Psychology Formative Assessment #2 Answer Key

Transcription

1 Psychology Formative Assessment #2 Answer Key 1) C 2) B 3) B 4) C 5) D AP Objective: Discuss the influence of drugs on neurotransmitters 6) E AP Objective: Discuss the influence of drugs on neurotransmitters 7) E 8) B 9) E 10) D 11) D AP Objective: Recount historic and contemporary research strategies and technologies that support research 12) B 13) D AP Objective: Recount historic and contemporary research strategies and technologies that support research 14) D 15) A 16) D 17) A 18) A 19) D 20) D

2 21) B 22) B 23) D 24) C 25) A 26) B 27) D AP Objective: Predict the effects of operant conditioning (e.g., positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment) 28) C AP Objective: Describe basic classical conditioning phenomena such as acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination, and higher-order learning 29) D AP Objective: Describe basic classical conditioning phenomena such as acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination, and higher-order learning 30) A AP Objective: Predict the effects of operant conditioning (e.g., positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment) 31) A AP Objective: Predict how practice, schedules of reinforcement, and motivation will influence quality of learning 32) E AP Objective: Identify key contributors in the psychology of learning 33) A AP Objective: Provide examples of how biological constraints create learning predispositions 34) B AP Objective: Describe the essential characteristics of insight learning, latent learning, and social learning 35) E 36) A 37) C 38) C 39) A 40) B 41) D 42) D 43) A 44) B 45) A AP Objective: Identify major historical figures in psychology 46) D AP Objective: Distinguish the different domains in psychology 47) B AP Objective: Distinguish the different domains in psychology

3 48) B AP Objective: Distinguish the different domains of psychology C 49) AP Objective: Distinguish the different domains of psychology 50) A AP Objective: Apply basic statistical concepts, including interpreting, and constructing graphs and calculating simple descriptive statistics 51) B AP Objective: Distinguish between random assignment or participants to conditions in experiments and random selection of participants, primarily in correlational data and surveys 52) B AP Objective: Identify independent, dependent, confounding, and control variables in experimental designs 53) D AP Objective: Describe how ethical and legal guidelines protect participants and promote ethical practice 54) E AP Objective: Distinguish between random assignment or participants to conditions in experiments and random selection of participants, primarily in correlational data and surveys 55) E 56) E 57) A 58) B 59) B 60) C 61) A 62) D AP Objective: Discuss aspects of sleep and dreaming 63) A 64) B AP Objective: Discuss aspects of sleep and dreaming 65) E

4 AP Psychology FRQ Answer Guide 66) Scoring Guide for Question 1: Answers should be written in complete sentences. Sample answers below are NOT all inclusive, but provide examples to help grade the question. For each function specific of the brain structure AND effect due to damage of that structure, the student earns 1 point, the total number of points for this question being 7. Point 1: The temporal lobe contains areas involved in language, memory and hearing. Damage may cause hearing processing issues, speaking processing and production and memory of heard and spoken language. Point 2: The hippocampus processes information into the long term memory. Damage would affect the ability to process and store and retrieve memories. Point 3: Wernicke's area plays an important role in understanding the meaning of words. Damage to this region causes problems in comprehending language; although an individual with an injury to Wernicke's area can produce words, he or she may not be able to understand what others are saying. Point 4: Broca's area plays an important role in the production of speech. Damage may cause expressive aphasia (also called Broca's aphasia), a language disorder that involves the inability to produce language or to speak in a smooth and fluent way. Point 5: The thalamus routes incoming messages to the appropriate brain areas and transmits replies to the other areas. Damage can cause sensory confusion, trouble moving and speaking and/or sleeping and concentration problems.. Point 6: The amygdala is involved in regulation of the emotions of fear and rage. When damaged, uncontrollable anger or violent behaviors towards others or removing a person s fears of specific objects or situations may result. Points 7: The corpus callosum connects the brain cells in one hemisphere to those in the other. In healthy brains, the two sides engage in a continuous flow of information via this neural bridge. If split, the two hemispheres will not communicate and could result in memory issues, speech issues. In split-brain patients, cutting the corpus callosum seemed to leave the patient with "two separate minds" that learned and operated independently. AP Objective: Describe the nervous system and its subdivisions and functions: central and peripheral nervous systems; major brain regions, lobes, and cortical ; Discuss the role of neuroplasticity in traumatic brain injury

5 67) Scoring Guide for Question 2: Answers should be written in complete sentences. Sample answers below are NOT all inclusive, but provide examples to help grade the question. For each correct identification of the term function specific of the brain structure and effect due to damage of that structure, the student earns 1 point, the total number of points for this question being 14. Answers will vary. Point 1: The difference threshold is the smallest change in a stimulus which a person can detect 50% of the time. The difference threshold is determined by changing the stimulus varying amounts to see whether a subject can perceive any difference in the stimulus. The smallest change a person can detect 50% of the time is called a difference threshold or just-noticeable difference (JND). Bill seems to react to any stimulus most of the time, giving him a very high detection threshold. Point 2: Perceptual set theory stresses the idea of perception as an active process involving selection, inference and interpretation. Perceptual set is a tendency to perceive or notice some aspects of the available sensory data and ignore others. Bill ignores noise, temperature and concentrates on his computer work. Point 3: Selective attention is the process of focusing on a particular object in the environment for a certain period of time. Attention is a limited resource, so selective attention allows us to tune out unimportant details and focus on what really matters. Bill ignores noise, temperature and concentrates on his computer work which is what matters to him. Point 4: Timbre is the type of sound something makes in comparison to anything else producing the same pitch at the same loudness. Bill can ignore sounds that he is not interested in (fans, and respond to the one s important to him (coworkers voices). Point 5: Adaptation is a term referring to the ability to adjust to new information and experiences. Learning is essentially adapting to our constantly changing environment. Through adaptation, we are able to adopt new behaviors that allow us to cope with change. Bill uses his breaks and lunchtime to refresh himself from work, he also keeps a positive attitude, knowing he likes his work and his co-workers and is willing to ignore the noise and heat. Point 6: Kinesthetic sense is the perception of body movements. It involves being able to detect changes in body position and movements without relying on information from the five senses. Bill knows he needs to move every hour for a few minutes and walk during lunch to keep his body happy, he does not wait for his body to tell him. Point 7: Parallel processing is the ability of the brain to do many things (aka, processes) at once. For example, when a person sees an object, they don't see just one thing, but rather many different aspects that together help the person identify the object as a whole. Bill can keep part of his brain unfocused (able to ignore heat and noise) and the other part focused (on his work or a co-workers voice). ; Describe general principles of organizing and integrating sensation to promote stable awareness of the external world; discuss how experience and culture can influence perceptual processes