Name: Period: Reading Guide Chapter 11: Motivation & Work

Transcription

1 Name: Period: Reading Guide Chapter 11: Motivation & Work 1 Motivation & Work (pp ) Before reading SURVEY pp Look at the pictures, tables, cartoons, read any quotations and anything else in the margins. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp : From what perspectives do psychologists view motivated behavior? READ Motivation & Work and Motivational Concepts (pp ) 1. Who is Aron Ralston? Why does he understand the extent to which motivation can energize and direct behavior? 2. Define: instinct 3. Why does instinct theory fail to explain human motives? 4. Explain drive-reduction theory. 5. What is homeostasis? 6. Describe incentive theory. 7. How does arousal theory explain human motivation? 8. What theory is Abraham Maslow most associated with?

2 2 9. List 1 criticism of Maslow s hierarchy of needs theory. Time to Review! 10. Homeostasis is a. the name given to the hormones that excite the organism during sexual arousal. b. an organism s tendency to maintain a constant level in the internal environment. c. a hormone associated with emotional arousal. d. a part of the hypothalamus. e. where the heart is. 11. Physiological deprivation is referred to as, while the psychological condition created by this deprivation is called. a. Lacuna; want b. drive; need c. need; drive d. hunger; arousal 12. An instinct is a. a behavior an animal chooses to do to meets its survival needs. b. an inherited unlearned, preprogrammed complex behavior that occurs throughout a species. c. any behavior that occurs due to a biological need. d. the drive to reduce tension inside an organism, such as eating when you are hungry. 13. According to Abraham Maslow, our need for must be met before we are prompted to satisfy our need for. a. adequate shelter; self-esteem b. love; food c. religious fulfillment; adequate shelter d. self-actualization; friendship 14. Positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior are called a. needs. b. incentives. c. set points. d. drives. e. instincts. 15. Shawn loves to snow-board. He enjoys performing aerial tricks after launching off high jumps. The higher in the air he goes and the farther he travels, the better. Which theory best explains Shawn s motivation to snowboard? a. Instinct b. Drive-reduction c. Optimum arousal d. Hierarchy of needs

3 3 REHEARSE: STOP! Look at this question again. Recite your answer aloud. Check yourself by going back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you can answer these questions. #1: From what perspectives do psychologists view motivated behavior? Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don t recognize. Go back to your reading guide or the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them. Motivation Instinct theory Evolutionary psychology Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Incentive theory Optimum arousal Abraham Maslow s hierarchy of needs (know order) A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp : What physiological factors produce hunger? READ Hunger and The Physiology of Hunger (pp ) 1. Describe the research done by physiologist Ancel Keys. What did he find? 2. How do we know that hunger will persist without stomach pangs? 3. Explain how glucose, the hormone insulin, and the hypothalamus are involved in triggering hunger. 4. What two distinct hypothalamic centers influence eating. Describe what function each serves in this process. 5. Explain how orexin, ghrelin, obestatin, and leptin involved in the experience of hunger. 6. How is a set point involved in maintaining a particular body weight?

4 4 7. What is the basal metabolic rate? 8. Explain why some researchers have abandoned the term set point for settling point. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp : What psychological and cultural factors influence hunger? READ The Psychology of Hunger (pp ) 1. Describe 2 examples presented in the text that demonstrate the impact of culture on our taste preferences. 2. How does unit bias impact our eating habits? A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp : How do anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and bingeeating disorder demonstrate the influence of psychological forces on physiologically motivated behaviors? READ Eating Disorders (pp ) 1. Describe the characteristics of each of the following eating disorders: a. Anorexia nervosa: b. Bulimia nervosa: c. Binge-eating disorder:

5 5 2. Describe 1 research finding that supports the idea that family environment plays a role in the development of eating disorders. 3. Explain why researchers believe genetics also plays a role in the development of eating disorders. 4. Describe 1 example that demonstrates how cultural or factors impact the development of eating disorders. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp : What factors predispose some people to become and remain obese? READ Obesity and Weight Control (pp ) 1. How is fat a good thing for our bodies? 2. List one research finding that demonstrates the growing problem of obesity in our culture. 3. Explain why obesity is socially toxic? Use specific examples mentioned in your text. 4. What determines the number of fat cells we have? 5. Explain why, metabolically, many obese people find it so difficult to become and stay thin? 6. (Close Up) State several pieces of advice for those who want to lose weight.

6 6 REHEARSE: STOP! Look at these questions again. Recite your answers aloud. Check yourself by going back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you can answer these questions. #1: What physiological factors produce hunger? #2: What psychological and cultural factors influence hunger? #3: How do anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder demonstrate the influence of psychological forces on physiologically motivated behaviors? #4: What factors predispose some people to become and remain obese? Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don t recognize. Go back to your reading guide or the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them. Glucose Lateral & ventromedial hypothalamus Set point Basal metabolic rate Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Binge-eating disorder Sexual Motivation (pp ) Before reading SURVEY pp Look at the pictures, tables, cartoons, read any quotations and anything else in the margins. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp : What stages mark the human sexual response cycle? READ The Sexual Response Cycle (pp ) 1. According to Master s & Johnson, what are the 4 stages of the sexual response cycle? 2. (True or False): During the refractory period, males cannot achieve another orgasm. 3. Premature ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, and orgasmic dysfunction are all examples of. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp : Do hormones influence human sexual motivation? READ Hormones & Sexual Behavior (pp ) 1. What are the 2 effects of sex hormones on humans? 2. The female hormones are referred to as the. 3. The testes manufacture the male sex hormone.

7 7 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp : How do internal & external stimuli influence sexual motivation? READ The Psychology of Sex (pp ) 1. Men are women report (similar/different) arousal to sexually explicit materials. However, their brains reveal a difference with (men/women) exhibiting a more active amygdala when viewing erotic material. 2. Research indicates that with repeated exposure to erotic materials, the emotional response lessens, or. 3. List 2 adverse effects that occur with repeated exposure to sexually explicit material. 4. (Men/Women) experience sexual fantasies more often. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp : What factors influence teen pregnancy & risk of sexually transmitted infections? READ Adolescent Sexuality (pp ) 1. Research has demonstrated that American teens experience a higher rate of teen pregnancy than European teens. List 3 factors that appear to account for this difference. 2. of new sexually transmitted infections occurs in people under 25-years-old. 3. In the U.S., studies concerning sexually transmitted infections have led to greater emphasis on teen abstinence within some comprehensive sex-education programs. A National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health among 12,000 tens found 4 predictors of sexual restraint. List those 4 factors: A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp : What has research taught us about sexual orientation? READ Sexual Orientation (pp ) 1. Most homosexual people become aware of their same-sex attraction during or shortly after. 2. A dozen national surveys in the early 1990 s found that % of men and % of women are homosexual. 3. Sexual orientation (is/is not) an indicator of mental health.

8 8 4. Some homosexual individuals, especially during adolescence, struggle with their sexual attractions and are at risk or thinking about and attempting. 5. Women s sexual orientation seems to be more and changing than men s. In heterosexual men, a high sex drive is association with increased attraction to women. In women, a high sex drive is associated with (increased/decreased) attraction to both men and women. 6. Summarize the conclusions of the Kinsey Institute investigators concerning possible psychological causes for homosexuality. 7. In which populations do homosexuals appear to be overrepresented? 8. Describe the fraternal birth-order effect. Explain the predominant explanation for this effect. 9. Describe researcher Simon LeVay s findings. 10. Describe evidence that there is a genetic influence on sexual orientation. 11. A critical period for the human brain s neural-hormonal control system may exist between the middle of the months after conception. 12. Because the physiological evidence is preliminary and controversial, some scientists remain skeptical. Rather than specifying sexual orientation, they suggest, biological factors may a that influences sexuality in the context of individual learning and experience. 13. Regardless of the process, the consistency of the brain, genetic, and prenatal findings has swung the pendulum toward a (environmental/biological) explanation of sexual orientation. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp : Is scientific research on sexual motivation value free? READ Sex and Human Values (pp )

9 9 The Need to Belong (pp ) Before reading SURVEY pp Look at the pictures, tables, cartoons, read any quotations and anything else in the margins. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp : What evidence points to our human need to belong? READ The Need to Belong (pp ) 1. Explain how human survival has been facilitated by our kinship with others. 2. What was your most satisfying moment in the past week? Did in involve friends or family? 3. Explain how self-esteem is related to our need to belong. 4. Ostracism elicits (increased/decreased) activity in the anterior cingulated cortex, that also activates in response to. Motivation at Work (pp ) Before reading SURVEY pp Look at the pictures, tables, cartoons, read any quotations and anything else in the margins. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp : How do personnel psychologists help organizations with employee selection, work placement, and performance appraisal? READ Motivation at Work and Personnel Psychology (pp ) 1. Compare people s attitudes toward their work. What the difference between a job, a career, and a calling. 2. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi is a positive psychology who has studied the concept of flow. What is flow and how can be it applied to our work?

10 10 3. Why is experiencing flow so important to our mental well-being? 4. Describe the following psychological specialties: a. Industrial-Organizational (I/O) psychology: b. Human factors psychology: c. Personnel psychology: d. Organizational psychology: 5. Describe the interviewer illusion. 6. Explain why it is best to use aptitude tests or work samples rather than a traditional unstructured interview in making a decision about a job candidate. 7. Explain how a structured interview differs from an unstructured interview. 8. Explain why the 360-degree feedback may be an effective way to appraise job performance.

11 11 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp : What is the role of organizational psychologists? READ Organizational Psychology: Motivating Achievement (pp ) 1. How did Henry Murray define achievement motivation? Fact Check Henry Murray and investigators David McClelland & John Atkinson presumed that people s fantasies would reflect their concern for achievement. So they asked research participants to invent stories about ambiguous pictures, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). Look at the image below, what is this boy daydreaming about? If you said he was preoccupied with pursuit of a goal, that he is imaging himself doing a heroic act, or that he is feeling pride about some success, then McClelland & Atkinson would regard you as having a high need for achievement. People with low achievement motivation tend to choose either very easy or very difficult tasks, where failure is either unlikely or not embarrassing. Those with high achievement motivation prefer tasks that are moderately difficult, where success is attainable yet attributable to their success and effort. Which are you? 2. Based on research of secondary school and university students, what is a best predictor of school performance, attendance, and graduation honors? 3. What is the 10-year rule? 4. In many situations,, goals motivate achievement, especially when combined with. 5. Explain how task leadership differs from social leadership.

12 REHEARSE: STOP! Look at this question again. Recite your answer aloud. Check yourself by going back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you can answer these questions. #1: What stages mark the human sexual response cycle? #2: Do hormones influence human sexual motivation? #3: How do external & internal stimuli influence sexual motivation? #4: What factors influence teen pregnancy & risk of sexually transmitted infections? #5: Is scientific research on sexual motivation value free? #6: What evidence points to our human need to belong? #7: How do personnel psychologists help organizations with employee selection, work placement, and performance appraisal? Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don t recognize. Go back to your reading guide or the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them. Sexual response cycle: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution Refractory period Sexual disorders Estrogens Testosterone Sexually transmitted infections Sexual orientation Need to belong Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi Flow I/O psychology Human factors psychology Personnel psychology Organizational psychology Interviewer illusion Unstructured vs. structured interviews 360-degree feedback Henry Murray Achievement motivation Task vs. social leadership 12