Announcements. Returning to Lecture

Transcription

1 Announcements Check Attendance/Grade Query Tool on class website (psy150a1.org) for: Attendance tracking Syllabus Quiz Chapter 2 Aplia Homework due NEXT Monday (Feb 10) Aplia Grace Period expires tomorrow night Exam #1 NEXT Wednesday (Feb 12) Review session Monday Feb 10, 5:30 pm, here Returning to Lecture A. Experimental Method (last lecture) B. Observational method (correlational) C. Survey method (correlational) D. Test method A. Experimental Method (last lecture) B. Observational method (correlational) C. Survey method (correlational) D. Test method A. Experimental Method (last lecture) B. Observational method (correlational) C. Survey method (correlational) D. Test method A. Experimental Method (last lecture) B. Observational method C. Survey method D. Test method 1

2 E. Case histories 1.retrospectively 2.longitudinally/prospectively E. Case histories 1.retrospectively 2.longitudinally/prospectively F.Behavioral genetic approaches 1.Family studies 2.Twin studies 3.Adoption studies Family studies of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia in relatives Chance of having Schizophrenia 2 Schiz Parents 30% 1 Schiz Parent 10% 1 Schiz Sibling 10% No Schiz Relatives 1% Twin studies of Schizophrenia Twin type Chance of having Schizophrenia Monozygotic 48% Dizygotic 10% Adoption studies of Schizophrenia Adoptees with Chance of having Schizophrenia 1 bio Schiz parent 10% 0 bio Schiz parent 1% 2

3 What does it mean for something to be Genetic? SERT Gene and Depression Relationship depends on Stress Merely that genes exert some influence In most cases: Not determined with certainty Rather, increased probability From Caspi et al., Science, 2003 II. Measurement in Psychology A. Experimental design 1. IV, DV 2. Experimental group vs control group 3. Control over extraneous confounds 4. Revisiting the Placebo effect Eliza the machine therapist and other methods may be helpful for placebo reasons. II. Measurement in Psychology B. Inferential statistics 1. Mean (average) 2. Median (50 th percentile) 3. Mode (most) Figure 1.9 A Skewed Distribution Myers: Psychology, Ninth Edition Copyright 2010 by Worth Publishers 3

4 II. Measurement in Psychology B. Inferential statistics 1. Mean 2. Median 3. Mode 4. Variance/Standard Deviation a)the Normal Distribution b)skew IQ: II. Measurement in Psychology B. Inferential statistics 1. Mean 2. Median 3. Mode 4. Variance/Standard Deviation a)the Normal Distribution b)skew 5. Statistically significant differences See: Statistical Significance Sample mean difference large compared to standard deviation Statistical significance vs Practical Significance Large samples Difference unlikely to be due to chance (typically 5%) Measurement in Psychology C. Correlation 1. Correlated = related 2. Coefficient of correlation (r) a) Positive b) Negative c) None 3. Correlation does not imply causality 4

5 Measurement in Psychology C. Correlation 1. Correlated = related 2. Coefficient of correlation (r) a) Positive b) Negative c) None 3. Correlation does not imply causality 5

6 Measurement in Psychology C. Correlation 1. Correlated = related 2. Coefficient of correlation (r) a) Positive b) Negative c) None 3. Correlation does not imply causality Causality Reverse Causality Third Variable As reported by Reuters (1/28/05): Cause or Correlation: WASHINGTON - People who literally cannot sit still may have inborn behavior that keeps them slim even if they overeat a little, researchers said Thursday. Tests on slim and overweight people who all described themselves as "couch potatoes" showed the main difference between the two groups was how long they spent sitting still. "Our study shows that the calories that people burn in their everyday activities are far, far more important in obesity than we previously imagined," said Dr. James Levine of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., who helped lead the study. Graph from Levine et al, Science, 2005 Correlation or Causal?! 6

7 Research method Strengths Weaknesses Descriptive methods Case study Can explore new and unusual phenomena; Limited generalization can falsify a hypothesis Naturalistic observation Provides insight into natural, real-world behaviors Participants act differently when watched; ethical issues Biological Bases of Psychology Survey Provides large amounts of data quickly and Requires large representative sample; people Correlations inexpensively Allow us to predict behavior; stimulate development of hypotheses; address some wish to appear socially appropriate and may lie Cannot be used to discuss causality Behavior and experience are embodied phenomena difficult ethical situations Experiments Control of situations and strong hypothesis Artificiality, ethical concerns, timeconsuming The mind depends on the brain testing; allow for judgments of causality The mind influences the brain Summary 2.1, Cacioppo & Freberg Roadmap. Neural Communication Neurons How Neurons Communicate How Neurotransmitters Influence Us The Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System The Central Nervous System I. The common household neuron A.Anatomy of a neuron 1. Cell body (soma) 2. Dendrites 3. Axon 4. Terminal buttons 5. Myelin sheath on many neurons to speed conduction I. The common household neuron A.Anatomy of a neuron 1. Cell body (soma) 2. Dendrites 3. Axon 4. Terminal buttons 5. Myelin sheath on many neurons to speed conduction 7

8 Figure 2.2 A motor neuron Myers: Psychology, Ninth Edition Copyright 2010 by Worth Publishers I. The common household neuron B. Three types 1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Interneuron C. Nerve = a bundle of axons from hundreds or thousands of neurons II. Axonal conduction; an electrochemical process A.Resting potential B.Depolarization and threshold C.Action potential D.Propagation E. Refractory period 8

9 Action Potential A neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon s membrane. II. Axonal conduction; an electrochemical process A.Resting potential B.Depolarization and threshold C.Action potential D.Propagation E. Refractory period Figure 2.3 Action potential Myers: Psychology, Ninth Edition Copyright 2010 by Worth Publishers Action Potential Properties All or None Response: When the depolarizing current exceeds the threshold, a neuron will fire. If the depolarizing current fails to exceed the threshold, a neuron will not fire. Intensity of an action potential remains the same throughout the length of the axon. 9