(functional magnetic resonance imaging, fmri) ( fmri) (Murray, 2000)
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- Sheryl Cole
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1 (Cattell's 16 personality factor) (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, MMPI) (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD) (functional magnetic resonance imaging, fmri) () ( fmri) (Murray, 2000) (human typology)(hippocrates) (phlegm) ( (listless) ) (Franz Joseph Gall, ) (phrenology) 28 9
2 ( ) ( 20, 30, 31, 35 ) ((J. G. Spurzheim) Phrenology, or the Doctrine of Metal Phenomena. Boston: Marsh, Capen, and Lyon, ) (organology) () () (Johann Gaspard Spurzheim, ) (Zola- Morgan, 1995) (Lombroso, 1918) National Science Council Monthly
3 (Kretschmer, 1925) (asthenic) (pyknic) ( ) (athletic) (dysplastic) (William Sheldon)/ (endomorph) /(mesomorph) / (ectomorph) (viscerotonic) (somatotonic) (cerebrotonic) / (Sheldon, et al., 1949) (functional localization) (Pierre Paul Broca) (Broca's area) (Carl Wernicke) (Wernicke's area) (conduction aphasia) (Korbinian Brodmann) (Henry Head) (Ivan Pavlov) (Karl Lashley) (Wade Marshall) (Clifton Woolsey) (Philip Bard) (evoked potential) (Wilder Penfield) (homunculus) 28 9
4 ( Penfield, W., and T. Rasmussen (1950) The Cerebral Cortex of Man: A Clinical Study of Localization of Function. New York: Macmillan ) (Richard Speck) ( crimelibrary.com/serials/speck/speckmain.htm) XXYXY X (Witkin, 1976) XXY (antisocial behavior) X A (monoamine oxidase A, MAOA) (dopamine) (epinephrine) (norepinephreine) (serotonin) A (Brunner, et al., 1993) National Science Council Monthly
5 (Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California) (Annual Review of Neuroscience) A B (Shih, et al., 1999) (gene knockout) A ( )(resident-intruder test) (fear conditioning) (step-down avoidance) (eyeblink conditioning) (maternal behavior) A (Cases, et al., 1995 ; Kim, et al., 1997) DNA (Adrian Raine) (Archives of General Psychiatry) (Antisocial Personality Disorder, APD) (Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI) (gray matter of prefrontal cortex) 11% () (Raine, et al., 2000; Vogel, 2000) (Phinease Gage) (Trefil, 1997) (John Harlow) (Warren Museum, Harvard Medical School) (Damasio, 1994 Trefil (1997) 70 ) 28 9
6 (Egas Moniz) (prefrontal lobotomy) A (amygdala) (basal ganglia) (locus coeruleus) (raphe nucleus) (corticotropin releasing factor, CRF) ( 86) P Q Q P Q P Q P National Science Council Monthly
7 ( ) ( 0 3 ) () (Sciance) D 0 2 ( 88) ( ) (Sulloway, 1996) ( (Damasio, 2000) ( 88) ( 86) Brunner, H. G., M. R. Nelen, X. O. Breakfiled, H. H. Ropers and B. A. van Oost(1993) Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science, 262, Cases, O., I. Seif, J. Grimsby, P. Gaspar, K. Chen, S. Pournin, U. Muller, M. Aguet, C. Babinet, J. C. Shih, and E. De Maeyer (1995) Aggressive behavior and altered amounts of brain 28 9
8 serotonin and norepinephrine in mice lacking MAOA. Science, 268, Damasio, A. R. (2000) A neural basis for sociopathy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, Damasio, H., T. Grabowski, R. Frank, A. M. Galaburda, and A. R. Damasio (1994) The return of Phineas Gage: clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient. Science, 264, Kim, J. J., J. C. Shih, K. Chen, L. Chen, S. Bao, S. Maren, S. G. Anagnostaras, M. S. Fanselow, E. De Maeyer, I. Seif, and R. Thompson (1997) Selective enhancement of emotional, but not motor, learning in monoamine oxidase A-deficient mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 94, Kretschmer, E. (1925) Physique and Character. New York: Harcourt Brace. Lombroso, C. (1918) Crime: Its Causes and Remedies. Boston: Little Brown Murray, B. (2000) From brain scan to lesson plan. APA Monitor, March, Raine, A., T. Lencz, S. Bihrle, L. LaCasse, and P. Colletti (2000) Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, Sheldon, W. H., E. M. Hartl, and E. McDermott (1949) Varieties of Delinquent Youth, NY: Harper and Row. Shih, J. C., K. Chen, and M. J. Ridd (1999) Monoamine oxidase: From genes to behavior. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 22, Sulloway, F. J. (1996) Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives. UK: Random House. ( (1998)) Trefil, J. (1997) Are We Unique?: A Scientist Explores the Unparalleled Intelligence of the Human Mind. ( (1998)) Vogel, S. (2000) Brain difference found in antisocials. abcnews.go.com/sections/living/dailynews/antisocials html Witkin, H. A. (1976) Criminality in XYY and XXY men. Science, 193, Zola-Morgan, S. (1995) Localization of brain function: The legacy of Franz Joseph Gall ( ). Annual Review of Neuroscience, 18, ( ) National Science Council Monthly
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