SD School Anatomy Program 1: Bones QuikNotes. Student Notes

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2 QuikNotes The transverse plane runs from right to left and divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections. Student Notes The frontal plane lies vertically along the body from head to foot. This is the long axis of the body; it divides the body into anterior (ventral OR front) and posterior (dorsal OR back) parts. The sagittal plane lies vertically and divides the body into right and left sections. The term medial means towards midline or the inner side of. The term lateral means away from the midline or on the outer side of. Proximal means closer to the trunk of the body. Distal means further away from the trunk of the body. White bendable connective tissue found in such places as the end of the nose is called cartilage. The system composed of bone and cartilage designed to protect and support the human body is called the skeletal system. The axial skeleton is made up of eighty bones and forms the long axis of the body. It includes three major regions; the skull, the vertebral column and the bony thorax. The term paired, refers to a bone paired with a copy of itself. The opposite of paired, is unpaired, or a bone that doesn t have a match. The bony protective covering of the brain is called the cranium, which is part of the skull. The skull is divided into two sets of bones - the cranial bones and the facial bones.

3 QuikNotes The cranium protects the brain like a bony helmet and serves as a point of attachment for muscles in the head (the cranium contains 8 cranial bones). Student Notes The frontal bone is the cranial bone that forms the forehead and part of the eye sockets. The sphenoid bone, located at the base of the cranium, connects with all other cranial bones. There are fourteen facial bones; six of them are paired and two are unpaired. The mandible forms the lower jaw and anchors the bottom teeth. It s the strongest of all the facial bones. The vertebral column (spine) is the bony protective covering of the spinal cord. It is composed of 26 bones called vertebrae. The pads of fibrocartilage that absorb pressure and allow for maximum flexibility between vertebrae are called the intervertebral discs. A ligament is dense fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone. A tendon is dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. The coccyx is essentially the butt bone. It contains 3 fused vertebrae. The term congenital describes something that is present before birth. Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature that usually occurs in the thoracic (second) region of the spine that forms the upper-backbone. Kyphosis is an extreme thoracic curvature, creating a condition known as hunchback.

4 QuikNotes Lordosis is an extreme lumbar curvature commonly referred to as swayback. Student Notes The bony thorax (thoracic ribcage) protects the heart and the lungs. It s made up of three parts, the twelve thoracic vertebrae, the sternum and the ribs. The appendicular skeleton, composed of 126 bones helps us to move. It is made up of the upper and lower limbs, or arms and legs. The pectoral girdle, or shoulder girdle (one on each side of your body) attaches the upper limb to the trunk of the body, and also anchors muscles that move the limb. Each girdle is made up of two bones, the clavicle and the scapula. You have thirty bones in each upper limb, which includes the 27 bones of the hand. The pelvic girdle attaches the lower limbs to the trunk of the body. It s also a point of attachment for the muscles that move the lower limbs. The pelvic girdle is made up of two bones, called the os coxae. The lower limbs support the entire weight of the body and are separated into three regions, the thigh, the leg, and the foot. The only bone in the thigh is the femur, which is the largest and strongest bone in the body. The leg is made up of two bones, the tibia, and the fibula. The foot contains twenty-six bones in three different regions. The regions are the tarsals, the metatarsals, and the phalanges.

5 QuikCheck Fill in the _lank 1. The is the strongest of all the facial bones and forms the lower jaw. 2. is the disease of the spine that causes the hunchback curvature of the spine. 3. The has twenty-six bones and its regions are the tarsals, the metatarsals, and the. 4. The point of attachment for the muscles that move the lower limbs is called the. 5. The protects the brain and contains eight bones. 6. The toenails are or further from the trunk of the body than the kneecap. 7. The three bony regions of the foot are the tarsals, the, and the phalanges. 8. Bendable connective tissue that s found in the nose along with other places is called. 9. The plane divides the body into left and right sections. 10. If something is closer to the trunk of the body, it is to it. True or False 11. A ligament is connective tissue that connects bone to bone. 12. The term congenital describes something that is present after birth. 13. Scoliosis is disease that usually affects the foot. 14. The three major regions of the axial skeleton are the skull, the rib cage, and the spiny thorax. 15. The femur is the only bone in the thigh. It also represents a paired bone.

6 QuikCheck Answer Key Fill in the _lank 1. The mandible is the strongest of all the facial bones and forms the lower jaw. 2. Kyphosis is the disease of the spine that causes the hunchback curvature of the spine. 3. The foot has twenty-six bones and its regions are the tarsals, the metatarsals, and the phalanges. 4. The point of attachment for the muscles that move the lower limbs is called the pelvic girdle. 5. The cranium protects the brain and contains eight bones. 6. The toenails are distal or further from the trunk of the body that the kneecap. 7. The three bony regions of the foot are the tarsals, the metatarsals, and the phalanges. 8. Bendable connective tissue that s found in the nose along with other places is called cartilage. 9. The saggital plane divides the body into left and right sections. 10. If something is closer to the trunk of the body, it is proximal to it. True or False 11. A ligament is connective tissue that connects bone to bone. True 12. The term congenital describes something that is present after birth. False 13. Scoliosis is disease that usually affects the foot. False 14. The three major regions of the axial skeleton are the skull, the rib cage, and the spiny thorax. False 15. The femur is the only bone in the thigh. It also represents a paired bone. True