Rice is a most important staple food crop in world as

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1 Research Paper An Asian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 6 No. 2 (December, 2011) : Received : September, 2011; Revised : November, 2011; Accepted : November, 2011 Effect of zinc enriched compost on soil chemical properties and nutrients availability P. VEERANAGAPPA, H.C. PRAKASHA, K.R. ASHOKA, M.M. VENKATESHA AND M.B. MAHENDRA KUMAR SUMMARY A field experiment was conducted on a Typic Haplustalf with sandy loam texture to study the effect of Zn-E compost on soil properties and distribution of zinc fractions in soil. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. There were eight treatments comprising of recommended dose of compost, NPK fertilizers, ZnSO 4 and zinc enriched compost. Application of NPK + compost + ZnSO 4 at 20 kg ha -1 and different levels of Zn-E compost treated plots recorded significantly higher values of primary, secondary and micronutrients in soil at tillering, panicle initiation and at harvest s. A slight improvement in soil ph, electrical conductivity and organic carbon content noticed higher values in NPK + zinc enriched levels followed by package of practice. The application of Zn-E compost increased the amount of zinc present in different fractions. Increase in amount of zinc present in different zinc fractions might be due to the higher solubility and mobility of the added zinc source. Water soluble plus exchangeable fractions significantly increased with the enrichment of compost. Veeranagappa, P., Prakasha, H.C., Ashoka, K.R., Venkatesha, M.M. and Kumar, M.B. Mahendra (2011). Effect of zinc enriched compost on soil chemical properties and nutrients availability. Asian J. Soil Sci., 6(2): KEY WORDS: Zn-E compost, NPK, Zinc Rice is a most important staple food crop in world as well as in India. It serves as a major source of calories for about 60 per cent of the world population. Globally, it occupies an area of 147 m ha with production of 525 m t (Anonymous, 2007). India is the largest rice growing country, while China is the largest producer of rice. Rice provides per cent of the dietary energy and per cent of the dietary protein. In India, rice is grown in an area of 42.0 m ha with a production of 88.0 m t with an average production of 2.65 t ha -1 (Anonymous, 2007). Among the micronutrients, zinc is now being regarded as the third most limiting nutrient element in rice after N and P (Gupta, 1995). In spite of liberal application of N, P and K fertilizers, normal growth of high yielding varieties of crops could not be obtained due to little use of micronutrients. It has been estimated that zinc deficiency in soils is widespread and nearly 50 per cent of the Indian soils (Takkar, 1996) and 74 per cent of Karnataka soils are deficit in zinc (Rattan et al., 1997). The poor crop recovery of micronutrients necessitates the adoption of improved techniques like use of synthetic chelates. Since it is a costly technology, resorting to enrichment with organic manures which acts as natural chelates seems to be economically viable. Zinc application in the enriched form may enhance the fertilizer use efficiency and increase the rice yield. The enrichment of organic manures with micronutrients not only enhances the rate of decomposition but also improves the nutrient status (Singh, 1987). EXPERIMENTAL METHODS The study was carried out at College of Agriculture, Navile, Shivamogga, the experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design, replicated thrice. Address of the corresponding author : P. VEERANAGAPPA, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, G.K.V.K., BENGALURU (KARNATAKA) INDIA veera346@gmail.com Address of the co-authors : H.C. PRAKASHA, K.R. ASHOKA AND M.B. MAHENDRA KUMAR, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, G.K.V.K., BENGALURU (KARNATAKA) INDIA M.M. VENKATESHA, Department of Agronomist, C.C.R.I., BALEHONNUR (KARNATAKA) INDIA HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

2 There were eleven treatment combinations comprising of recommended dose of compost, NPK fertilizers, graded levels of ZnSO 4 and zinc enriched compost. The relative distribution of sand, silt and clay in soil was determined by international pipette method (Piper, 1966). ph and EC of soil were determined by potentiometric and conductometric methods, respectively as outlined by Jackson (1973). The cation exchange capacity of the soil was determined by ammonium ion saturation method as described by Page et al. (1982). The available nitrogen was determined by macro distillation following alkaline permanganate method as suggested by Subbaiah and Asija Table A : Physical and chemical properties of soil used for the investigation Parameters Values Soil taxonomy Typic Haplustalf Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Texture of soil Chemical properties P. VEERANAGAPPA, H.C. PRAKASHA, K.R. ASHOKA, M.M. VENKATESHA AND M.B. MAHENDRA KUMAR Sandy loam ph 4.65 EC (d S m -1 at 25 0 C ) 0.06 Organic carbon (g kg -1 ) 4.65 CEC (cmol (p+) kg -1 ) 9.88 Available nitrogen (kg ha -1 ) Available P 2 O 5 (kg ha -1 ) Available K 2 O (kg ha -1 ) Available sulfur (mg kg -1 ) Exchangeable calcium [c mol (p + ) kg -1 ] 5.10 Exchangeable magnesium [c mol (p + )kg -1 ] 2.20 DTPA extractable zinc (mg kg -1 ) 0.72 DTPA extractable copper (mg kg -1 ) 2.18 DTPA extractable iron (mg kg -1 ) DTPA extractable manganese (mg kg -1 ) 8.85 Table B : Chemical composition of compost used for the investigation Chemical properties Compost N (%) 0.80 P (%) 0.41 K (%) 0.68 Calcium (%) 0.51 Magnesium (%) 0.34 Sulfur (%) 0.40 Total zinc (mg kg -1 ) Total copper (mg kg -1 ) Total iron (mg kg -1 ) Total manganese (mg kg -1 ) (1956).Available phosphorus was extracted with Bray s No.1 extractant (0.03 N NH 4 F N HCl). The phosphorus in the extract was determined by chlorostannous reduced molybdophosphoric blue colour method in HCl acid medium. The intensity of blue colour was read at 660 mm using a spectrophotometer (Jackson, 1973).Available potassium was determined flame photometrically after extracting the soil with neutral normal ammonium acetate as described by Page et al. (1982).Exchangeable calcium was estimated by titrating suitable aliquot of ammonium acetate extract of soil against standard EDTA solution using sodium hydroxide and mureoxide as indicator. Exchangeable calcium plus magnesium were estimated by titrating a separate aliquot of ammonium acetate extract of soil against EDTA solution using ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide buffer and EBT indicator. Exchangeable magnesium content in the soil was calculated by subtracting exchangeable calcium content from exchangeable calcium plus magnesium content of the soil (Jackson, 1973).Available sulphur in the form of sulphate was determined by using 0.15 per cent CaCl 2 as extractant and was measured tur bidometr ically using spectrophotometer at 420 nm (Jackson, 1973).Plant available (DTPA extractable) micronutrients viz., Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn in soil were extracted with DTPA extractant (0.005 M Diethylene triamine penta acetic acid M CaCl M TEA) in 1:2 soil to extractant ratio by shaking 2 hours in a mechanical shaker. The concentration of micronutrients in the extract was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry under suitable measuring conditions (Lindsay and Norwell, 1978). EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS The experimental plot had initial ph value of 4.65 (Table A). There was an increase in ph value in all the individual plots after imposing of treatments. At all growth s compost enriched with different levels of zinc along with NPK and compost recorded higher ph value, followed by ZnSO 4 application with NPK (Table 1). Subramanian and Kumarswasmy (1989) found an increase in soil ph due to addition of FYM either alone or along with fertilizers. The reason for relatively higher soil ph noticed at harvest of the crop might be attributed to reduction reaction involving consumption of H + ions under submergence as stated by Gotoh and Patrick (1972). The values of electrical conductivity were significantly higher in plots which received NPK, compost and 20 kg ZnSO 4 ha -1 in comparison with the zinc enriched treated plots (Table 1). Relatively higher soluble salts HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 190 Asian J. Soil Sci., 6 (2); (Dec., 2011)

3 EFFECT OF ZINC ENRICHED COMPOST ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES & NUTRIENTS AVAILABILITY Table 1 : Effect of zinc enriched compost on soil reaction (ph), electrical conductivity and organic carbon content of soil at different s of rice Tillering Panicle At Tillering Panicle At Tillering Panicle At initiation harvest initiation harvest initiation harvest Treatments ph EC (dsm -1 ) Organic carbon (g kg -1 ) T 1 = NPK alone T 2 = NPK + Compost T 3 = NPK + Compost + Rec. ZnSO 4 (POP) T 4 = NPK + ZnSO 10 kg ha T 5 = NPK + ZnSO 15 kg ha T 6 = NPK + ZnSO 25 kg ha T 7 = NPK + ZnSO 30 kg ha T 8 = NPK + Zn-E compost@ 10 kg ha T 9 = NPK + Zn-E compost@ 15 kg ha T 10 = NPK + Zn-E compost@ 25 kg ha T 11 = NPK + Zn-E compost@ 30 kg ha S.E.± C.D. (P=0.05) * Zn-E compost= Zinc enriched compost POP= Package of practices content was recorded in package of practices and enriched levels of zinc as compared to control. This may be attributed to increase in CO 2 concentration, bicarborates and organic salts of Fe, Mn and NH 3 addition and also the release of calcium from organic sources and subsequently, formation of some of the soluble salts Bhriguvanshi (1988). Organic carbon status of the soil was significantly increased over control due to application of compost and Zn-E compostat different levels. The enriched treatments recorded higher organic carbon content followed by package of practices. The reason for increase of carbon might be due to the application of large quantity of manures which provided sufficient quantity of carbonaceous materials for decomposition by microorganisms and converting them to mineralized organic colloids, besides adding them to soil reserves. This is in conformity with the findings of (Rajshekar Rao, 2000). The lowest available nitrogen was recorded in control as compared other treatments and significantly highest in the treatments with zinc enriched compost (Table 2). The organics attributed to the faster multiplication of soil Table 2 : Effect of zinc enriched compost on available major nutrient status (kg ha -1 ) of soil at different s of rice Tillering Panicle Harvest Tillering Panicle Harvest Tillering Panicle initiation initiation initiation Treatments Available N Available P 2 O 5 Available K 2 O HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 191 Asian J. Soil Sci., 6 (2); (Dec., 2011) Harvest T 1 = NPK alone T 2 = NPK + Compost T 3 = NPK + Compost + Rec. ZnSO 4 ( POP) T 4 = NPK + ZnSO 10 kg ha T 5 = NPK + ZnSO 15 kg ha T 6 = NPK + ZnSO 25 kg ha T 7 = NPK + ZnSO 30 kg ha T 8 = NPK + Zn-E compost@ 10 kg ha T 9 = NPK + Zn-E compost@ 15 kg ha T 10 = NPK + Zn-E compost@ 25 kg ha T 11 = NPK + Zn-E compost@ 30 kg ha S.E.± C.D. (P=0.05) * Zn-E compost= Zinc enriched compost POP= Package of practices

4 P. VEERANAGAPPA, H.C. PRAKASHA, K.R. ASHOKA, M.M. VENKATESHA AND M.B. MAHENDRA KUMAR microbes, which could convert organically bound N to inorganic form. The results followed the similar findings of Laxminarayan and Patiram (2006). There was a significant increase in available phosphorus status of soil over control in all the treatments. The general increase in P status a ccording to Ponnamperuma (1972) was due to reduction of ferric phosphorus phosphate present in the soil, release of occluded phosphate and phosphate sorbed on amorphous iron and manganese oxides following soil aluminium oxides. The increase in phosphorus status of soil in enriched plots probably due to the formation of organic-zn complexes preventing Zn from reacting with soil available P. The available P content was higher in initial s of crop but declined at the later s. This may be due to uptake of P by the growing plants and/or due to refixation of solubilized P. The available potassium significantly increased in the plots which received package of practices and Zn-E compost. Increase in the available potassium status of soil was due to application of organic materials (FYM), might have ascribed to greater capacity of organic colloids to hold the nutrients at the exchange site and also reduction of potassium fixation and release of potassium to the available pool of soil. Therefore, major portion of potassium was liberated to soil solution immediately after flooding (Nagarajiah et al., 1989). The available potassium content decreased in control was probably due to the continuous depletion of K by crop uptake (Prasad et al., 1996). The exchangeable calcium and magnesium content of soil in control recorded the minimum values, when compared with other treatments (Table 3). Increase in content of exchangeable calcium and magnesium in FYM applied plots was attributed to release of calcium and magnesium during mineralization of added organic matter and also retention of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ by organic colloids. This is in agreement with the findings of Prasad (1992). Increase in exchangeable magnesium content of soil was due to addition of FYM as reported by Prasad (1992). Significant increase in available sulphur content of the soil compare to control and higher values were noticed with increase in zinc application levels. This might be due to mineralization of sulphur from organic matter and the release of sulphur from sulphur containing amino acids during decomposition of organic manures and also due to the addition of sulphur containing fertilizers (Ponnamperuma, 1972). The increase in sulphur was not in proportion of applied S, which indicates that sufficiently large part of applied S was lost from the system either through leaching or gaseous forms (Singh et al., 2001). The zinc enriched treatments were found to be better than soil application of organic manures in increasing the Zn content of soil. This was due to enrichment of organic manure with different levels of fertilizers zinc might have supplied additional Zn to crop growth (Table 4). This is in accordance with the results of Devarajan and Krishnasamy (1996). The differences in Zn status after harvest may be due to differences observed in uptake under the treatments and variation in frequency of Table 3 : Effect of zinc enriched compost on exchangeable calcium, magnesium and available sulphur status of soil at different s of rice Tillering Panicle Harvest Tillering Panicle Harvest Tillering Panicle Harvest initiation initiation initiation Treatments Calcium [ c mol (P + ) kg -1 ] Magnesium [ c mol (P + ) kg -1 ] Available S (mg kg -1 ) T 1 = NPK alone T 2 = NPK + Compost T 3 = NPK + Compost + Rec. ZnSO 4 ( POP) T 4 = NPK + ZnSO 10 kg ha T 5 = NPK + ZnSO 15 kg ha T 6 = NPK + ZnSO 25 kg ha T 7 = NPK + ZnSO 30 kg ha T 8 = NPK + Zn-E compost@ 10 kg ha T 9 = NPK + Zn-E compost@ 15 kg ha T 10 = NPK + Zn-E compost@ 25 kg ha T 11 = NPK + Zn-E compost@ 30 kg ha S.E.± C.D. (P=0.05) * Zn-E compost= Zinc enriched compost POP= Package of practices HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 192 Asian J. Soil Sci., 6 (2); (Dec., 2011)

5 EFFECT OF ZINC ENRICHED COMPOST ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES & NUTRIENTS AVAILABILITY application and crop yields (Poonam Varshney et al., 2008). Zinc is known to form relatively stable chelates with organic ligands which lead to decrease their adsorption, fixation and precipitation. Control recorded the lowest copper content and higher copper content was noticed in plots treated with NPK + Zn-E compost at 30 kg ha -1. Increase in copper content may be attributed to the dissolution of native copper present in soil or due to release of copper at the time of decomposition of organic matter. Ponnamperuma (1972) ascribed that increased copper content in the organic manure treated plots might be due to release of copper from organic materials and also chelating agents are capable of keeping copper in the available state. Application of Zn-E compost comparatively recorded the higher concentration of manganese. The increase in manganese availability in soil may be due to reduction of Mn 4+ to Mn 2+ resulting in an increase of concentration on DTPA-Zn. Singh et al. (1999) reported that increase in manganese content might be attributed to the release of Mn from FYM during its decomposition or due to dissolution of native Mn from soil. DTPA extractable iron status of soil increased significantly due to application of zinc enriched compost. This may be due to the stable water soluble complexes formed by the organic manures prevent the reaction of Fe and Mn with soil constitution (Chitdeshwari and Krishnasamy, 1997). The increase in iron availability was mainly due to the transformation of iron from ferric (Fe 3+ ) to ferrous (Fe 2+ ) state in submerged soils (Pasricha and Ponnamperuma, 1976). The concentration of DTPA extractable micronutrients (Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe) were higher at tillering and were declined at harvest of crop. This may be due to the depletion of micronutrients from soil due to crop uptake. LITERATURE CITED Anonymous (2007). Hybrid rice is future rice. Silver Jubilee Souvenier, Dharwad, 13 pp. Bhriguvanshi, S.R. (1988). Long term effect of higher dose of farmyard manure on soil properties and crop yield. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 36: Chitdeshwari, T. and Krishnasamy, R. (1997). Dynamics of zinc and zinc enriched organic manures in soils of Tamilnadu. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 45(4): Devaranaj, R. and Krishnasamy, R. (1996), Effect of enriched organic manures on rice yield. Madras Agric. J., 83(5): Gotoh, S. and Patrick Jr., W.H. (1972). Transformation on manganese in a waterlogged soil as influenced by redox potential and ph. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 36: HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 193 Asian J. Soil Sci., 6 (2); (Dec., 2011)

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