The Skeletal System. Support Systems Unit 2

Transcription

1 The Skeletal System Support Systems Unit 2

2 Vocabulary- combining forms Arthr/o joint Sacr/o Sacrum Cervic/o neck Spondyl/o vertebrae Chondr/o cartilage Stern/o Sternum Cost/o rib Ten/o, Tend/o, Tendon Crani/o skull Tendin/o Lumb/o loins, low back Thorac/o Thorax, chest Myel/o bone marrow, spinal cord Vertebr/o vertebrae Oste/o bone Pelv/i, Pelv/o pelvis Radi/o radiation, X- ray, radius

3 Vocabulary- Suffixes -al pertaining to -centesis surgical puncture -itis inflammation -clasia -clast -cyte -dynia -genesis -graphy to break, surgical fracture to break cell pain forming, producing, origin process of recording -malacia softening -osis -pathy -plasty -porosis -scopy -tomy -um abnormal condition disease surgical repair porous visual exam incision structure, thing

4 Vocabulary- Prefixes Inter- Intra- Sub- Syn- or sym- between within under, below union, together, joined

5 Vocabulary- abbreviations CT Fx Ortho / ORTHO RA C1, C2, C7 T1, T2, T12 L1, L2, L5 computed tomography (CAT scan) fracture orthopedics Rheumatoid Arthritis Cervical Vertebra 1, Cervical Vertebra 2,. Cervical vertebra 7 Thoracic Vertebra 1, Thoracic Vertebra 2, Thoracic Vertebra 12 Lumbar Vertebra 1, Lumbar Vertebra 2, Lumbar Vertebra 5

6 Vocabulary Articulation joint, where to bones come together Atlas Cervical Vertebra 1 Axis Cervical Vertebra 2 Crepitation Degeneration Dislocation Hematopoiesis Subluxation Grating sound made when bones ends rub together deteriorating displacement of bone ends at a joint production of blood cells partial dislocation (it goes back in on its own)

7 The Basic Functions of the Skeletal System Hematopoiesis The process of producing blood cells in the red bone marrow Structure/ Support Provides a rigid framework that supports the soft tissues of the body and maintains the body s shape

8 The Basic Functions of the Skeletal System Muscle Attachment and Movement Bones serve as levers to convert muscular contraction to movement Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments, tendons, and muscles Mineral Storage Bones store calcium in bone matrix

9 Axial vs. Appendicular The Axial Skeleton Contains the bones that are along the long axis of the body, or the bones of the head and trunk The Appendicular Skeleton Contains the bones of the extremities (or appendages) Includes the pectoral girdles, pelvic girdles, and the bones of the arms and legs

10 Types of Bones Long longer than wide (femur, humerus) Short about equal length and width (carpals, tarsals) Flat wide thin bones (scapula, sternum ) Irregular odd shaped (vertebrae, facial bones) Sesamoid form due to stress (patella)

11 Bones of the Skull The Cranium (surrounds the brain) Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal The Facial bones Maxillae Mandible Nasal Zygomatic

12 Frontal Bone Forms the forehead Forms the roof of the eye sockets

13 Parietal Bones Consists of two bones Forms the sides and roof of the cranial cavity

14 Temporal Bones Consists of two bones Forms the lower sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor

15 Occipital Bone The base of the cranial cavity Prominent posterior portion

16 Maxillae The upper jaw Two bones

17 Mandible Lower jaw bone

18 Nasal Makes up the bridge of the nose Two bones

19 Zygomatic Cheek bones that make an arch for muscle to run under Two bones

20 The Vertebral Column Composed of 33 bones Encloses and protects the spinal cord Supports the head

21 Bones of the Vertebral Column Cervical Vertebrae 7 bones located in the neck Thoracic Vertebrae 12 bones connected to the ribs Lumbar Vertebrae 5 bones in the lower back Sacral Vertebrae 5 pelvic bones fused Coccygeal Vertebrae 3-4 bones fused

22 Vertebral Curvatures The cervical and lumbar curves are concave posteriorly The thoracic and sacral curves are convex posteriorly

23 Bones of the Thoracic Cavity Sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process) Ribs

24 Bones of shoulder girdle responsible for holding the upper extremity onto the body. Clavicle Scapula

25 Bones of the Upper Extremities Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

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27 Bones of the Pelvis Ilium Ischium Pubis Together these three bones are fused and are called the os coxae The fused os coxae articulate with the sacrum

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29 Bones of the Lower Extremities Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

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31 Articulations Joints, where two bones meet Types of joints Freely movable Shoulder/ hip Knee / elbow / fingers Wrist / ankle Semi-movable Between os coxae and sacrum Vertebrae/ pubis symphysis Non-movable Sutures (skull / pelvis)

32 Ligaments Ligaments attach bone to bones They provide much of the support for our freely movable joints

33 Fractures Types of fractures Closed or simple fracture The bone is broken and the skin is intact Open or compound fracture The bone is broken and the skin is cut by the bone

34 Fractures Signs and symptoms Pain upon palpation (touching) Pain with movement Obvious deformity Caused by trauma Treatment: Immobilization for 6-8 weeks Compound fractures may require surgery

35 Scoliosis Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

36 Scoliosis Signs & Symptoms One hip or one shoulder higher than the other Back pain Muscle spasms Cause An imbalance of muscles A leg length discrepancy Treatment Bracing, physical therapy, shoe inserts, surgery

37 Kyphosis and Lordosis Kyphosis- abnormally enlarged thoracic curve (humpback) Lordosis- abnormally enlarged lumbar curve (swayback)

38 Osteoarthritis Arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and loss of cartilage in the joints

39 Osteoarthritis Cause: normal wear and tear on the joints May be specifically causes by: Obesity Injury to a joint that is not cared for properly Signs & Symptoms Joint soreness, aching, stiffness, and swelling Bone spurs may develop which increases pain and loss of motion Treatment includes: pain relievers, steroids, and surgical joint replacement

40 Osteoporosis Causes include genetic factors, age, nutrient and hormone levels, and lack of activity, and smoking Signs and Symptoms are loss of bone mass leading to brittle bones that break easily Treatments include drug therapy, weight-bearing exercise, and dietary supplements

41 Sprain The stretching or tearing of a ligament.

42 Sprain cont. 1 st degree The stretching of a ligament causing micro-tears in the tissue 2 nd degree A partial tear 3 rd degree A complete rupture Signs & Symptoms include pain, swelling, joint laxity, instability Treat with RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation)