Keywords: hydroponic, media, soilless culture, zeolite
|
|
- Valerie Cobb
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 EXPLORING THE POSSIBILITY OF USING A ZEOPONIC-BASED MEDIUM FOR NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT OF GREENHOUSE TOMATOES 1 Richard G. Snyder, Boyett Graves, and Arthur Bufogle Mississippi State University P.O. Box 231, Crystal Springs, MS U.S.A. Abstract: A zeoponic-based medium was compared to other media in a spring crop of greenhouse tomatoes. Fruit yield and quality, as well as fruit chemistry, leachate chemistry, and tissue analysis were recorded and analyzed. A zeoponic/pine bark blend produced marketable yield similar to rockwool and perlite. However, zeoponic treatments without added nutrient solution produced lower total and marketable yield, and were deficient in several nutrients. Keywords: hydroponic, media, soilless culture, zeolite Introduction A spring 1997 crop of greenhouse tomatoes was grown to evaluate a new zeoponic-based medium, and to compare it to other conventional soilless media being used by this industry in the U.S. Clinoptilolite is a form of zeolite, a soilless, lightweight mineral with a high cation exchange capacity. It is designed to have desirable physical properties for a container medium, while also serving as a substrate for controlled release of selected plant nutrients. The intention of utilizing this product is to attempt to reduce the total fertilizer needs of a crop, as well as the volume of nutrient solution applied. Fruit yield and quality, as well as nutritional data were collected to determine how this medium would perform. Materials And Methods Tomato plants of the variety 'Blitz' were seeded 9 November 1996, and transplanted 9 January 1997 into Greenhouse #2 at the Truck Crops Experiment Station, Crystal Springs, MS. This is a relatively new indeterminate Dutch hybrid beefsteak type variety from De Ruiter Seeds. Treatments were as follows: 1) Zls 50% + pine bark 50%; with season-long nutrient solution; 2) Z3 25% + pine bark 75%; with seasonlong nutrient solution; 3) Z3 50% + pine bark 50%; with season-long nutrient solution; 4) Z3 25% + pine bark 75%; water only, no added nutrients; 5) Z3 50% + pine bark 50%; water only, no added nutrients; 6) 100% pine bark with nutrient solution (control); 7) 100% rock wool aggregate with nutrient solution (control); 8) 100% perlite with nutrient solution (control). Treatment number 6 represents the standard method of production for growers in Mississippi: composted pine bark fines (< 3 /s inch diameter). Treatments 7 and 8 are more representative of most multiacre producers in the U.S. No additional fertilizer solution was used in treatments 4 and 5, since these were tests to determine if enough nutrient value for the entire crop could be pre-charged into the Z3 media; plants in these plots received only water. All treatments were fed and/or watered automatically utilizing electronic time clocks, injectors, and drip irrigation to each plant. All treatments received the same amount of solution at each application. All media were mixed and placed in 2 cubic foot polyethylene bags in early January. 1 This research was supported by a grant from ZeoponiX, Inc. and Boulder Innovative Technologies, Inc., as a NASA subcontract. 138
2 Each plot consisted of 16 plants growing in 4 lay flat bags of the designated media (4 plants per bag). The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 3 replications. Prior to planting, three replicate samples of each medium were analyzed at the Mississippi State University Soil Testing Laboratory. This included ph, total soluble salts (TSS), and percent organic matter, as well as extractable nutrient levels of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and sulfur. Total cation exchange capacity and percent base saturation for H, K, Ca, and Mg was determined as well. Following termination of this crop, an additional set of samples were analyzed. Leachate samples were collected weekly, and volume, electroconductivity, and ph were recorded. These samples were drawn from polyethylene-lined troughs which captured all leachate from bags. Fruit were harvested twice each week (Monday and Thursday), and separated into quality grades. Fruit counts and weights were recorded. Marketable fruit were considered to conform to USDA standards for U.S. no. 1 tomato fruit. Culls were fruit which were not marketable, either due to physiological disorders, damage, shape, or size. Mean fruit size was determined by dividing marketable weight by marketable number. When fruit were harvested from the fourth cluster, laboratory analysis of leaf tissue for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, B, Cu, and Zn was performed. At that time, leachate was analyzed for P0 4, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B. Also, fruit were tested for ph, total acidity, Brix, vitamin C, and fruit color. The crop was be terminated 10 June. Statistical analysis was performed on all data with analysis of variance, and mean separations by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test. Results & Discussion Foliage in treatment 4 began showing visual nitrogen deficiency symptoms (general yellowing of the leaves) within four weeks after transplanting. Treatment 5 followed with these symptoms two weeks later, although the symptoms were still less pronounced than in treatment 4 at the end of April. This deficiency was anticipated to lead to lower yields over the life of the crop. Plants in other treatments appeared to have normal green foliage, with no noticeable differences among treatments. Treatments 3 and 7 produced the highest number of marketable fruit, significantly more than treatments 4 and 5 (Table 1). Treatments 3 and 7 were not significantly different from each other. Other treatments were intermediate in yield. This indicates that the 50/50 mixture of Z3 with pine bark was comparable to a pure rockwool aggregate growing medium. However, when the daily nutrient solution was not used (4 and 5) marketable number dropped. Treatment 4 (25% Z3) produced a significantly lower yield than treatment 5 (50% Z3), which had a larger total amount of initial fertilizer charge. Treatments 3 and 7 were the top marketable weight producers, in addition to treatment 8, the perlite grown plants. Treatments 3, 7, and 8 were not significantly different from each other. These produced higher weights of marketable fruit than treatments 4 and 5 (those without nutrient solution). Treatment 4 was significantly lower than treatment 5 in marketable weight (Table 1). Treatment 4 had significantly lower weight and number of cull grade fruit than the other treatments. This may be because there were not marketable, culls, and total fruit (Table 1). At the end of the experiment, all remaining green fruit were harvested to determine if there was a difference in crop maturity at the termination date. A large number of green fruit remaining would indicate slower maturity. Treatment 7 had the highest green fruit number remaining, while treatment 4 had the least. This appears to show that fruit lingered on plants grown in rook wool, while they matured more quickly from the 25% Z3 plants. However, it more likely is a reflection of a higher total fruit load from the former and a lower total load from the latter. Treatments 2,7, and 8 had the highest total green fruit weights, while treatment 4 had the lowest. Total yield data show that treatments 4 and 5 produced less fruit than all other treatments, both in terms of fruit number and fruit weight. Treatment 4 (25% Z3) yielded less than treatment 5 (50% Z3) in both cases, again suggesting that treatment 4 was the most deficient in fertilizer. However treatment 5 139
3 -Q jo >- 0) «150 - a> 100 jro Figure 1. Cumulative Yield of Media Treatments in ZeoponiX Experiment 50%Z1s+50%PB+Nutr.Sol. 25%Z3+75%PB+Nutr.Sol. 50%Z3+50%PB+Nutr.Sol. 25%Z3+75%PB+Water 50%Z3+50%PB+Water Pine Bark+Nutr.Sol. Rock Wool+Nutr.Sol. Perlite+Nutr.Sol. I 50 < o Sampling Date (month/day) appears to have suffered from lack of fertilizer during the growing season as well. A plot of cumulative total yield over time for the eight treatments is shown in Figure 1. Marketable fruit from treatments 2 and 8 were significantly larger than fruit from treatments 3,4, and 5. Fruit from treatment 4 were the smallest (7.7 oz.). Mean fruit size was close to 8 ounces. Fruit quality, measured as percentage marketable fruit by weight, was highest in treatment 3 and lowest in treatments 4 and 5. Fruit quality was lower than normal for all treatments, due primarily to irregular ripening. This physiological disorder is believed to be due to an unexpected population of silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii) which injects a toxin into plants. This toxin interferes with ripening. This is a fairly recent development in greenhouse tomatoes. Because of the poor fruit quality towards the end of the crop, it was terminated about 2 weeks earlier than usual for a spring crop. At the time when plants were being harvested from the fourth cluster, fruit were collected for chemical analysis. Three marketable fruit from each plot, in 3 replications, were collected for analysis at the Mississippi State University Food Technology Laboratory. The three fruit per plot were blended together and subjected to tests for brightness (L), redness (a), and yellowness (b) of the fruit surface, as well as ph, total sugars (Brix), and total acidity in fruit (as citric acid). In addition, fruit from treatments 1, 3, 6, and 7 were tested for ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content, in three replications. There were no significant differences found in any of these variables (data not presented). Prior to planting, three replicate samples of each growing medium were collected and submitted to the Mississippi State University Soil Testing Laboratory for analysis. Total soluble salts (TSS) and organic matter content (%OM) were measured, and extractable levels of P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and S were determined. This was repeated after the experiment was terminated (10 June). All variables were highly significantly different in the testing before and after the experiment. Plots of extractable P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn and total soluble salts, before and after the experiment, are included in Figure 2a-f. Leaf samples, consisting of the youngest, fully expanded leaves from 12 plants per plot, were taken for tissue analysis when the plants reached the stage of yielding fruit from the fourth cluster. These were analyzed at the Mississippi State University Tissue Analysis Laboratory. Treatments 4 and 5 had significantly lower levels of nitrogen than all other treatments. Treatment 4 (with 25% Z3) was lower than treatment 5 (with 50% Z3). Both of these treatments would be considered to be deficient in nitrogen at the 140 \
4 time of this test (less than 4%), and this was also detected visually. Treatment 7 (rock wool) was highest in leaf potassium content, and treatments 4 and 5 were the lowest. Other treatments were at intermediate levels. Treatments 4 and 5 were deficient in potassium (substantially less than 4%). The depressed nitrogen and potassium levels in leaf tissue of treatments 4 and 5 would account for the premature yellowing of leaves mentioned under visual observations. Leachate was collected from one bag in each plot once per week. Electroconductivity (EC), ph, and total volume were recorded weekly. Data were analyzed over all dates. ph of the leachate was highest for treatments 4 and 5, averaging a little over 7.0. This level is higher than recommended for greenhouse tomatoes in aggregate media. Treatment 3 had the lowest average ph (6.02), with other treatments intermediate in value. All values were between 6.0 and 7.2. Optimum ph of nutrient solution for greenhouse tomatoes is in the range of 5.6 to 5.8. There were large numerical differences in leachate EC. Treatments 4 and 5 averaged EC lower than 0.2, which indicates almost pure water effluent from the bags. This is due to the lack of daily nutrient solution being applied to these treatments. The EC of leachate from all other treatments ranged from 1.5 to 2.2, which is fairly close to the EC of the nutrient solution applied. In open feeding systems, such is this one, the effluent EC is normally close in value to the applied solution EC. The volume of water in the effluent was significantly greater from treatments 4 and 5 than from all other treatments, perhaps because these plants were smaller and consequently transpired less water than the larger plants in other treatments. These were the two treatments which received only water. At the time when plants yielded fruit at the fourth cluster, leachate was collected for chemical analysis. This testing was performed on an ICP-3000 Analyzer Spectrophotometer (Leco Instruments). Calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc concentration in the leachate were measured. All elements were significantly different among treatments. Calcium was highest in treatment 1, and lowest in treatments 4 and 5. The higher level in treatment 1 is likely due to higher calcium levels in the Z1 formulation of zeoponic than in Z3 or other media. Potassium was highest in the leachate from treatments 6, 7, and 8, and lowest in treatments 4 and 5. The latter two treatments did not receive daily nutrient solution, so would be expected to have less potassium in the leachate. Other treatments were intermediate in value. Overall, treatments 4 and 5 had the lowest levels of elements in the leachate. Assuming that the nutrient composition of leachate reflects that of solution in the root zone, the elemental levels were indicative of nutrient starvation for all elements for these two treatments. Conclusions Treatments 3, 7, and 8 had the highest marketable yield. Treatments 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8 were similar in most respects in regards to yield and quality. Treatments 4 and 5 had lower yield and quality, with treatment 4 not performing as well as treatment 5. Also, marketable fruit from treatment 4 were the smallest in average fruit size. There were no differences among treatments in any of the fruit chemistry characteristics (brightness (L), redness (a), or yellowness (b) of the fruit surface, ph, total sugars (Brix), total acidity in fruit (as citric acid), or ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content. Treatments 4 and 5 were deficient in nitrogen, potassium, iron, and copper, as determined by leaf tissue analysis at the time of fourth cluster set. While treatments 4 and 5 appeared to be unsuitable for producing greenhouse tomatoes due to inadequate fertilizer reserves during the growing season, treatment 3 with 50% Z3 had enhanced yield (marketable number and weight) when compared with some other treatments. When used with daily nutrient solution, this growing medium was acceptable. There may very well be a blend of Z3 and pine bark higher than 50% Z3 which could substitute for daily supplements of nutrient solution. However, this would need to be determined in future experiments. Alternatively, a formulation of Z3 which could retain fertilizer over a longer period of time would be more suitable for a long term crop, such as tomatoes. The current formulation of Z3 might work well with a shorter term crop such as potted ornamentals. 141
5 Table 1. Effects of Media Treatments on Yield and Quality Greenhouse Tomato Fruit. 2 Treatment y %Z %PB Mkt. No." Mkt. Wt.(lbs) Cull No. Cull Wt.(lbs) Green No. Green Wt. (lbs) Total No. Total Wt.(lbs) Fruit Size (oz.) % Mkt (Wt) 1) AB 98AB 312A 118A 14AB 5.1AB 513A 220A 8.39AB 45.6BC 2) AB 99 AB 299A 122 A 17AB 6.5A 501A 227A 8.59A 45.2BC 3) A 125A 273A 102A 15AB 5.6AB 534A 232A 8.13B 55.OA 4) C 41C 209B 55B 2C 0.7C 297C 96C 7.67C 42.9C 5) B 74B 278A 97A 6BC 2.3BC 431B 174B 8.08B 43.0C 6) 100 PB 186AB 97AB 316A 116A 14AB 5.5AB 516A 218A 8.34AB 45.5BC 7) 100 RW 216A 112A 281A 109 A 19A 7.1A 516A 228A 8.28AB 50.6AB 8) 100 PER 200AB 106A 291A 118A 17AB 6.6A 508A 231A 8.47A 47.1BC significance" ** ** ** ** * * ** ** ** * z Values are means of 3 replications; each replication consists of 16 plants; harvested biweekly. y %Z=%Z 3 or Z1; %PB=% pine bark; Treatment 1 used Zl; all other Z treatments used Z3; treatments 4 and 5 received water in place of nutrient solution. x *=statistically significant at 0.05 level; ** =statistically significant at 0.01 level; NS = not statistically significant at the 0.05 level; means within a column followed by the same letter are not statistically significantly different by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test.
6 Figure 2. Extractable nutrient levels for growing media before and after experiment. i^m Before Exp. mil After Exp. vp O m + V) N O LO o O CO eo CO C/3 CO CO O O CM CM z z z z z z CM CM X X X X + + o a) CQ CQ CQ m CO p Q_ 0- Q. CQ CQ Q_ a. m V NP ^ CD o N 0. Q. ^ LO a) a. O o _c LO ID \P o^ o LO \P o^ r-- to N- O LO + + CO CO Li- o w co a: N CO + + N CO CO N N N ^ gs N N vp NP o^ o^ LO o Vp LO O o CM to LO o CM LO LO CM m Treatment CO W CO z z z o CO p izz CQ a) CD 0- C o CL o a: 143
Specialists In Soil Fertility, Plant Nutrition and Irrigation Water Quality Management.
Specialists In Soil Fertility, Plant Nutrition and Irrigation Water Quality Management. TOMATOES T PLANT NUTRITION & SAMPLING NOTES - 1 Noel Garcia, CCA he most important aspect of tomato production (field,
More informationEnclosed are the tissue analysis results for the samples from the greens at Golf Club.
Enclosed are the tissue analysis results for the samples from the greens at Golf Club. The results for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and sodium are reported on a percent
More informationMulti-K. Potassium Nitrate Products For Healthy Crops
Multi-K Potassium Nitrate Products For Healthy Crops Contents Potassium in the plant Multi-K and its advantages Nutrigation with Multi-K Foliar nutrition with Haifa Bonus Multi-K properties Multi-K products
More informationMonitoring & Maintaining the ph and EC of the Root Environment. Bill Fonteno Horticultural Substrates Laboratory NC State University
Monitoring & Maintaining the ph and EC of the Root Environment Bill Fonteno Horticultural Substrates Laboratory NC State University Substrate ph Maintaining proper substrate ph will PREVENT most nutrient
More informationReading and Analyzing your Fertilizer Bag. Dr. Cari Peters Vice President
Reading and Analyzing your Fertilizer Bag Dr. Cari Peters Vice President caripeters@jrpeters.com Designer, Formulator, Producer and custom manufacturer of high quality fertilizer products. Hand s on Horticulture
More informationFertilization Programming
Fertilization Plant Composition Water composes 90% of plant weight (fresh weight) Dry weight is composed of 17 essential elements: Non-fertilizer elements: Carbon (C) -- 41% of dry weight (DW) Hydrogen
More informationSoil Nutrients and Fertilizers. Essential Standard Explain the role of nutrients and fertilizers.
Soil Nutrients and Fertilizers Essential Standard 6.00- Explain the role of nutrients and fertilizers. Objective 6.01 Discuss macro and micro nutrients and the role they play in plant deficiencies. Macro
More informationMicronutrient Management. Dorivar Ruiz Diaz Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management
Micronutrient Management Dorivar Ruiz Diaz Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management Essential Nutrients Thirteen essential nutrients Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur Iron, manganese,
More informationRaymond C. Ward Ward Laboratories, Inc Kearney, NE
Raymond C. Ward Ward Laboratories, Inc Kearney, NE www.wardlab.com There is More Than N P K Major Nutrients N, P, and K Secondary Nutrients Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur Micro-Nutrients Zinc, Iron, Manganese,
More information1101 S Winchester Blvd., Ste. G 173 San Jose, CA (408) (408) fax Page 1 of 2
San Jose Office September 28, 2018 Report 18-262-0106 Zanker Landscape Mateirals 675 Los Esteros Road San Jose, CA 95134 Attn: Beto Ochoa RE: ZB-PPM Reaction at 7.5 is slightly alkaline and with lime absent
More informationInterpreting Soils Report. Beyond N P K
Interpreting Soils Report Beyond N P K What we will cover We will not discuss Macro Nutrients Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. We will touch on Secondary Nutrients Magnesium, Calcium and Sulfur. We
More informationMEASURE AND MANAGE. Soiless Mixes, Testing and Nutrition Guidelines
MEASURE AND MANAGE Soiless Mixes, Testing and Nutrition Guidelines By Dale Cowan dcowan@agtest.com Agri-Food Laboratories CCA.On Greenhouse growth media, or soiless mixes, have chemical and physical properties
More informationSupplying Nutrients to Crops
Supplying Nutrients to Crops What is Plant Nutrition? Plants need nutrients for healthy growth and development. Plant nutrition involves the absorption of nutrients for plant growth and is dependent on
More informationGreenhouse Horticulture
Managing Nutrients in Greenhouse Horticulture Original content by Domenic Cavallaro Stoller Australia Pty Ltd Plant HORMONE PRODUCTION follows approx. cycles with changing NUTRIENT requirements Source:
More informationGerald Brust IPM Vegetable Specialist. Vegetable Fertility
Gerald Brust IPM Vegetable Specialist Vegetable Fertility There are 3 ways that nutrients move to a plant s roots to be absorbed Infection by mycorrhizae fungus in plant roots allows the plant to absorb
More informationAdvanced ph management
Advanced management Outline 1. solubility curves, and what they can teach us about management Before we get too far management is not that complex Maintain around 5.6-6.4, and you will be fine. Paul Fisher,
More informationNutrient Management of Container Nursery Crops
Nutrient Management of Container Nursery Crops Bert Cregg, Ph.D. Michigan State University Department of Horticulture Department of Forestry Photo: Dennis Fulbright Why worry about nutrition management?
More informationSoil Composition. Air
Soil Composition Air Soil Included Air Approximately 40 to 60% of the volume of a soil is actually empty space between the solid particles (voids). These voids are filled with air and/or water. The air
More informationBOTANY AND PLANT GROWTH Lesson 9: PLANT NUTRITION. MACRONUTRIENTS Found in air and water carbon C oxygen hydrogen
BOTANY AND PLANT GROWTH Lesson 9: PLANT NUTRITION Segment One Nutrient Listing Plants need 17 elements for normal growth. Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen are found in air and water. Nitrogen, phosphorus,
More informationSOLUFEED WATER SOLUBLE FERTILISERS
WATER SOLUBLE FERTILISERS Standard water soluble fertilisers for crops grown in soil and artificial growing media. All containing magnesium (Mg) and premium levels of trace elements. water soluble fertilisers
More information3.0 Supplying Nutrients to Crops
3.0 Supplying Nutrients to Crops Plants need for healthy growth and development. Plant nutrition involves the absorption of nutrients for plant growth and is dependent on, often referred to as nutrients.
More informationAnimal, Plant & Soil Science. D3-7 Characteristics and Sources of Secondary Nutrients and Micronutrients
Animal, Plant & Soil Science D3-7 Characteristics and Sources of Secondary Nutrients and Micronutrients Interest Approach Obtain samples of minerals that serve as sources of calcium, magnesium, and sulfur
More informationCOMPUTATION & PREPARATION OF NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS. Principles, properties & preparation of nutrient solutions
COMPUTATION & PREPARATION OF NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS Principles, properties & preparation of nutrient solutions Nutrient solutions Nutrient solutions are diluted water solutions containing one or more inorganic
More informationFERTILIZING GREENHOUSE CROPS
FERTILIZING GREENHOUSE CROPS CLF 150 ppm SRF 6m-5g SRF 9m-5g David Trinklein Division of Plant Sciences Fertilizing Greenhouse Crops K Ca Fe Mg N gallery.yopriceville.com A Difficult Process?? Fertilizing
More informationNutrient level (EC) in a pot is like a bank
Dirt, Fert and Squirt (1) Supplying Essential Nutrients What are the most common nutritional problems? Too much fertilizer Not enough fertilizer Paul Fisher pfisher@ufl.edu 1 ph too high ph too low 2 Nutrient
More informationUnderstanding a Soil Report
Understanding a Soil Report AGRONOMY SOIL ANALYSIS 1. Soil ph Soil ph is a measure of the acidity in the soil. An acidic soil has a greater amount of hydrogen (H+) ions and a ph below 7.0. Values above
More information2009 Elba Muck Soil Nutrient Survey Results Summary, Part III: Calcium, Magnesium and Micronutrients
29 Elba Muck Soil Nutrient Survey Results Summary, Part III: Calcium, Magnesium and Micronutrients Christy Hoepting, Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program Introduction This is the final part
More informationExample: Ammonium Sulphate (also called Sulphate of Ammonia) is composed of the following:
Atoms are made up of smaller particles that are held together by electrical or magnetic forces. Each atom is, in effect, like a mini solar system with a cluster of particles called electrons orbiting it.
More information2010 Course 6. Dan Kittredge
2010 Course 6 Dan Kittredge Dan@realfoodcampaign.org 978 257 2627 Course Review Review principles Review practices Integrate what we have learned Leave with a cogent understanding of relationships between
More informationInterpretation of Soil Tests for Environmental Considerations
Interpretation of Soil Tests for Environmental Considerations Ray Ward Ward Laboratories, Inc Kearney, NE www.wardlab.com Guiding Producers Today to Feed the World Tomorrow www.wardlab.com Saline County
More informationA & L GREAT LAKES LABORATORIES, INC.
Report No. F10035-0027 59018 3505 Conestoga Drive Fort Wayne, Indiana 46808 260-483-4759 Fax 260-483-5274 Account No. Date Reported: 02/08/2010 SOIL TEST REPORT Page: 1 of 2 Cation Lab Organic Phosphorus
More informationREMEMBER as we go through this exercise: Science is the art of making simple things complicated!
REMEMBER as we go through this exercise: Science is the art of making simple things complicated! Fertilization of Hops Ron Godin, Ph.D., Colorado State University Extension Fertilization of Hops - Care
More informationSoil Fertility and Nutrient Management. Hailin Zhang. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management Hailin Zhang Department of Plant and Soil Sciences C H O P N K 16 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS Ca S Mg B Cl Cu Fe Mn Mo B NON-MINERAL NUTRIENTS Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen
More informationWelcome. Greg Patterson C.C.A. President A&L Canada Laboratories
Welcome Greg Patterson C.C.A. President A&L Canada Laboratories Discussion Soil test levels Dropping P,K Organic matter levels dropping Cost of Fertilizer Increasing due to Global Demand Environmental
More informationIn mid-october, all plots were again soil sampled to determine residual nutrients.
Spent Rate Effects on beet and Quality (2004 and 2007) Wheat and Soybean (2005 and 2006) Larry J. Smith, Head; Todd E. Cymbaluk and Jeffrey D. Nielsen, Assistant Scientists; Northwest Research and Outreach
More informationUse of Soil and Tissue Testing for Sustainable Crop Nutrient Programs
Use of Soil and Tissue Testing for Sustainable Crop Nutrient Programs Kelly T. Morgan Soil and Water Science Department Southwest Florida Research and Education Center Immokalee 239 658 3400 conserv@ufl.edu
More informationResearch Update. In hydroponic production, the fertilizer solution must provide all plant essential
January 2016, #2016.04 Research Update Symptoms of ommon Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic asil by Neil Mattson and Tanya Merrill In hydroponic production, the fertilizer solution must provide all plant
More informationLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED Abbreviation Meaning Abbreviation Meaning % Per cent Mn Manganèse & and mm milimetre * Asterisk IW Irrigation water Ca Calcium K Potassium cm centimetre kg kilogram CPE Cumulative
More informationInterpreting Plant Tissue and Soil Sample Analysis
Interpreting Plant Tissue and Soil Sample Analysis Dan Fromme Associate Professor-Cotton, Corn, & Grain Sorghum Specialist LSU AgCenter Dean Lee Research & Extension Center Alexandria, Louisiana Fertilization
More informationLimitations to Plant Analysis. John Peters & Carrie Laboski Department of Soil Science University of Wisconsin-Madison
Limitations to Plant Analysis John Peters & Carrie Laboski Department of Soil Science University of Wisconsin-Madison What is an essential plant nutrient omission of the element will result in abnormal
More informationUnderstanding ph management and plant nutrition Part 3: Fertilizers
Understanding ph management and plant nutrition Part 3: Fertilizers Bill Argo, Ph.D. Blackmore Company, Tel: 800-874-8660, Intl 734-483-8661, E-mail: bargo@blackmoreco.com Originally printed in 2003 in
More informationHow to Select the Right Fertilizer for Hydroponics
How to Select the Right Fertilizer for Hydroponics Petrus Langenhoven, Ph.D. Horticulture and Hydroponics Crops Specialist Greenhouse and Indoor Hydroponics Workshop, West Lafayette IN, September 5, 2018
More informationTerry Richmond s Fertilizer Package mentioned in the panel discussion March 14, 2013.
Terry Richmond s Fertilizer Package mentioned in the panel discussion March 14, 2013. Roles of the 16 essential nutrients in plant development Sixteen plant food nutrients are essential for proper crop
More informationPlant Food. Nitrogen (N)
Plant Food Nitrogen (N) Functions: Promote plant growth Increase protein content of crops Improves quality of crop Makes plant more efficient with water Helps for stay green and dry down Plants take up
More informationMAGIC RECIPES? Strawberry Fertigation in the UK. John Atwood Senior Horticultural Consultant.
MAGIC RECIPES? Strawberry Fertigation in the UK John Atwood Senior Horticultural Consultant www.adas.co.uk Strawberries in the UK Raised beds, polythene mulch, trickle line + fertigation Introduced 20
More informationSoil Testing Options in High Tunnels. Bruce Hoskins University of Maine anlab.umesci.maine.edu
Soil Testing Options in High Tunnels Bruce Hoskins University of Maine hoskins@maine.edu anlab.umesci.maine.edu High Tunnel Project Yields (avg. yield ~ 3000 lb/1000 sq. ft. => 65 tons/a) Calculated (lb/a)
More informationGreg Patterson C.C.A. President A&L Canada Laboratories
Welcome Greg Patterson C.C.A. President A&L Canada Laboratories Compost Quality Consumer of the Future Population dynamics - more and more people involved in use of compost Better educated on what is expected
More informationImportance of Water Quality: ph, buffering, and effects on nutrient availability
Importance of Water Quality: ph, buffering, and effects on nutrient availability Andrew G. Ristvey The University of Maryland Extension programs are open to any person and will not discriminate against
More informationSoil Prescription - Sample 1
Soil Prescription - Sample 1 Hay Meadow In Eastern Kansas The following soil prescription was prepared for a five acre hay meadow in production for over three decades. The hay is sold to a livestock farmer
More informationHow to Develop a Balanced Program for Pecan and Chili. Robert R Smith
Essential Plant Nutrients How to Develop a Balanced Program for Pecan and Chili Robert R Smith Nutrition Management Involves Knowledge of: Site/Soil characteristics and chemistry Plant requirements Cropping
More informationSoils and Soil Fertility Management
Soils and Soil Fertility Management Mark L. McFarland Professor and Soil Fertility Specialist Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service College Station, Texas Four Principal Components of Soil Air Mineral Solid
More informationCranberry Nutrition: An A Z Guide. Joan R. Davenport Soil Scientist Washington State University
Cranberry Nutrition: An A Z Guide Joan R. Davenport Soil Scientist Washington State University Soil Derived Plant Essential Elements Macro Micro Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) Potassium (K) Calcium
More informationMarkus Braaten. Elston D. Solberg. Director of Agri-Knowledge Agri-Trend. US Director of Agri-Knowledge Agri-Trend USA
Water Drives Everything!! So Make Every Drop Count Elston D. Solberg Director of Agri-Knowledge Agri-Trend Markus Braaten US Director of Agri-Knowledge Agri-Trend USA Food, Fibre and Fuel Uptake (lbs/a)
More informationINTERPRETING SOIL & LEAF ANALYSIS
INTERPRETING SOIL & LEAF ANALYSIS Nutrient use in Tree Fruit 94% of plant dry weight is carbohydrates (C, H, O) Primary sugars are sorbitol, fructose, sucrose and starch 6% is minerals 2 Essential Elements
More informationManaging Micronutrients with Soil (Plant) Testing and Fertilizer
Managing Micronutrients with Soil (Plant) Testing and Fertilizer What Is Plant Analysis? A tool to monitor or make decisions Identify nutrient deficiencies and determine nutrient shortages Determining
More informationTeff Compendium Nutrient deficiency symptoms SINCE
Teff Compendium Nutrient deficiency symptoms SINCE Experimental design The experiment was conducted in a green house in 3 liter pots, filled with perlite. Each nutrient was tested in three levels: zero,
More informationEssential Elements. Original research don by Julius von Sachs 1860 using hydroponics
Essential Elements Original research don by Julius von Sachs 1860 using hydroponics Using various solutions found ones that supported plant life Sachs found several elements that were needed in relatively
More informationUnderstanding Your Soil Report. Michael Cook 2018
Understanding Your Soil Report Michael Cook 2018 Soil Sampling Advantage gives nutrient concentrations may shed light on soil issues baseline so look for trends can be done pre-plant timing not as critical
More informationPlants Essential Elements. Macro and Micronutrients
Plants Essential Elements Macro and Micronutrients Nutrients Are elements needed by a plant to promote healthy tissue, processes, and growth. When plants are lacking in nutrients have a deficiency and
More informationPeters General Purpose fertilizer. Peters Peat-Lite Special complete
MICRONUTRIENT SOURCES FOR GREENHOUSE CROPS Paul V. Nelson Products and Methods of Application Cultural procedures for greenhouse crops have been refined to the point where the probability of micronutrient
More informationCare Chemicals & Formulators. Librel BMX. Technical Information. = Registered trademark of BASF group Multi-Micronutrient EDTA Chelate.
Technical Information Librel BMX April 2010 08_100206e-00/Page 1 of 6 = Registered trademark of BASF group Multi-Micronutrient EDTA Chelate Care Chemicals & Formulators 08_100206e-00 April 2010 Page 2
More informationPotassium and Phosphorus as Plant Nutrients. Secondary Nutrients and Micronutrients. Potassium is required in large amounts by many crops
Potassium and Phosphorus as Plant Nutrients Secondary Nutrients and Micronutrients Potassium is required in large amounts by many crops Yield K 2 O taken up Crop level/ac in total crop, lb Alfalfa 8 tons
More informationQuick Tips for Nutrient Management in Washington Berry Crops. Lisa Wasko DeVetter Assistant Professor, Small Fruit Horticulture March 16, 2016
Quick Tips for Nutrient Management in Washington Berry Crops Lisa Wasko DeVetter Assistant Professor, Small Fruit Horticulture March 16, 2016 Goals of Talk Overall goal is not to provide a comprehensive
More informationChapter 1: Overview of soil fertility, plant nutrition, and nutrient management
Chapter 1: Overview of soil fertility, plant nutrition, and nutrient management Agustin Pagani, John E. Sawyer, and Antonio P. Mallarino / Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University Developed in cooperation
More informationManage Vegetable Crops for a high-performance season
Manage Vegetable Crops for a high-performance season Agenda Introduction to Wolf Trax Innovative Nutrients Importance of Micronutrients in Crop Production Three ideas to make the most of your fertilizer
More informationSoil 4234 Guest Lecture
Soil 4234 Guest Lecture Soil Fertility in Potted Horticulture Crops Dr. Bruce Dunn Determine Water Quality Prior to selecting a site for a new business and periodically thereafter, test water Seasonally
More informationFertilizer Numbers By Bob
Fertilizer Numbers By Bob What do numbers mean to Bonsai growers? The most popular and often repeated numbers that you may have heard at a Bonsai meeting or among members talking amongst themselves are
More informationCONTENTS. Introduction. Nutrient Solution Management. (i) Electrical Conductivity (E.C.) How to measure E.C. of the nutrient solution
Septembre 2007. CONTENTS Introduction The Hydroponic Nutrient Solution Nutrient Solution Management (i) Electrical Conductivity (E.C.) How to measure E.C. of the nutrient solution Recommended values of
More informationTNPSC Chemistry Study Material Fertilizers
TNPSC Chemistry Study Material A fertilizer is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients
More information1) Yellow Corn in 2014 Compared to 2013 and ) Time of Day Plant Tissue Project
1) Yellow Corn in 2014 Compared to 2013 and 2012 2) Time of Day Plant Tissue Project Richard Jenny Agronomist AGVISE Labs, Benson, MN richardj@agvise.com Twitter: Agvise Laboratories Yellow Corn in 2014
More informationSOILS AND PLANT NUTRITION
SOILS AND PLANT NUTRITION WHAT IS SOIL? Soil is the medium in which plants grow - the basis for plant growth. I can t get any respect. People treat me like dirt! Four Major Components of Soil Sand Silt
More informationControlled Release Fertilizer Evaluations 1998
Controlled Release Fertilizer Evaluations 1998 James T. Midcap, Extension Horticulture-Athens, UGA Nature of Work: On March 20, 1998 three-inch Rhododendron Hinodegiri and Ilex crenata Compacta liners
More informationNutrients & Diagnosing Nutrient Needs. Carrie Laboski Dept. of Soil Science UW-Madison
Nutrients & Diagnosing Nutrient Needs Carrie Laboski Dept. of Soil Science UW-Madison Sources of nutrients available for plant uptake Nutrients in the soil solution are: In ionic form At low concentration
More informationMicrobial Enhanced Fish Fertilizer Supplement with Vitamins and Nutrients for Plant Health
Microbial Enhanced Fish Fertilizer Supplement with Vitamins and Nutrients for Plant Health INTRODUCTION: MicrobeBio Hydro Activator naturally occurring beneficial organisms, 100% organic proteins, and
More informationA good starter feed for balanced growth. Reliable for most crops and situations. PRODUCT CODE 125.GB0173
TEC-SF A good starter feed for balanced growth. Reliable for most crops and situations. High Nitrogen (N) for vigorous vegetative growth. High Phosphorus (P) to promote root growth and crop establishment.
More informationMineral Nutrition of Fruit & Nut Trees. Fruit & Nut Tree Nutrition 3/1/2013. Johnson - Nutrition 1
Mineral Nutrition of Fruit & Nut Trees R. Scott Johnson Extension Pomologist UC Kearney Ag Center Fruit & Nut Tree Nutrition 1. Basic Principles 2. Sampling for Nutrients 3. Environmental Issues 4. BMPs
More informationCharacterization of Nutrient Disorders of Gerbera Hybrid Festival Light Eye Pink
Characterization of Nutrient Disorders of Gerbera Hybrid Festival Light Eye Pink K.Y. Jeong, B. Whipker, I. McCall and C. Gunter Department of Horticultural Science Box 7609 North Carolina State University
More informationWhat s new with micronutrients in our part of the world?
2006 Integrated Crop Management Conference - Iowa State University 181 What s new with micronutrients in our part of the world? George Rehm, Professor, Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota
More informationTrends in Soil Management for Turf. David C. Smith P.Ag DCS Agronomic Services
Trends in Soil Management for Turf David C. Smith P.Ag DCS Agronomic Services Points for Today s Discussion Soil Testing Considerations Soil test interpretation How water moves in the soil Recommendations
More informationMinerals, Trace Elements and Enzymes. Dan Kittredge
Minerals, Trace Elements and Enzymes Dan Kittredge 978 257 2627 dan@realfoodcampaign.org Minerals Critical for plant growth Macronutrients Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur Magnesium Calcium Iron Manganese
More informationRoses with Vitazyme application
Vitazyme Field Tests for 2018 Roses with Vitazyme application Researcher: Jan Ties Malda Research organization: Cebeco Mertstoffen B. V. and SPNA Kollumerwaard, the Netherlands Location: SPNA Kollumerwaard,
More informationFACTORS AFFECTING WATER QUALITY
TECHNICAL PAPER WATER QUALITY PLANT HEALTH FACTORS Water quality is one of the most important factors affecting plant growth, as unwanted components in water can interfere with nutrient availability and
More informationInvestigating the probable cause of crop decline in central Oahu A.P. Pant, N.V. Hue, J. Uyeda, J. Sugano, and T. Radovich
HanaiʻAi/The Food Provider June July August 2013 Investigating the probable cause of crop decline in central Oahu A.P. Pant, N.V. Hue, J. Uyeda, J. Sugano, and T. Radovich Summary Extension agents brought
More informationA & L Canada Laboratories Inc Jetstream Road, London, Ontario, N5V 3P5 Telephone: (519) Fax: (519)
Report Number: C13114-10169 Account Number: To: ESSEX-WINDSOR SWA 2136 Jetstream Road, London, Ontario, N5V 3P5 Telephone: (519) 457-2575 Fax: (519) 457-2664 For: ROW "T2-3-12" 519-776-6370 Reported Date:
More informationNutrient Management in Subtropical Tree Crops. The avocado model
Nutrient Management in Subtropical Tree Crops The avocado model Avocado Fertilization Tissue %Dry Wt New shoots 36 Leaves 40 Fruit 33 Small branches 38 < 1 in Small branches 55 1-2 in Scion trunk 48 Rootstock
More informationMineral Nutrients and their functions in plants
Mineral Nutrients and their functions in plants PLANT NUTRITION The term "nutrition" refers to the interrelated steps by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and replacement
More informationTOTAL SULPHUR CONTENT AND ITS EFFECT ON AVOCADO LEAVES
California Avocado Society 1953-54 Yearbook 38: 171-176 TOTAL SULPHUR CONTENT AND ITS EFFECT ON AVOCADO LEAVES A. R. C. Haas Plant Physiologist, University of California, Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside
More informationPlant Nutrients in Mineral Soils
The Supply and Availability of Plant Nutrients in Mineral Soils Plant Nutrients in Mineral Soils Factors Controlling the Growth of Higher Plants 1. Light 2. Mechanical Support. Heat. Air 5. Water 6. Nutrients
More informationSoil Texture Discussion. Soils, Nutrients and Fertilizers Level 2. An Ideal Soil yes, soil, not dirt
Soils, Nutrients and Fertilizers Level 2 Montana Master Gardener Handbook Chapter 1 pages 1 20 Adapted from a soils presentation from Clain Jones, PHD Extension Soil Fertility Specialist, Montana State
More informationPLANT NUTRITION. Marasperse AG The Lignosulfonate-Based Complexing Agent for Foliar Micronutrients
PLANT NUTRITION The Lignosulfonate-Based Complexing Agent for Foliar Micronutrients The Natural Choice for Complexing Micronutrients originates from trees, a natural and renewable resource. It is a modified
More informationA & L Canada Laboratories Inc Jetstream Road, London, Ontario, N5V 3P5 Telephone: (519) Fax: (519)
Report Number: C13304-10888 Account Number: 95000 To: ST.LAWRENCE RIVER INSTITUTE 2 ST.LAWRENCE DRIVE Attn: JEN HALEY 2136 Jetstream Road, London, Ontario, N5V 3P5 Telephone: (519) 457-2575 Fax: (519)
More informationBarley and Sugarbeet Symposium
MICRONUTRIENT TESTING & MANAGEMENT IN BARLEY, CORN & PULSES Barley and Sugarbeet Symposium Billings, MT January 10, 2017 Clain Jones clainj@montana.edu 994-6076 MSU Soil Fertility Extension Goals Today
More informationRULES AND REGULATIONS RELATING TO FERTILIZERS
RULES AND REGULATIONS RELATING TO FERTILIZERS Pursuant to due publication and notice of opportunity for a public hearing, the director has adopted the following regulations: 1. Plant Nutrients in Addition
More informationUNDERSTANDING NUTRITION
UNDERSTANDING NUTRITION John Adlam Dove Associates john@dovebugs.co.uk www.dovebugs.co.uk Major Nitrogen Phosphorus Magnesium Calcium NUTRIENTS Minor Iron Manganese Zinc Copper Boron Sulphur Molybdenum
More informationPomegranate Irrigation and Nutrient Management
Florida Pomegranate Association 2018 Growers Meeting (GCREC Feb 9, 2018) Pomegranate Irrigation and Nutrient Management Shinsuke Agehara Assistant Professor, Plant Physiology Gulf Coast Research and Education
More informationDiscuss the importance of healthy soils Soil properties, physical, chemical and biological that one can manage for soil health How organics play a
Andrew Ristvey The University of Maryland Extension programs are open to any person and will not discriminate against anyone because of race, age, sex, color, sexual orientation, physical or mental disability,
More informationAGRIFLUIDS. Soluble Fertiliser. n k p
Soluble Fertiliser Fe Mn Co B Cu Zn Mo Ca Mg s n k p 01 Introduction Established in 1993, Omex Agrifluids has grown to be a leader in plant nutrition technology worldwide. Omex Agrifluids manufacture and
More informationAssessment of Secondary and Micro Nutrient Status under Long-Term Fertilizer Experiment on Vertisol
Available online at www.ijpab.com Joga Rao et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (4): 328-339 (2018) ISSN: 2320 7051 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.3068 ISSN: 2320 7051 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci.
More informationStoller s Options and Timings for Increasing Tuber Numbers in Potatoes
Stoller s Options and Timings for Increasing Tuber Numbers in Potatoes PRODUCTS In Furrow at Planting Pre Tuber Tuber Initiation Late Tuber Early Tuber Bulking Mid to Late Tuber Bulking Heat Stress and
More informationNutrient Management in Ornamental Production
Nutrient Management in Ornamental Production Paul Fisher, Environmental Horticulture Dept. 1 3 5 6 Topics Many factors affect substrate-ph 1. Managing ph and Iron Availability in Containers Lime Substrate
More information