Important Psychologists

Transcription

1 Important Psychologists AP REVIEW

2 Founders of Psychology WILLHELM WUNDT, WILLIAM JAMES, EDWARD TITCHENER, GESTALT

3 Wilhelm Wundt Father of Psychology What happens when we experience sensations, images, and feelings? Main term to know: Introspection looking inward

4 William James Founder of American Psychology, 1 st Text Main term to know: FUNCTIONALISM Focus on the function or purpose of consciousness and how it leads to adaptive behavior

5 Edward Titchener Main term to know: Structuralism Tried to analyze the structure of mental life into basic elements or building blocks examined the STRUCTURE of the mind

6 Gestalt Psychology Gestalt means whole in German Looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole and assumes THE WHOLE IS MORE THAN JUST THE SUM OF ITS PARTS

7 Psychodynamic Psychologists SIGMUND FREUD, ALFRED ADLER, KAREN HORNEY, CARL JUNG

8 Sigmund Freud Concepts to know: Unconscious Desires- Id, Ego, Superego Wish Fulfillment Dream Theory- Manifest vs. Latent Content Psychosexual Stages Defense Mechanisms Free Association Transference

9 Neo Freudians Carl Jung Collective unconscious & archetypes

10 Neo Freudians Alfred Adler Personality develops from innate desire to control our environment & overcome helplessness Strive for Superiority - overall fulfillment

11 Neo Freudians Karen Horney Countered Freud s penis envy w/ WOMB ENVY Women feel inferior because of cultural & political restrictions. People in general must deal with neurotic needs

12 Behavioral/Learning Psychologists PAVLOV, WATSON, SKINNER, THORNDIKE, TOLMAN, BANDURA, KOHLER

13 Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning: UCS and UCR NS/CS and CR

14 John Watson Classical Conditioning: Little Albert Stimulus Generalization Stimulus Discrimination Extinction

15 Edward Thorndike Law of Effect Precursor to OPERANT CONDITIONING Puzzle Box showed The Law of Effect Behavior is strengthened when a reward follows.

16 B.F. Skinner Operant Conditioning Organism learns by operating on the environment. How is behavior changed by consequences? Skinner Box & Schedules of Reinforcement Shows how often an animal responds in a specific period of time.

17 B.F. Skinner (continued) Operant Conditioning P/N Reinforcement Premack Principle Shaping P/N Punishment Fixed/Variable Interval/Ratio

18 Albert Bandura Social Learning Observational Learning Vicarious Learning Modeling Bobo doll experiment & aggression

19 Wolfgang Kohler- Cognitive Learning INSIGHT LEARNING: Learning occurs all of a sudden through understanding relationships NOT trial and error.

20 Martin Seligman- Cognitive Learning LEARNED HELPLESSNESS- Tendency to give up any effort to control your environment

21 Edward Tolman- Cognitive Learning Latent Learninglearning will occur but will not present itself until offered reinforcement/reason to do so GROUP A: Always reinforced GROUP B: Never reinforced GROUP C: Reinforced after 10 days Ex: Cognitive Maps

22 Developmental Psychologists CHOMSKY, AINSWORTH, GILLIGAN, KOHLBERG, HARLOW, PIAGET, ERIKSON, VYGOTSKY

23 Jean Piaget- Cognitive Development 4 distinct stages: sensorimotor, preoperational (object permanence), concrete operational (conservation), formal operational Schemas- Assimilation vs. Accommodation

24 Lev Vygotsky- Social and Emotional Development Theory: Unless a child is emotionally and socially developed, they will never progress past the point of being an animal in nature

25 Erik Erikson & Psychosocial Stages Each stage focuses on a crisis or issue that must be resolved otherwise will fixate at that stage

26 Harry Harlow- Social/Emotional Development Rhesus monkeys Wire vs. cloth mother Result: babies prefer comfort over food Monkeys without comfort had psychological problems later in life

27 Ainsworth- Social/Emotional Development Strange Situation Attachment patterns Secure Insecure Avoidant Ambivalent

28 Diana Baumrind- Social/Emotional Development

29 Kohlberg- Moral Development

30 Carol Gilligan- Moral Development Kohlberg s theory is sexistbelieves the stages are applicable only to men. Theory: Men focus on justice and women focus on caring and compassion

31 Noam Chomsky- Language Development

32 Social Psychologists ASCH, MILGRAM, ZIMBARDO, LEWIN, JANIS

33 Solomon Asch- Conformity Linear Perception Test 70% conformed to incorrect group answer at least 1 time

34 Stanley Milgram- Compliance and Obedience 2/3 shocked to highest value (450 volts) Result: average people will hurt others when listening to an authority figure

35 Philip Zimbardo- Conformity and Role Play Stanford Prison Experiment Result: average people will play into role they are given, the power of the situation has control over human behavior

36 Kurt Lewin- Leadership Styles Three leadership styles: Democratic (concluded is best) Autocratic Permissive

37 Cognitive Psychologists- Intelligence GARDNER, CAT TELL, EYSENCK, BINET, WECHSLER, STERNBERG

38 Alfred Binet- Mental Age Alfred Binet French psychologist (early 1900s) Identified & studied children performing poorly in schools. Aged-Graded Test Items Chronological Age compared w/ Mental Age Stanford-Binet Test English Language Version of the Binet Exam

39 David Wechsler 3 Key Differences from Binet Included VERBAL & NON-VERBAL subtests Constructed so that success was less dependent on having a formal education Subtests were scored separately Special Versions WAIS: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale WISC: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

40 Robert Sternberg- Triarchic Theory Analytic Creative Practical

41 Howard Gardner- Multiple Intelligences

42 Psychometric Theory Leading Psychologists Emphasizes products of intelligence (IQ Scores) Charles Spearman: Two factor theory- g & s L.L. Thurstone: 7 primary mental abilities Raymond Cattell: Fluid Int. & Crystallized Int.

43 Information Processing Model Leading Psychologists Emphasizes mental processes involved in intelligent behavior. Earl Hunt: Int. is related to attention & processing speed. Hans Eysenck: Resources (working memory) lead to int. behavior.

44 Emotion JAMES-LANGE, CANNON-BARD, SCHACHTER-SINGER

45 James-Lange/Peripheral Theory

46 Cannon s Central Theory/Cannon-Bard Sent to ANS from thalamus Sent to cerebral cortex from thalamus

47 Cognitive Theory: Schachter-Singer (2 Factor Theory) Update: Excitation Transfer: Carrying over arousal from one experience to an independent situation

48 Personality Psychologists FREUD, COSTA & MCCRAE, HIPPOCRATES, ALLPORT, CAT TELL, EYSENCK

49 Sigmund Freud Concepts to know: Id, Ego, Superego Psychosexual Stages Oral Anal Phallic Latency Period Genital

50 Hippocrates Personality or behavioral tendency is based on amount of 4 bodily fluids associated with traits Blood (Optimistic) Phlegm (Slow/Lethargic) Black Bile (Melancholic) (Sad/Depressive) Yellow Bile (Choleric) (Irritable/Angry)

51 Gordon Allport- Trait Theory Central Traits Obvious to others Control behavior in many situations Reliable/Outgoing Secondary Traits Seen only in certain situations Control less of a person s behavior Dislikes Crowds

52 Raymond Cattell- Trait Theory Measured personality traits using the following technique: Asked people to rate themselves on trait descriptive terms (identified by Allport) Used factor analysis to study which terms related to one another (Moody Unsociable?) Found 16 factors now measured by the 16PF

53 Costa & McCrae- Trait Theory

54 Hans Eysenck- Trait Theory Suggested most people s traits can be described using 2 dimensions. Introversion/ Extraversion Outgoing VS Reserved Emotionality/ Stability Anxious VS Relaxed

55 Maslow- Humanistic Deficiency Orientation Growth Orientation Peak Experience

56 Carl Roger s Self Theory- Humanism Actualizing Tendency Motivated by innate inclination towards growth and fulfillment Personality is the expression of actualization Positive Regard The need to gain other s approval- early personality growth Parents, peers, teachers, etc. Congruency When self-concept does match ideal self and others evaluations Incongruency When self-concept does not match ideal self or others evaluations