Human Anatomy Circulatory System and THE HEART Respiratory System LUNGS Ari Min, Yerim Lee and Min Ji Song
Purpose of the Circulatory System Function of circulatory system: exchange gases with cardiovascular system.
Circulatory system consists of three main things: heart (pump), vessels (tubes), and the blood (circulating fluid). REAL FUNCTION AND PURPOSE is to keep us alive. Circulatory system carries food and oxygen to all the cells of the body and then in response to that, removes all waste products. Central organ is the heart and it is used to pump blood to all areas of the body. To help defend the body against diseases. To transport heat and maintain the body s temperature. Circulatory System Inner structure of Heart Heart acts as a pump; pushing blood around the body and it is the center of the life system. From the heart there are blood vessels. These are passages for blood to reach the rest of the body. There are three kinds of blood vessels. 1. Arteries: carry blood from the heart. 2. Veins: carry blood back to the heart. 3. Capillaries: tiny blood vessel that allows an exchange between blood and cells in tissue.
Pulmonary circulation It is the flow of blood through the heart of the lungs and back to the heart. When the right ventricle contracts, the deoxygenated blood is sent through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Pulmonary artery branches into two smaller arteries, with one artery going to each lung. These arteries branch into arterioles and then into capillaries in the lungs. PULMONARY ARTERY
In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the capillaries and oxygen diffuses into capillaries. The oxygenated blood then flows into venules, which leads to the left atrium of the heart. From the left atrium, blood is pumped into the left ventricle and then to the body through the aorta. It involves the pulmonary arteries and veins. LEFT ATRIUM
Systemic circulation SYSTEMATIC CIRCULATION Movement of blood between the heart and all parts of the body except the lungs because they have their own systems. It moves oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood to organs and body tissues and it returns un-oxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood to the heart. The blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) are responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissue.
It has three subsystems which are: coronary circulation, hepatic portal circulation, and renal circulation. Coronary circulation: supplies blood to the heart itself. Hepatic portal circulation: nutrients are picked up by capillaries in the small intestine and are transported by the blood to the liver. Renal circulation: supplies blood to the kidneys.
Difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation Pulmonary circulation is the circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs. Systemic circulation is the circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body parts that require oxygen to function.
Circulation of the Heart Circulation in the heart. Blood returning to the heart from other body parts except for the lungs, contain more carbon dioxide than oxygen.
1. Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava sends deoxygenated blood from upper and lower body into the right atrium. 2. The right atrium sends deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle. 3. The muscles of the right ventricle contract and sends the blood into the pulmonary arteries. 4. The pulmonary arteries send the blood to the lungs. In the lungs, carbon dioxide gets out of the blood and oxygen diffuses into the blood. 5. The oxygenated blood enters into the left atrium of the heart again. Oxygenated blood is bright red. 6. The oxygenated blood is pumped to the left ventricle. 7. Contraction of the muscular walls of the left ventricle causes the blood to go into a blood vessel called the aorta. 8. From the aorta, blood is pumped to the rest of the body. The left ventricle is the thickest chamber of the heart because it has to do all the hard work that is pumping blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
Blood Blood is composed of liquid medium and blood solids. Plasma: Liquid medium is a sticky, straw-colored fluid that is about 90 percent water and includes metabolites, nutrients, wastes, salts, and proteins. Red blood cells: transport oxygen to cells in all parts of the body. They are formed in the red marrow of bones. White blood cells: help defend the body against disease. They are formed in the red marrow. White blood cells: help defend the body against disease. BLOOD
Platelet: a fragment of a cell that is needed to form blood clots. Platelets: essential to the formation of a blood clot. Blood clot: mass of interwoven fibers and blood cells that prevent excess loss of blood from a wound. They are formed in the bone marrow. Prevents excess loss of blood from a wound. PLATELETS
Both are types of blood vessels but arteries Carry blood AWAY from the heart and the rest of the body while veins carry blood to the heart from the rest of the body. ARTERY Arteries: Arteries are the base of the circulatory system and they carry nutrients and other needed material throughout the body. They also have to remove carbon dioxide and other waste material Of the immune system. Arteries are more muscular than veins. They are classified as systemic, pulmonary, aorta, And arterioles. They carry the bright red blood that's oxygenated. VEINS Veins are classified as: superficial, Deep, systemic, Pulmonary. carry the dark red blood that is deoxygenated.
The Respiratory System
Blood transports oxygen from lungs to cells that carry oxygen and from cells to lungs. RESPIRATORY SYTEM
Respiration External: exchange of gases between atmosphere and blood Internal: exchange of gases between blood and cells of the body When oxygen gets to cell, they use it to break down glucose and make ATP by aerobic respiration. Excess carbon dioxide produced as a waste product of aerobic respiration is toxic to cells. It is removed from cells by internal respiration.
Lungs Lungs: place where gas exchange between atmosphere and blood. Right lung have 3 divisions (lobes) and the left has 2. Lungs are located inside the Thoracic cavity, bounded by rib cage and the diaphragm. Pleura line the cavity and cover the lungs. Pleura are membranes that secrete a slippery fluid that decreases friction from the movement of lungs during breathing. LUNGS
The Path of Air
Path air follows from atmosphere to the capillaries in the lungs. External Respiration: 1. Mouth and nose- air filters through small hairs of the nose and passes into the nasal cavity (above roof of mouth). 2. Nasal cavity- mucous membrane warm and moisten the air prevents damage to tissues. 3. Alia- trap particles that are inhaled and are swept into the throat (swallowed) 4. Moistened, filtered air moves into throat (pharynx) that is a tube at back of nasal cavities and mouth. Contains passageways for food and air.
When food is swallowed, the epiglottis (flap cartilage) presses down and covers the opening to air passage. Epiglottis is in upright position so air can pass into a cartilaginous tube- windpipe (trachea). The trachea is 10-12 cm long; walls lined with ciliated cells EPIGLOTTIS that trap inhaled particles. Larynx (voice box) is in the upper end of trachea. Vocal Cords: sounds are produced when air is forced past two ligaments that stretch across larynx. Pitch and volume varies with amount of tension on vocal cords and amount of air being forced. Trachea branches into 2 bronchi (bronchus), which lead to a lung. TRACHEA Walls of bronchi consist of smooth muscle and cartilage lined with cilia. Smaller tubes keep attaching and the smallest are the bronchioles that end with clusters of tiny air sacs (alveoli).
Gas Exchange and Transport In lungs gas exchange between alveoli and blood in capillaries. Oxygen transported throughout body bloodstream and CO2 to be eliminated from body to alveoli. ALVEOLI IN CAPILLARIES
Gas exchange in the lungs Air moves into the lungs, oxygen in the air crosses the alveolar membranes and capillary walls and dissolve in blood. Carbon dioxide is opposite direction, cross capillary walls and alveolar membranes and enters the alveoli. INTO alveoli: air rich in oxygen and contain little CO2. Blood in capillaries are low in oxygen and high in CO2. Oxygen diffuses from blood into alveoli.
Transport of Oxygen OXYGEN When oxygen diffuses into the blood, only small amount remains dissolved in plasma. Oxygen (95-98%) moves into red blood cells. Combines with hemoglobin (protein). Each hemoglobin molecule contains 4 iron atoms that can bind to one oxygen molecule. About 250 million hemoglobin in each red blood cell. Oxygen concentration is higher in the blood than body tissues when oxygenated blood is present. Oxygen is released from hemoglobin and diffuses out of capillaries
Transport of Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells and into the blood because concentration is higher. 7% of CO2 dissolves in plasma. 23% binds to hemoglobin. 70% is carried in the blood as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) CO2 redacts with H2O in plasma to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid disassociates into bicarbonate ions and H ions. CARBON DIOXIDE
Equation H2O+CO2 H2CO3 HCO3-+H+ When blood reaches lungs, equation is reversed. Carbonic acid turn to CO2 and water. CO2 diffuses out of capillaries into alveoli and is exhaled. CARBON DIOXDE AND WATER
Mechanisms of Breathing Breathing: process of moving air into and out of the lungs.
Inspiration INSPIRATION Inspiration: process of taking air into the lungs. Diaphragm: large skeletal muscle separates the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity. It flattens and pushes down on abdomen. Ribs are lifted up and out so the volume of lung increases. This reduces the air pressure within the lungs. Air pressure inside the lungs is lower than outside body.
Expiration Expiration: process of releasing air form the lungs. Elastic tissues of the lungs recoil, deflating the lungs when the diaphragm and rib muscle relax. Air pressure inside is greater than outside because volume of lung decrease. EXPIRATION
Regulation of Breathing Rate at which oxygen is used depends on activity of the cells. Greater activity= more oxygen= faster breathing. Rate and depth of breathing change so they can provide oxygen and eliminate CO2. Rate is controlled by the brain stem, which monitors the concentration of CO2 in the blood. Controlled subconsciously.