Physiological Effects Of Calcium In Fertigated Citrus. Anke Kwast, Yara International September 2010
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1 Physiological Effects Of Calcium In Fertigated Citrus Anke Kwast, Yara International September 2010
2 Contents Performance of YaraLiva Calcium Nitrate in Citrus production. Possible explanations Improved Ca availability. Avoidance of soil acidification. Better health. Author Date: Page: 2
3 Yield Quality Shelf Life Author Date: Page: 3
4 YaraLiva Nitrabor enhanced fruit yield as compared to AN Field trial with Valencia Sweet Orange in Brazil, broadcasted solid N fertilizers Mean of 3 harvests (2004/ /07) Fruit yield (kg/tree) Solid application Range of control AN CN AN/CN Kg N/ha Common N rate REF: Yara trial (2008), conducted by J.A. Quaggio (IAC Campinas, SP) Author Date: Page: 4
5 YaraLiva Nitrabor enhanced yield of total soluble solids as compared to AN Field trial with Valencia Sweet Orange in Brazil, broadcasted solid N fertilizers Mean of 3 harvests (2004/ /07) Total soluble solids (kg/ha) Solid application Range of control AN CN AN/CN Kg N/ha Common N rate REF: Yara trial (2008), conducted by J.A. Quaggio (IAC Campinas, SP) Author Date: Page: 5
6 Fertigation trial YaraLiva Calcinit versus AN conducted by J.A. Quaggio (IAC Campinas, SP) Fertigation Started in 2003 Trial is still ongoing (Sept. 2010) Author Date: Page: 6
7 Treatments 2 fertilizer forms: CN (YaraLiva Calcinit) AN (Ammonium nitrate) 4 N rates, actual rate depends on tree age 4 replicates/blocks Total 32 plots 07/2008 Author Date: Page: 7
8 Methods N application & Ca application with Calcinit Tree age, years 2-3 (2003/4) 3-4 (2004/5) 4-5 (2005/6) 5-6 (2006/7) 6-7 (2007/8) 7-8 (2008/9) Rate, kg N ha -1 N1 N2 N3 N Tree age, years Rate, kg Ca ha -1 with Calcinit N1 N2 N3 N Increased application rates Author Date: Page: 8
9 Soil solution ph Ca, mmol c L -1 Liming 2 t/ha of dolomitic lime stone was applied in 07/2003, 09/2005 and in 11/2006. Broadcast application under the canopy of the trees with a machine. Liming enhanced ph in soil solution... ph in soil solution of wetted bulb in 0-30 cm soil depth 7,5 6,5 AN Liming 09/2005 CN YaraLiva TM Calcinit 5,0 4,0 3,0 AN CN 5,5 4,5 Liming 07/2003 Ammonium Nitrate Liming 11/2006 2,0 1,0 3,5 jan/04 ago/04 fev/05 set/05 mar/06 out/06 abr/07 Mean of all treatments Period 0,0 jan/04 ago/04 fev/05 set/05 mar/06 out/06 abr/07 Period Lime application in the citrus orchard in 2006 Author Date: Page: 9
10 Better growth with YaraLiva Calcinit (highest N rate) YaraLiva Calcinit Ammonium Nitrate Author Date: Page: 10
11 Yield advantages with YaraLiva Calcinit as compared to AN developed with time Fertigation trial with Valencia Sweet Orange in Brazil; mean of all N rates Fruit Yield (t/ha) % Calcinit +40% +39% +28% AN /2008 REF: Yara trial (2008), conducted by J.A. Quaggio (IAC Campinas, SP) Author Date: Page: 11
12 Big yield advantages with YaraLiva as compared to AN at all N rates Fertigation trial with Valencia Sweet Orange in Brazil AN R² = 1, Rate of N supply REF: Yara trial (2008), conducted by J.A. Quaggio (IAC Campinas, SP) Fruit Yield (t/ha) Calcinit R² = 0,72 80 Calcinit R² = 0,96 AN R² = 1, Rate of N supply R² = 0, Calcinit AN R² = 1, Rate of N supply Enhanced N rates Author Date: Page: 12
13 Yield advantages with YaraLiva Calcinit as compared to AN developed with time Fertigation trial with Valencia Sweet Orange in Brazil; mean of all N rates TSS (kg/ha) Calcinit AN REF: Yara trial (2008), conducted by J.A. Quaggio (IAC Campinas, SP) Author Date: Page: 13
14 Calcium deficiency causes peel disorders Common peel blemishes of citrus Splitting Creasing (Albedo breakdown) Author Date: Page: 14
15 An adequate Ca supply improves shelf life of citrus Field observation in Brazil, Sao Paulo State have indicated a better fruit set and quality of Tahiti acid lime after soluble calcium has been supplied to the soil in springtime. A survey to look deeper into the impact of Ca, showed a significant correlation of (r= 0.54) between Ca content of leaves and water loss from the fruits of the same tree during a 14-days storage. Indicating that trees with an adequate Ca supply produce fruits with a better shelf life. REF: Mattos Junior, Milaneze, Azevedo & Quaggio (2010) Author Date: Page: 15
16 Possible explanations Improved Ca availability. Calcinit prevent soil acidification. Better health. Author Date: Page: 16
17 Calcium Availability in soil Citrus has a very high Ca requirement. Calcium is important for a strong cell structure of crops. Calcium is important for root growth and root growth is important for Calcium uptake. YaraLiva Calcium Nitrate is highly plant available and mobile in the soil and enhances the Ca availability also in deeper soil layers. Author Date: Page: 17
18 Calcium binds the cells together - like a glue Ca saturates the free COO - groups of the pectines in the middle lamella Author Date: Page: 18
19 ...without the calcium glue cells are free to move apart Which leads to... Physiological disorders & splitting of fruit Fungal spores Susceptibility to attack by diseases Author Date: Page: 19
20 Under the microscope it becomes visible - Stronger cells with calcium Cell walls of xylem tissue in the fruit peel of banana were stronger with Calcium Nitrate; Costa Rica; 3rd year of trial Applied with YaraLiva Tropicote REF: Corbana/Yara International (2008) see speaker notes Author Date: Page: 20
21 Ca uptake mainly by root tips, where the root hairs are located Root hairs Ca ++ Ca ++ Ca ++ Ca ++ Ca ++ Ca in soil solution Roots of head lettuce Roots and root hairs of potato REF: Kwast, Research Centre Hanninghof, Yara Author Date: Page: 21
22 Root growth is strongly depending on sufficient Ca in soil solution Backwards transport of Ca from shoot to root is impossible Root length growth rate of soybean [mm/h] 4 3 With Ca 2 1 Without Ca 0 0,5 1,5 2,5 3,5 Time [h] REF: Horst, university Hannover Lettuce roots with Ca deficiency Kwast, Research Centre Hanninghof, Yara Author Date: Page: 22
23 Also root hair growth is very sensitive to Ca deficiency Ca is facilitating growth of root hair A tip-focused Ca gradient in root hairs is a pre-requisite for root hair growth; Here Ca leads the direction of tip growth and is acrucial component of the tip-growth machinery. Gradients in cytoplasmic Ca associated with tip growth of Arabidopsis roots hairs. REF: Gilroy et al Author Date: Page: 23
24 Ca deficiency in Citrus production is common REF: Srivastava & Singh Author Date: Page: 24
25 Calcium is the most prominent nutrient in citrus leaves REF: Paramasivam, Alva, Hostler, Easterwood & Southwell Author Date: Page: 25
26 Leaves live longer with adequate Ca supply Citrus leaves may live for 2 years, which is quite long (Robinson et al. 1997). In case of Ca deficiency, crops produce smaller leaves with a shorter lifetime, as shown for coffee and Ipomea. T50* of leaves (days) Days until 50 % of the leaf population died Therefore Ca deficiency can limit crop productivity via a decrease of leaf area Ca deficiency sufficient Ca supply REF: Ramalho et al & Suarez REF: Suarez 2010; Pot experiment with Ipomea Author Date: Page: 26
27 In the leaf tissue, YaraLiva Calcinit maintained the Ca content above the threshold value, while there was marginial Ca deficiency with AN Fertigation trial with Valencia Sweet Orange in Brazil; mean of all N rates Ca content of leaves (% in dry matter) 4,0 3,5 Calcinit 3,0 2,5 Threshold value AN 2,0 Initial Ca content years 11/2008 REF: Yara trial (2008), conducted by J.A. Quaggio (IAC Campinas, SP) Author Date: Page: 27
28 The lower Ca concentration in the leaves may induce higher losses of productive leaf area Author Date: Page: 28
29 Utilize the synergy of nitrate and calcium Apply nitrate for enhanced uptake of calcium Nitrates carries cations with it Ammonium uptake even hampers cation uptake Nitrate uptake increases cation uptake Ammonium uptake slows cation uptake Author Date: Page: 29
30 Crops can reduce the Ca concentration in soil solution tremendously Ca in soil solution (mg/l) calcareous soil acid sandy soil Trial code: 2008-DE-CAL-G-31 Weeks after planting 96 (pot trial with broccoli in calcareous soil from Spain and acid sandy soil from East Germany; suction cups were placed in top soil layer 0-5 cm; without Ca supply). REF: Pot trial, Research Center Hanninghof, Yara Author Date: Page: 30
31 YaraLiva is very efficient in enhancing Ca concentration in soil solution Rel. enhancement of Ca concentration (control=100%) CN - 67 kg Ca gypsum -134 kg Ca lime kg Ca sandy soil 0-5 cm acid soil 0-5 cm 55 Spanish soil cm Pot trial without crop; suction cups 0-5 cm; fertilizers applied initially to the surface; mean of all samplings during a period of 50 to 100 days. REF: Research Centre Hanninghof, YARA Trial code: 2008-DE-CAL-G Author Date: Page: 31
32 YaraLiva is very efficient in enhancing Ca concentration in soil solution over a longer term Sandy soil Acid soil Spanish soil Ca concentration (ppm) Ca concentration (ppm) Ca concentration (ppm) 600 no Ca CN - 67 kg Ca gypsum -134 kg Ca lime kg Ca days days days REF: Research Centre Hanninghof, YARA Trial code: 2008-DE-CAL-G Author Date: Page: 32
33 cm soil depth cm soil depth Calcium & nitrate move in the soil together YaraLiva TM Calcinit solution applied with a dripper on the soil surface 0 mg/100 g soil Field trial undisturbed soil Nitrate Calcium REF: Research Center Hanninghof, Yara cm cm Author Date: Page: 33
34 Important to include calcium in the fertigation solution, where desorption and leaching of soilborn Ca is markedly enhanced Even on a calcareous soil, one year of fertigation with a Ca free solution resulted in a declining Ca availability in the fertigation bulb dripper 20 cm soil depth Ca = 84 ppm ph = 6,4 C.E. 1,46 mmhos/cm Mg = 33 ppm Ca = 103 ppm ph = 7,3 C.E. 1,61 mmhos/cm Mg = 38 ppm Fertigation bulb (Citrus orchard in Argentinia, 2004, Juan Palma SQM) Author Date: Page: 34
35 Soil depth (cm) Soil depth (cm) In the soil of the wetted bulb, YaraLiva Calcinit enhanced Ca availability down to 60 cm after 7 years with fertigation on limed soil Fertigation trial with Valencia Sweet Orange in Brazil; April 2009 YaraLiva Calcinit Ca content (mg/kg) Ammonium Nitrate Ca content (mg/kg) cm cm cm REF: Yara trial (2010), conducted by J.A. Quaggio (IAC Campinas, SP) Author Date: Page: 35
36 Calcium concentration in the soil solution of the wetted bulb in January 2010 Fertigation trial with Valencia Sweet Orange in Brazil Ca (mg/l) in wetted bulb Calcinit AN N rate (kg N/ha) Suction cups placed in the trial REF: Yara trial (2010), conducted by J.A. Quaggio (IAC Campinas, SP) Author Date: Page: 36
37 Ca deficiency locally in the subsoil Acid subsoils is a major concern in many regions of the world. Roots are dramatically inhibited in their capacity to penetrate acid subsoils. Shallow rooting systems can make plants very sensitive to even short periods of drought. Nutrients which are often found in subsoil can not be utilized by the crop. Due to low mobility of characteristics of CaCO 3, liming is not appropriate as excessive liming, even when it has been mixed with the top soil, has little effect on the subsoil. Calcium Nitrate is a Ca source which is relative mobile in soil! REF: Hern, et al Author Date: Page: 37
38 In the soil of the wetted bulb, YaraLiva Calcinit prevented acidification, while AN acidified Fertigation trial with Valencia Sweet Orange in Brazil; mean of 4 N rates 6,5 ph value (0.01 mol/l CaCl 2 ) of soil in wetted bulb in 0-20 cm soil depth 5,6 in cm soil depth 6,0 5,5 5,0 4,5 Calcinit AN 5,4 5,2 5,0 4,8 4,6 4,4 4,2 Calcinit AN 4, Initial ph year 4, Initial ph year REF: Yara trial (2008&2010), conducted by J.A. Quaggio (IAC Campinas, SP) Author Date: Page: 38
39 ph value in the soil solution of the wetted bulb in January 2010 Fertigation trial with Valencia Sweet Orange in Brazil ph value in wetted bulb Calcinit AN N rate (kg N/ha) REF: Yara trial (2010), conducted by J.A. Quaggio (IAC Campinas, SP) Author Date: Page: 39
40 Fusarium solani causes fibrous root rot Calcium Nitrate helps prevent Fusarium toxins developing Ammonium-containing fertilizers, including Ammonium Nitrate, support Fusarium growth REF: Dr. Stan Nemec (Plant Pathologist, USDA, ARS, retired) in: (eds. Hydro Agri North America) Now, more than ever before Quality Counts. Author Date: Page: 40
41 Calcium Nitrate strengthens the root cells against fungal attacks Oranges (cv 'Homosassa') - pot experiment, USA. Some fungi can cause root rot at fibre roots Root rot of fibrous roots [% of total fibre roots] No N fertilizer Calcium Nitrate Urea Ammonium Sulfate REF: Klotz et al USA Author Date: Page: 41
42 Conclusions YaraLiva Calcium Nitrate is a source of highly plant available calcium and nitrate. is a mobile calcium source in the soil. provides nitrogen in the form of nitrate, which enhances uptake of cations especially calcium. is not acidifying the soil. improves health of citrus roots. These can be the reasons for the good performance of YaraLiva Nitrabor and Calcinit in the presented trials. Author Date: Page: 42
43 Obrigado pela sua atenção Author Date: Page: 43
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