How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? L01. Differentiate emotion and motivation, and analyze their relationship to each other.

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1 Motivation and Emotion The Feeling Mind How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional? How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L01 Differentiate emotion and motivation, and analyze their relationship to each other. L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 Yuri Arcurs/Shutterstock; koh sze kiat/shutterstock; Blend Images/Shutterstock; Chepko Danil Vitalevich/Shutterstock; Pete Saloutos/Shutterstock; forestpath/shutterstock 1

2 Motivation and Emotion are Distinct Processes Motivations Emotion Mo#va#ons are psychological processes that define our goals and guide goal- directed behavior. Emo#ons are combina#ons of physical sensa#ons in the body and subjec#ve feelings that we experience automa#cally in response to certain kinds of s#muli. (Emo#ons are also oaen accompanied by cogni#ve appraisals to be discussed toward the end of this lecture. 2

3 Motivation versus Emotion MOTIVATION What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Increase salience, promote action Determines stimuli that evoke L01 L05 L02 L03 L04 Analyze the physiological and environmental factors that influence hunger and eating. Assess the roles of evolved preferences and physiological and environmental factors in sexual motivation, considering how this motivation varies with gender and over time. L06 L07 Compare and contrast achievement and affiliation motivation in terms of predictors and implication for life outcomes. EMOTIONS 3

4 Hierarchy of Needs: Classic and Modern Perspectives Affiliation Motivation Achievement Motivation Maslow s Hierarchy Selfactualization Esteem (respect) Love (affection, belongingness) Safety Immediate physiological needs Kenrick s Hierarchy Parenting Mate retention Mate acquisition Status/esteem Affiliation Self protection Immediate physiological needs Humans depend on each other for survival as well as emotional security. oliveromg/shutterstock High-status individuals have more control over material 80 as well as 70 social resources. Percent Taking Action Control High Power Blackjack Hit Turn Off Fan Jacom Stephens/iStockphoto 4

5 Reproductive Motivation Testosterone Ovulation Kenrick s Hierarchy Parenting Mate retention Mate acquisition Status/esteem Affiliation Self protection Immediate physiological needs AVAVA/Shutterstock Tyler Olson/Shutterstock Although testosterone is usually associated with men, both men and women have this hormone, and it is an important factor in sexual interest. Among women, varia#ons in testosterone are reliably correlated with interest in and enjoyment of sexmen normally have about ten times the circulating testosterone that women do. Martin McCarthy/iStockphoto Accuracy Day 1 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28 Days of menstrual cycle 5

6 Mate Preferences Sex and Emotional Bonding Most of our Sexual Motivation is Creative and Mental not because of a Hormonal drive/set point! Men Kind/understanding Exciting personality Intelligent Physically attractive Healthy Easygoing Creative Wants children College graduate Good earning capacity Women Kind/understanding Exciting personality Intelligent Easygoing Healthy Physically Attractive Creative College graduate Good earning capacity Wants children Partner Time spent in chamber (min) Prairie Montane Species of vole Partner Neutral Stranger Stranger Cengage Learning

7 Can a memory be forgonen and then remembered? Can a 'ʹmemory'ʹ be suggested and then later remembered as true? Recovered Memory Controversy 80 s & 90 s towards bener understanding of Betrayal Trauma Reconstruction and False Memories L08 L08 L08 What Are the Advantages of Memory? What Are the Different Types of Long-Term Memory? How Is Long-Term Memory Organized? How Do We Retrieve Memories? Why Do We Forget? What Is the Biology of Memory? How Can We Improve Memory? What Are the Advantages of Memory? What Are the Different Types of Long-Term Memory? How Is Long-Term Memory Organized? How Do We Retrieve Memories? Why Do We Forget? What Is the Biology of Memory? How Can We Improve Memory? What Are the Advantages of Memory? What Are the Different Types of Long-Term Memory? How Is Long-Term Memory Organized? How Do We Retrieve Memories? Why Do We Forget? What Is the Biology of Memory? How Can We Improve Memory? 7

8 Motivated ForgeNing for our Poor Decisions to preserve positive views of the self Sometimes our goals make it inconvenient to remember certain information. Why Are We Emotional? L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 Associate aspects of emotional responding with activation of central and autonomic nervous system structures. Evaluate the roles of nature, nurture, and their interaction in explaining human communication of emotion, based on research evidence. Biology of Emotion: Amygdala Differentiate major theories of emotion in terms of the relationship between physical sensations and subjective feelings. Cengage Learning 2013 L08 What Are the Advantages of Memory? What Are the Different Types of Long-Term Memory? How Is Long-Term Memory Organized? How Do We Retrieve Memories? Why Do We Forget? What Is the Biology of Memory? How Can We Improve Memory? 8

9 Biology of Emotion: Insula Biology of Emotion: Cingulate Cortex Biology of Emotion: Autonomic Nervous System Frontal lobe Central sulcus Cingulate cortex Frontal lobe Basal ganglia Heart rate change (beat/min) Temperature change (degrees) Gyri of insula 0 0 Temporal lobe (pulled down) Argosy Publishing, Inc. Hypothalamus Amygdala Hippocampus Argosy Publishing, Inc. 2 Anger Fear Sadness Happiness Emotions Surprise Disgust -.04 Anger Fear Sadness Happiness Emotions Surprise Disgust 9

10 How are Feelings and Physical Sensations Related? James- Lange Theory Cannon- Bard Theory Borut Trdina/Photos.com Stimulus Physical responses Subjective feeling Justin Horrocks/iStockphoto; Mark Stay/iStockphoto Stimulus Physical responses Subjective feeling Justin Horrocks/iStockphoto; Mark Stay/iStockphoto 10

11 Schachter- Singer Theory Evolution and Emotional Expression Somatovisceral Afference Model Is this a young woman or an old one? Stimulus General arousal Assessment of Subjective feeling surroundings Justin Horrocks/iStockphoto; Yuri Arcurs/Shutterstock; Mark Stay/iStockphoto Happiness Surprise Sadness Fear Disgust Anger Non-Western Western Ian Paterson/Alamy 11

12 Expressing Emotions These photos were used in early studies of emotion expression recognition by Paul Ekman. Paul Ekman, Ph.D./Paul Ekman Group, LLC Micro Emotions Recognizing Feelings and Faces with Paul Ekman. (May 22, 2003). Fresh Air. NPR. (23:52) Facial Expressions Test by Meredith Levinson. CIO. When people deliberately try to conceal (or unconsciously repress) their emotions, a very brief, involuntary facial expression may occur. These micro expressions only last 1/15 to 1/25 of a second, but may offer a clue as to how another person is really feeling or even if he or she may be lying. Paul Ekman, a psychologist, has conducted over 40 years of research on micro expressions and deception and has developed a method, The Micro Expression Training Tool (METT), which is designed to help you recognize and identify these flashes of emotion. Play the NPR podcast with Paul Elman. When finished, test your ability to recognize micro emotions by taking the Facial Expressions Test. This tool is similar to Ekman s METT. Pressing a number will display a face. A micro expression will quickly flash across the face. You should then be able to say which of the seven emotions (sadness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust, contempt, or happiness) you saw. If correct, the box in the upper right hand corner will read right. If not, the box will read wrong. Keep track of your scores in a notebook and be ready to discuss and answer the questions below. Reflections Answer following questions in one to two sentences each: How challenging was this task for you? Which emotions did you find easiest to identify? Most difficult? What do you think a micro emotion might be able to tell you? What are its limitations? Would you make an accusation based on a micro emotion? Why or why not? 11 Facial expressions in a Social and Cultural context However, Despite the apparent Universality of basic Facial expressions there are important social and Cultural influences on how well people recognize them. 1. Familiarity 2. Can mean different things at different times 3. Cultures differ in the agention they pay to context 4. People use expressions to lie about their feelings 12

13 Culture and emotion Culture determines what people feel angry, sad, lonely, happy, ashamed or disgusted about. Some cultures have words for specific emotions unknown to other culture. e.g., schadenfreude in German, hagaii in Japan There are some cultures that don t have words for emotions that seem universal to others. Tahitians and sadness Differences in secondary emotions appear to be reflected in differences in languages. Rules of emotional regulation Display rules When, where, and how emotions are to be expressed or when they should be squelched Emotion work Acting out an emotion we do not feel or trying to create the right emotion for the occasion. Ex: Flight anendants. Body language The nonverbal signals of body movement, posture, and gaze that people constantly express 11 The mind in emotion Explanations of events predict emotion beger than the event itself. Many emotions cannot be experience without a sense of self and an understanding of social expectations. Your thoughts about something are intimately connected to how you feel about it. Emotions are psycholgical states of readiness for action or a change in readiness. Changes of readiness are normally based on evaluations of something happening that affects our immediate concerns

14 How thoughts create emotions Perceptions and agributions are involved in emotions. 11 How thoughts create emotions continued How one reacts to an event depends on how he/she explains it. For example, how one reacts to being ignored (what is the reason? They are busy? They just don t like you? or Winning the silver instead of the gold medal. Who is usually happier? The winner of the silver or the winner of the gold? Why? Philosophy of life is also influential. (Most people are basically good? Most people cannot be trusted?) 14

15 How thoughts create emotions 11 How thoughts create emotions continued. continued. Perceptions and agributions are involved in emotions. 11 How thoughts create emotions continued. 11 How one reacts to an event depends on how he/she explains it. So we have the paradox of a man shamed to death because he is only the second pugilist or the second oarsman in the world. That he is able to beat the whole population of the globe minus one is nothing; he has pitted himself to beat that one; and as long as he doesn t do that nothing else counts. (James, 1892) In 1892, psychologist William James wrote these words in this foundational book, The Principles of Psychology. 15

16 How thoughts create emotions continued. 11 How thoughts create emotions continued. How thoughts create emotions continued. 16

17 Happiness Anger Disgust Surprise Pride Fear Jealousy Sadness Excitement Disappointment Frustration Awe Emotions to Know: Primary or Secondary? 17