Vocab Term Definition of Term Example

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1 Chapter and Topic of this Review Guide: Chapter 12 - Motivation. Vocab Term Definition of Term Example Motivation Need Drive Response Goal Incentive Value Internal processes that initiate, sustain, and direct activities. An internal deficiency that may energize The psychological expression of internal needs or valued goals. Any action, glandular activity, or other identifiable The target or objective of motivated The value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need. When you are hungry, you eat an apple. A depletion of key substances. Hunger, Thirst. Going to get food when you re hungry. Achieving good grades after hard work. Primary Motives Innate motives based on biological needs. Hunger, thirst, air, sleep, body temperature control. Stimulus Motives Secondary Motives Innate needs for stimulation and information. Motives based on learned needs, drives, and goals. Activity, exploration, curiosity, physical contact. Power, affiliation, approval, status, security, and achievement. Homeostasis A steady state of equilibrium. Optimal levels for body temperature. Hypothalamus Lateral Hypothalamus A small area at the base of the brain that regulates many aspects of motivation and emotion, especially hunger, thirst, and sexual Part of the hypothalamus that initiates eating. If you re hungry your hypothalamus will cue that you need to eat. If probed a person will automatically start eating, if broken the person will never eat again. Ventromedial hypothalamus The bottom-middle of the hypothalamus. If broken it can cause dramatic overeating. Paraventricular nucleus Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) Set Point Leptin Behavioral Dieting Helps keep blood sugar levels steady by both starting and stopping eating. A chemical that causes eating to cease. The proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating. Substance released by fat cells that are carried to the brain where it tells us to eat less. Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits, rather than temporary self-starvation. After eating a meal GLP-1 is released to the brain and that registers as being full. A Thermostat for fat levels. The weight you maintain when not trying to lose or gain weight. Feeling and/or being bloated. Exercise, counting calories, avoiding snacks, charting your daily progress.

2 Taste Aversion An active dislike for a particular food. If you get nauseous after eating a hamburger at a restaurant you may dislike all hamburgers and that particular restaurant. Bait Shyness Anorexia Nervosa An unwillingness or hesitation on the part of animals to eat a particular food. Active self-starvation or a sustained loss of appetite that has psychological origins. Eating a tainted piece of food, then getting another tainted piece of food, soon you have a lasting distaste for the tainted food. Starvation, Below 18.5 BMI, Severe Dieting. Bulimia Nervosa Extracellular Thirst Excessive eating usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives. Thirst caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between body cells. Binge eating, Normal or above-normal weight, purging Bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, and drinking alcohol. Intracellular Thirst Thirst triggered when fluid is drawn out of cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell. Eating salty foods in excess. Episodic Drive A drive that occurs in distinct episodes. Avoiding pain at all costs. Estrus Estrogen Non-Homeostatic Drive Stimulus Drives Arousal Theory Arousal Sensation Seeking Yerkes-Dodson Law Test Anxiety Changes in the sexual drives of animals that create a desire for mating. Any of a number of female sex hormones. A drive that is relatively independent of physical deprivation cycles or bodily need states. Drives based on needs for exploration, manipulation, curiosity, and stimulation. Assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, comfortable levels of arousal. Refers to activation of the body and nervous system. A trait of people who prefer high levels of stimulation. A summary of the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance. High levels of arousal and worry that seriously impair test performance. Being In Heat. Female sex hormone released into the bloodstream. The human sex drive. Helps us identify sources of food, danger, shelter, and other key details. People like to be more relaxed than hyped up. Arousal is zero at death. Low during sleep. High during excitement. Sky-diving, Daring moves. Excessive arousal for a basketball game would be detrimental to the outcome. Freaking out over a test then doing badly on it because of it.

3 Heightened Physiological Arousal Circadian Rhythms Opponent-Process Theory Social Motives Need For Achievement Need For Power Hierarchy of Human Needs Basic Needs Growth Needs Meta-Needs Nervousness, sweating, pounding heart. Cyclical changes in bodily functions and arousal levels that vary on a schedule approximating a 24-hour day. States that strong emotions tend to be followed by an opposite emotional state; also the strength of both emotional states changes over time. Learned motives acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture. The desire to excel or meet some internalized standard of excellence. The desire to have social impact and control over others. Abraham Maslow s ordering of needs, based on their presumed strength or potency. The first four levels of needs in Maslow s Hierarchy; lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs. In Maslow s hierarchy, the higher-level needs associated with self-actualization. In Maslow s hierarchy, needs associated with impulses for self-actualization. Feelings before going to a doctors appointment. Internal Biological clocks. Jet lag. Shift work. If you are in pain, and the pain ends, you get a sense of relief. Success, achievement, competition, money, possessions, status, love, approval, grades. Getting good grades. People whose main goal is to make money, buy expensive possessions, and exploit relationships. Self-actualization Self Esteem Love and Belonging Safety and Security Air, food, water, sleep, sex, etc. Self Esteem Love and belonging Safety and Security Air, Food, Water, Sleep, Sex, etc. Self-Actualization. Wholeness, Perfection, Completion, Justice, Richness, Simplicity, Aliveness, Beauty, Goodness, Uniqueness, Playfulness, Truth, Autonomy, Meaningfulness. Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation Motivation that comes from within, rather than from external rewards, motivation based on personal enjoyment of a task or activity. Motivation based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors. We do an activity because it makes us feel good. Pay, good grades, rewards, obligations, and approval.

4 Name of Important Study Basic of What Was Done Lesson(s) learned from the study Stomach Contractions A.L. Washburn trained himself to swallow a balloon which could be inflated through an attached tube. This allowed Walter Cannon to record Washburn s stomach movements. When Washburn s stomach contracted he reported that he felt Hunger Pangs. Hunger is nothing more than the contractions of an empty stomach. Bait Shyness Study nach Test Key to Success Coyotes were given lamb tainted with lithium chloride. Coyotes who took the bait became nauseous and vomited. Comparing people s occupations with scores on an achievement test. Benjamin Bloom did a study of America s top concert pianists, Olympic swimmers, sculptors, etc. After one or two treatments, the coyotes developed bait shyness- a lasting distaste for the tainted food. Those who scored high in nach tended to have more high risk jobs and had more responsibility. Drive and determination, not great natural talent, led to exceptional success.

5 Name of Important Person A.L. Washburn What this person is known for His experiment with Walter Cannon in which he swallowed a balloon to record his stomach contractions. Impact on Psychology Proved the hunger is nothing more than contractions of an empty stomach. Marvin Zuckerman Created the Sensation-Seeking Scale Created a test to show whether people are Thrill and adventure seeking, Experience seeking, Disinhibiton, and boredom susceptibility. Robert M. Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson. The Yerkes-Dodson Law. Created the inverted U function that allows people to note their arousal. Richard L. Solomon The Opponent-Process Theory. Determined that if a stimulus causes a strong emotion, an opposite emotion tends to occur when the stimulus ends. David McClelland Benjamin Bloom Abraham Maslow nach Test and his scoring of occupations V.S. achievement. Did a study on top concert pianists, Olympic swimmers, sculptors, tennis players, etc. Making the Hierarchy of Human Needs. Compared people s occupations with scores on an achievement test and found that those who scored high in nach tended to have jobs that involved risk and responsibility. Found that drive and determination, not great natural talent, led to exceptional success. Provided the basic needs, growth needs, and meta-needs for Humans.