30.69

70 Table 48: Commonwealth Golf Club - Application Costs of Organic Products & Supplementary Fertiliser (continued ) Combined Program Product Pack Size Pack Litre or kg Applic. per year Prod. Applied per 100m 2 / year Applic cost per 100m 2 /year Boric acid 25 $50.00 $ $0.20 BXd 4 $ $ $2.37 BXi 20 $ $ $5.00 Calcium chelate 10 $80.00 $ $1.04 Copper sulphate 25 $45.00 $ $0.18 Dolomite 1000 $ $ $4.50 Dunase 1 $ $ $1.49 Dynamic Lifter 28.5 $6.50 $ $11.50 Essential 10 $ $ $3.15 Fex plus 5 $ $ $5.68 Green manure 20 $ $ $17.77 Hi-N 20 $ $ $0.84 Humate (26%) 20 $ $ $1.00 Humic acid 20 $ $ $10.00 Impulse $ $ $3.06 Impulse cobolt 1 $35.00 $ $0.35 Impulse molybdenum 1 $35.00 $ $0.35 Keipak 25 $87.45 $ $2.45 Lesco Fe, Mn & Mg 22.5 $60.50 $ $5.11 Lesco Turf Starter $66.00 $ $6.16 Liquid dolomite 200 $ $ $1.20 Liquid potassium 10 $70.00 $ $1.05 Lo-N 20 $ $ $0.84 Magnesium sulphate 25 $37.50 $ $1.50 Manganese sulphate 25 $37.50 $ $0.23 Molasses 15 $10.00 $ $1.61 Nitrosert $ $ $2.64 Omega 20 $ $ $8.80 Organic Iron 10 $70.00 $ $1.12 Poa restrictor $82.50 $ $16.37 Poarestrictor $82.50 $ $4.71 RPA 1 $ $ $1.90 Scott's Supa K $82.50 $ $19.80 Supa Cal 20 $ $ $10.40 Supa Humus 20 $ $ $10.40 Supa Iron 20 $ $ $4.46 Supa K30 20 $ $ $10.01 Supa K Elite 22.5 $66.00 $ $9.39 Turf starter ( ) 22.5 $74.80 $ $17.95 Ultra 10 $ $ $9.17 TOTAL $215.75

71 APPENDIX 4: Product details and Usage Claim Treatment Active Ingredients Usage Claims Acadian SSE Pure extract of fresh Ascophyllum increases root growth for greater water access and toleran nodosum seaweed. to parasitic nematodes. 95% seaweed solids increased wear tolerance under high traffic conditions % Nitrogen increases turf's tolerance to extreme climatic conditions su % Phosphorus (P ) as hot dry conditions and frost % Potassium (K 2 0) and increases microbial activity thus aiding in the reduction of trace elements (Ca, S, Mg, B, Fe, thatch and disease problems Zn and Cu). improves the osmotic adjustment potential of the plant wh reduces turf wilting Amino Grow A blend of liquified marine wastes. 2.4%N (as protein) 0.3%P (as protein) 0.2%K (as protein) and trace elements (B, Mg, Zn and Mo) % W/V solids. Biogain A formulation of humic substances, cold water kelp, natural sugars, vitamins (B-complex, K) amino acids, beneficial nitrogen fixing and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria 10%K (derived from Humic and Kelp) E-2001 A nitrogen fixing bacteria and can be used as a Urea substitute. Biourea concentrated liquid fertiliser Carbo-Aid A complex carbohydrate base microbial food supplement comprised of complex natural sugars and protein, leather tankage, kelp, humic and fulvic acids. 3% Nitrogen 1% Phosphorus 3% Potassium 13% Carbohydrates 23% Protein provides light supplement feeding without flush growth. reduces thatch build-up increases humus development improves nutrient availability aids in disease suppression aids in nitrogen formation increases turf stress tolerance gets the plant root system back into production when stres improve soils by stimulating the energy systems for soil m organisms aids in stress recovery enhances root regeneration and reduce transplant shock increases root formation improves drought tolerance assists in suppression of pathogenic fungi improves soil quality better soil moisture retention reduction in water requirements reduces accumulation of thatch by increasing microbial ac less leaching of nutrients and fluctuations in growth from fertilizer applications greater resistance to disease and stress by promoting a balanced soil ecology increased root growth and plant vigour by providing small quantities of simple sugars which can be absorbed by the

72 Treatment Active Ingredients Usage Claims CLC Concentrated Liquid Compost, extracted from ancient deposits of decomposed plant life. liquid humic acids 35% liquid biological activators 35% 6.35% Nitrogen 0.016% Phosphorus 1.66% Potassium and trace elements (Zn, B, Fe, Ca, Mg, S, Na Mn, Cu and N0 3 ) Total solids 25% GeoFlora Geo Lime Geo Fert GeoFlora Geo Humus GeoFlora Geo K GeoFlora Geo Fulvic 25% Calcium with bio-organic stimulants, amino acids and enzymes A broad spectrum biological fertiliser in a bio stimulant base with both secondary minerals and trace elements 10% Nitrogen 4% Phosphorus 4% Potassium plus trace elements (Ca, C, S, Mg, Fe, Ma, Cu, Zn, Co, Mo) with fulvic acid and bio-stimulants, amino acids enzymes, plant growth stimulants, sugars, algae and beneficial bacteria Humic extraction from high quality leonardite bumate A fulvic acid derived from humates, high in carbon and has a large CEC improves soil structure increases root growth increases nutrient uptake increases yield increases nutrient availability increases cation exchange increases organic carbon levels reduction of soil borne diseases reduction in fungal diseases increases vigour and general plant health most important fertiliser element (Ca) and is the major ca of nutrients into the plants improves soil structure by flocculating the soil make phosphorus and minor nutrients more available and improves environment for microbes, provides a food sou for biological life forms better root systems, stems and leaves for efficient sunlight, energy, water carbon dioxide, nitrogen mineral nutrients and helps neutralise the ph increases crop yield improves plant vigour stimulates plant growth increased water penetration increases beneficial microbial activity and soil bio diversit increases nutrient availability improves soil nutritional balance plant health can reduce weed and insect infestation soil nutrient activator enhanced conversion of fertiliser to plant available forms increases nutrient absorption plant food source promotes soil structural changes increasing soil aeration water penetration readily available potassium source promotes strong plant growth soil/foliar potassium application effective carbon chelating compound holding nutrients, especially traces, until the crop stimulates their release stimulates root growth good penetration of leaf surfaces

73 Treatment Active Ingredients Usage Claims GeoFlora Geo Phos GeoFlora Geo SP-1 GeoFlora Geo Cal Kelpak High quality phosphorus (with bio stimulant package and added humic acid, seaweed and trace elements) Broad spectrum mix of biological products including enzymes, carbon sources, colloidal material, bacterial, fungi and algae sources Highly soluble soil/foliar calcium application (with bio stimulant package) Liquid extract from (Ecklonia maxima) seaweed 11.0 mg/l of Auxins 0.03 mg/l of Cytokinins readily available source of phosphate maximises plant nutrient uptake, growth and developmen root and plant stimulant aid in uptake of available nutrients effective ffor strong seedling establishment and root grow increases uptake of calcium and other macro and micro nutrients promotes larger and more vigorous root system helps turf recover from stress increases yield helps plants resist nematodes and other pest and fungal diseases Natural Grow Green An active algae based nutrient delivery system 9 algae species including two which "fix" nitrogen. Nitrogen 520 mg/l Phosphorus 200 mg/l Potassium 400 mg/l And trace elements (S, Ca, Mg, Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Mo, Cu and Co). Neotrol Oil from ground sesame stalks control nematodes keep turf looking lush and healthy without driving excessi leaf growth Nutratherm MS Super Charge Nutratherm GR-6 Nutratherm Bio Cal Predigested pig manure dolomite lime coir peat/coconut fibre A totally balanced soil conditioner in an organic base with biological stimulants which stimulate growth. Contains 6% N, 4.2% K + P, S, Ca, Mg and Fe A totally balanced calcium soil conditioner in an organic base with biological stimulants which stimulate growth. Contains 10% N, 13%Ca + KandMg microbial food source increases plant strength and density stimulates microbial activity releases locked up nutrients improves soil permeability accelerates composting of organic residues buffers salt increases plant strength and density stimulates microbial activity releases locked up nutrients improves soil permeability accelerates composting of organic residues buffers salt

74 Treatment Active Ingredients Usage Claims Nutri Gro 10g/L eucalyptus oil improved water penetration 2.5 g/l tea-tree oil fertiliser Seasol Petrik BXi Petrik BXd Petrik RPA Petrik Dunase Petrik Ultra Petrik Omega Liquid seaweed derived from Durvillaea patatorum. Not less than 100 grams/litre general purpose liquid soil metaboliser containing live microorganisms a dry powder soil metaboliser containing live micro-organisms controls black beetle and army worm Stimulates root development and promotes healthy growth all plants stimulates and directs indigenous microbes for decomposi and formation of stable humus in the profile a more free-ranging BX version which will respond more directly to the structural needs of the denuded sand profile directs mycorrhizal associations for improved root protectio from pathogens and aids in nutrient uptake directs indigenous microbes in more concentration on crea of stable humus in the sand profile directs the rootzone microbial colonies to support root development and provides increased protection from pathogens provides a biological source of NPK, trace elements, and metabolic catalysts and makes insoluble nutrients more pl available Petrik Humulates Green Manure Petrik Impulse 500 Petrik FexPlus Petrik Liquid Dolomite Petrik Organic Blend Supa Humus Consists of 2 parts molasses, 2 parts humic acid and 1 part green manure A blend of liquid humic acid and organic catalysts. Humic acid present as Potassium Humate 12% WW provides support for microbes and grass metabolism relieves stress in grass and supports mycorrhizal associat in the rootzone toughens grass and supports rooting supplies a micronised source of calcium and magnesium f more effective support for microbes and roots, plus colloid clay particles to help in the formation of aggregates (microsites) provides energy food, building blocks, exchange and protection sites for the denuded profile Biological Benefits acts as an organic catalyst stimulates plant enzymes encourages soil micro-organisms increases plant membrane permeability increases root respiration and formation increases nutrient translocation Chemical Benefits increases soil cation exchange capacity