Supplementary Online Appendix

Transcription

1 Humanizing the Outgrup 1 Supplementary Online Appendix Study 1 regressin results Table 1: Study 1 Results with randm imbalance cvariate Human Empathy Intercept *** *** (0.078) (0.305) Treatment *** *** (0.107) (0.316) Sex (Male) *** (0.048) Valence * (0.294) N R Clustered standard errrs in parentheses significant at p <.10; * p <.05; ** p <.01; *** p <.001 Table 2: Study 1 Results withut randm imbalance cvariate Human Empathy Intercept *** *** (0.226) (0.271) Treatment ** *** (0.277) (0.313) Valence ** (0.102) N R Clustered standard errrs in parentheses significant at p <.10; * p <.05; ** p <.01; *** p <.001

2 Humanizing the Outgrup 2 Table 3: Study 1: N significant interactin between the treatment and individual plitical idelgy. Human Intercept *** (0.692) Treatment (0.802) Sex (Male) (0.272) Pl. Idel (0.199) Valence ** (0.102) Treatment*Pl. Idel (0.223) N 99 R Clustered standard errrs in parentheses significant at p <.10; * p <.05; ** p <.01; *** p <.001 Readers might interpret recent research by Gubler (2014) and Glasfrd, Pratt, and Dvidi (2008) t suggest that we shuld expect individuals with strng initial unfavrable attitudes twards the utgrup (in this case PCIs) t experience dissnance in respnse t the humanizing treatment, which might erase the humanizing respnse. Hwever, this research suggests that dissnance emerges after the humanizing prcess (i.e. as a result f the humanizing prcess) and that it erases the psitive attitudinal and behaviral shift we might expect afterwards. Thus, it is nt t surprising that we find n interactin between treatment text and plitical idelgy (a prxy fr unfavrable attitudes twards the utgrup).

3 Humanizing the Outgrup 3 Evidence fr the representative nature f the sample in Study 2 Althugh data n just the year ld Jewish-Israeli ppulatin is nt readily available, ur participants in Study 2 clsely resemble the general Jewish-Israeli ppulatin within Israel s pre-1967 brders. Data frm the Israel Central Bureau f Statistics fr 2009 suggests that rughly 45% f Jewish-Israelis identify as secular, 20% as rthdx r religius, and 35% as traditinal. 51.9% f ur participants identify as secular, 24.2% as rthdx r religius, and 23.6% as traditinal. Our survey cntains rughly equal numbers f males and females. Mrever, educatin levels fr participants are similar t thse in the general ppulatin. Additinally, ur sample includes subjects frm every district within Israel s pre-1967 brders, representing the gegraphic diversity f Israel. Questin wrding fr demgraphic questins and additinal pre-manipulatin cvariates in bth Study 1 and 2 Mst f the questin wrdings fr demgraphic and pre-manipulatin questins in Study 1 and Study 2 are lcated in the text (see page 3). Here is the wrding fr thse questins nt detailed in the text. Fr additinal details (and fr the wrding f these questins in Hebrew), please see the survey instruments included in the replicatin materials. Questins used in bth Study 1 and 2 (and nt detailed in the text): T measure plitical idelgy: Using the fllwing scale, please identify yur plitical idelgical rientatin: (1 = very far left; 7 = very far right) T measure religius identificatin: When individuals within Israel register t participate in surveys with the Midgam Prject, they are required (if they self-identify as Jewish) t place themselves within ne f the fur recgnized categries f Jewish Identity in Israel (mving in rder frm religius nt religius): Orthdx, Religius, Traditinal, Secular. We use this infrmatin prvided by the Midgam. T measure sci-ecnmic status: Please indicate yur sci-ecnmic status: 1) Well Belw Average, 2) Belw Average, 3) Average, 4) Abve Average, 5) Well Abve Average. Thus, urs is a measure f perceived sciecnmic status.

4 Humanizing the Outgrup 4 T measure educatin levels: Please indicate the highest educatin level yu have cmpleted: 1) Primary/Elementary, 2) High Schl, 3) Pst-Secndary (technical cllege, etc.), 4) University. Questins just in Study 2 (and nt detailed in the text): T measure pre-manipulatin levels f anger, fear, and empathy, stage 1 asked subjects the fllwing questin: Please rate hw much yu agree with the fllwing statements n a scale frm 1 7 (7 = Strngly agree, 1 = Strngly Disagree) and then presented subjects with the fllwing statements (in Hebrew): I feel hatred twards Arab-Israelis, I feel fear twards Arab-Israelis, and I feel empathy fr Arab-Israelis. T measure the degree t which participants had negative experiences with the utgrup prir t the experiment, we asked the fllwing questin: Please indicate whether each f the fllwing statements is true r false fr yu: a) I have persnally experienced many threats r insults frm Arabs, b) I have persnally experienced physical harm frm Arabs, c) A clse friend r family member has experienced threats r insults frm Arabs, d) A clse friend r family member has experienced physical harm frm Arabs, e) I have lst a clse friend r family member t death frm vilence by Arabs. We cmbined subject s respnses int a single index, which has nice psychmetric prperties (α = 0.764).

5 Humanizing the Outgrup 5 Study 2 regressin results Table 4: Study 2 Results with randm imbalance cvariate Human Empathy Intercept *** 0.82 (0.318) (0.167) Treatment *** (0.081) (0.124) Neg. Exp (0.118) (0.155) ses (0.032) (0.044) Pl. Idel ** (0.037) (0.052) Religius* (0.191) (0.193) Secular* ** (0.186) (0.008) Traditinal* ** (0.185) (0.189) (pre-manip) Hate * * (0.029) (0.045) (pre-manip) Fear (0.027) (0.038) (pre-manip) Empathy *** (0.029) (0.038) (pre-manip) Hum. levels *** * (0.032) (0.042) Valence *** (0.048) N R Clustered standard errrs in parentheses significant at p <.10; * p <.05; ** p <.01; *** p <.001 *Orthdx is the base categry Table 5: Study 2 Results withut randm imbalance cvariates Human Empathy Intercept *** *** (0.078) (0.075) Treatment *** *** (0.107) (0.110) Valence *** (0.048) N R Clustered standard errrs in parentheses significant at p <.10; * p <.05; ** p <.01; *** p <.001

6 Humanizing the Outgrup 6 Table 6: Study 2: N significant interactin between the treatment and individual plitical idelgy. Human Intercept *** (0.326) Treatment (0.210) Neg. Exp (0.120) ses (0.032) Pl. Idel (0.050) Religius* (0.191) Secular* (0.190) Traditinal* (0.187) (pre-manip) Hate * (0.028) (pre-manip) Fear (0.027) (pre-manip) Empathy (0.029) (pre-manip) Hum. levels *** (.032) Valence *** (0.048) Treatment*Pl. Idel (0.056) N 628 R Clustered standard errrs in parentheses significant at p <.10; * p <.05; ** p <.01; *** p <.001 *Orthdx is the base categry

7 Humanizing the Outgrup 7 English translatins f the Treatment and Cntrl texts Althugh bth the treatment and cntrl texts were written by us s as t maximize internal validity, they draw ideas and expressins frm p-ed articles that actually ran n Hlcaust Memrial day in Israel during this time. The cntrl text represents the view cmmnly expressed by Palestinians in cnflict-reslutin structured encunters when the subject f the Hlcaust is discussed see Halabi (2004) fr examples. It represents the view cmmnly heard by Jewish-Israelis n this tpic. Treatment Text (Empathy) This editrial appeared in Yedith Ahrnth rughly tw weeks ag: As an Arab-Israeli, I sat with mixed emtins in frnt f the TV screen this last Hlcaust Memrial Day. As cuntless hrrrs and tales f suffering paraded befre my eyes, the fllwing realizatin washed ver me: as Arabs living in Israel, we have nt understd the Hlcaust. Simply put: The Hlcaust is ne f the darkest tragedies in the histry f mankind. The amunt f suffering it caused fr Jews is incalculable. T understand the Hlcaust is t understand why the Jews feel they need a Jewish State. T dismiss r marginalize the suffering this tragedy caused, and cntinues t cause, in the lives f ur Jewish neighbrs is nt nly a plitical mistake, but a grave mral injustice. I knw a little abut suffering: I lst my nly sn t vilence in the year There is nt a day that I d nt grieve his absence r wnder what he might be ding nw if he were still alive. Hwever, we d nt delegitimize ur wn suffering when we recgnize theirs. Pain is pain; lss is lss. We shuld attempt t understand, if pssible, hw the lss caused by the Hlcaust affects their lives. Muhammad al-nasr Cntrl Text (N Empathy) This editrial appeared in Yedith Ahrnth rughly tw weeks ag: As an Arab-Israeli, I sat emtinless in frnt f the TV screen this last Hlcaust Memrial Day. As tales f suffering paraded befre my eyes, the fllwing realizatin washed ver me: Jews living in Israel have allwed their grief ver the Hlcaust t blind them t the suffering f thers. The Hlcaust happened. Like ther minrity

8 Humanizing the Outgrup 8 grups, the Jews suffered. Hwever, an understanding f the Hlcaust shuld lead ne t reslve t relieve and prevent suffering f minrity grups wherever and whever they are. As such, t dismiss r marginalize the suffering their actins cause their Arab neighbrs is nt nly a plitical mistake, but a grave mral injustice. We suffer t! I lst my nly sn t vilence in the year There is nt a day that I d nt grieve his absence r wnder what he might be ding nw if he were still alive. Their suffering is n mre legitimate than urs. I can t feel srry fr a peple that cannt see past its wn suffering t understand the lss and suffering f thers. Muhammad al-nasr Additinal infrmatin t meet recmmended reprting standards fr JEPS **See JEPS 1(1): fr a detailed descriptin f these standards **Nte: As mst f the requested infrmatin by these reprting standards is lcated in the text f the article itself, here we ften just prvide page references t the article. A. Hyptheses These experiments were designed t explre the fllwing questin: Given that standard appraches t humanizing an utgrup ften fail where they are mst needed (in cntexts f prtracted intergrup cnflict), what apprach will wrk in these cntexts? The specific hypthesis we test is described in the secnd paragraph n page 3 f the article. B. Subjects and Cntext In bth studies, the subject pl was Jewish-Israeli individuals registered with the Midgam Prject, aged 18 and lder, and living within Israel s pre-1967 brders at the time f the experiments (May-June 2010). Fr further details regarding why we chse this particular grup (and the ptential implicatins f limiting the age f participants, as well as limiting participants t Jewish-Israelis living within Israel s pre-1967 brders), see page 4 fr Study 1, and the last full paragraph n page 9 fr Study 2. We desired t have as nearly a representative sample f Jewish- Israelis as pssible in Study 2. As such, the Midgam Prject (the survey research firm that

9 Humanizing the Outgrup 9 recruited participants and administered the survey experiments) used data based n the Israeli Census t emply stratified randm sampling fr participants in ur study frm amng its 30,000 + pl f participants registered t take surveys. As infrmatin n page 3 f this appendix indicates, the resulting sample fr Study 2 was largely representative f the Jewish-Israeli prtin f the Israeli ppulatin at the time. As we describe n pages 4 and 9 in the article, all participants in bth studies were recruited using the Midgam Prject, an nline survey research firm wrking in Israel with similar gals and prcedures t Knwledge Netwrks in the United States. N aspects f the recruitment prcess changed after recruitment began. Thse participants selected fr participatin in bth Study 1 and Study 2 by the Midgam Prject were sent an asking their participatin, and ffering cmpensatin fr participatin. The Midgam Prject sent mre s than we desired participants, and allwed participants t take the experiment until the desired number f ttal participants was reached, at which pint recruitment fr the experiment was clsed. All participants were cmpensated upn cmpletin f the survey experiment. Thse wh participated in Study 1 were ineligible t participate in Study 2. Study 1 was cnducted in May Study 2 was cnducted in June C. Allcatin Methd After identifying the key strata f interest fr ur sample (sex, SES, plitical idelgy, and religius identificatin), the Midgam Prject randmly generated invitatins t participate in bth studies in prprtin t the size f the strata. We did nt emply quta sampling, which explains why ur sample des nt lk exactly like the census, albeit quite clse thereunt (see page 3 f the nline appendix fr details). This randm assignment was dne using a randm number generatr built int the Midgam Prject itself. Fr further details regarding the Midgam Prject, and the quality f the experimental research it has facilitated t this pint, see: and Randmizatin tk place at the individual level, as did the analysis f the data.

10 Humanizing the Outgrup 10 Table 7: Baseline means and standard deviatins (in parentheses) fr available demgraphics and ther pretreatment measures (by experimental grup) **Nte: Cding fr these variables can be fund in the text, with additinal details fr Study 2 fund n page 3 f this nline appendix. Study 1 Study 2 Treatment Cntrl Treatment Cntrl Sex (1 = Male) 0.32 (0.47) 0.56 (0.50) 0.48 (0.50) 0.50 (0.50) Plitical Idelgy (7 = very far right) 3.5 (1.40) 3.26 (1.23) 3.49 (1.30) 3.09 (1.18) Religius Identity 2.78 (0.84) 2.74 (0.92) 2.97 (0.52) 2.87 (1.04) Sci-ecnmic stat (1.16) 1.19 (1.00) 1.62 (1.13) 1.42 (1.10) Educatin 2.81 (0.94) 2.84 (0.95) 2.96 (0.93) 2.84 (0.96) (pre-manip) Fear NA NA 3.77 (1.67) 4.08 (1.67) (pre-manip) Hatred NA NA 3.41 (1.76) 3.91 (1.75) (pre-manip) Empathy NA NA 3.49 (1.49) 3.17 (1.45) (pre-manip) Hum. Levels NA NA 4.82 (1.27) 4.59 (1.27) Negative utgrup exp. NA NA 0.25 (0.30) 0.31 (0.32) Age (2.89) (3.42) (2.52) (3.39) As Table 7 indicates (and we discuss in the text at the start f each study), we find a handful f randmizatin imbalances in Study 2. We present ur results with and withut including the unbalanced cvariates in ur mdels as cntrl variables (see the first few pages f the nline appendix fr these results). The results are d nt differ significantly acrss mdels. As the experimental manipulatins were randmly assigned by cmputer algrithm, bth the D. Treatments participants and researchers were blind t the cnditin assigned t each participant at the time f the survey experiments. We prvide an verview f the treatment and cntrl manipulatins n page 5 f the text. An English translatin f the treatment and cntrl texts can be fund n page 6 f this nline appendix.

11 Humanizing the Outgrup 11 We prvide the entire survey experiment instruments (in bth English and Hebrew, and fr bth Study 1 and Study 2) as part f ur nline replicatin materials s readers can see the lcatin f the experimental interventin in each study. The interventin in bth studies was administered nline, using the survey experiment platfrm develped by the Midgam Prject. Fr details n the Midgam Prject and the sftware it uses, see: and E. Results Questin wrdings fr the primary and secndary measures and cvariates in bth Study 1 and Study 2 are included in the text (see pages 5-6) and (if nt in the text) n pages 3-4 f the nline appendix. Questin wrding fr all questins can als be fund in the full text f the survey instruments themselves, which are included (in bth English and Hebrew) in the nline replicatin materials. We d nt cnduct any subgrup analyses in this paper. Prir t the experiment, we hypthesized that ur treatment wuld indeed increase utgrup humanizatin. We als hypthesized that empathy wuld play a mediating rle in this prcess (hence the inclusin f empathy between the treatment and DV). We prvide the infrmatin available in a CONSORT participant flw diagram in a shrt sectin at the start f each f the survey experiment instruments (Study 1 and Study 2) prvided in the nline replicatin materials. Hwever, fr ease f visualizatin, we prvide a cnsrt diagram here fr each study.

12 Humanizing the Outgrup 12 Study 1: CONSORT Flw Diagram Enrllment Assessed fr eligibility (n=125) Excluded (n=0) Randmized (n=125) Allcated t treatment (n=75) Received allcated interventin (n=75) Did nt receive allcated interventin (n=0) Allcatin Allcated t cntrl (n=50) Received allcated interventin (n=50) Did nt receive allcated interventin (n=0) Lst t fllw-up (n=0) Discntinued interventin (n=0) Fllw- Up Lst t fllw-up (n=0) Discntinued interventin (n=0) Analysed (n=64) Excluded frm analysis (n=11) fr ne f tw reasns: 1) Did nt cmplete the manipulatin check 2) Tk less than 500 secnds t cmplete the entire study Analysis Analysed (n=39) Excluded frm analysis (n=11) fr ne f tw reasns: 1) Did nt cmplete the manipulatin check 2) Tk less than 500 secnds t cmplete the entire study

13 Humanizing the Outgrup 13 Study 2: CONSORT Flw Diagram Enrllment Assessed fr eligibility (n=707) Excluded (n=0) Randmized (n=707) Allcated t treatment (n=359) Received allcated interventin (n=359) Did nt receive allcated interventin (n=0) Allcatin Allcated t cntrl (n=348) Received allcated interventin (n=348) Did nt receive allcated interventin (n=0) Lst t fllw-up (n=0) Discntinued interventin (n=0) Fllw- Up Lst t fllw-up (n=0) Discntinued interventin (n=0) Analysed (n=343) Excluded frm analysis (n=16) fr ne f tw reasns: 1) Tk less than 200 secnds t cmplete the entire study. Analysis Analysed (n=327) Excluded frm analysis (n=25) fr ne f tw reasns: 1) Tk less than 200 secnds t cmplete the entire study

14 Humanizing the Outgrup 14 We reprt effects fr bth studies (as well as mediatin analysis results), with and withut randm imbalance cntrls. Fr Study 1 results, see pages 6-9 in the text, as well as pages 1-2 in this nline appendix. Fr Study 2 results, see pages in the text, as well as pages 5-6 in this nline appendix. The level f analysis in ur studies (the individual level) des nt differ frm the level f randmizatin, and we d nt emply any weighting prcedures in ur data analysis. We did nt have any attritin during the curse f the experiment. F. Other Infrmatin These studies were apprved by the Institutinal Review Bard at the University f Michigan, apprval number: HUM We did nt pre-register these experiments. The experiments were funded by the Plitical Science Department and Rackham Graduate Schl at the University f Michigan, the US/ED Fulbright Fundatin (grant number P022A090001), and the Natinal Science Fundatin (grant number ). There were n restrictins n the findings we culd r culd nt publish frm this research. Replicatin materials fr this research can be n Jshua Gubler s website ( r fund at: