Neural plasticity in infants - relevance to baby swimming. Morten Overgaard
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1 Neural plasticity in infants - relevance to baby swimming Morten Overgaard
2
3 Programme What is neuroscience? Totally superficial neuroanatomy Paradoxes of functional localization Mechanisms of neural plasticity Relevance to baby swimming Connections between ideas and mechanisms about baby swimming
4 Level of description Consciousness Mental functions CNS / Brain Functional systems Modules Columns Neurons Synapses Molecules
5 Level of description Relations Consciousness Mental functions CNS / The brain Functional systems Parts/ whole Modules Columns Neurons Synapses Molecules
6 Cognitive neuroscience? Mental states Computational states Neural states
7 The Neuron
8 Electrical communication Direction of the electrical impulse
9 The synapse
10 Normal neurotransmission
11 Normal receptor function
12 The brain Cerebellum Medulla The Pons hind-brain The mid-brain Substantia nigra Forebrain
13 Cerebral hemisphere Midbrain Diencephalon Pons Medulla Cerebellum
14 Pons transfers information from cerebral hemispheres to cerebellum and vv Medulla oblongata Vital, autonomic functions
15 Diencephalon thalamus and hypothalamus. Mid brain motor and sensory control Cerebellum seemingly involved in movements and/or timing
16 Cerebral hemispheres: Cerebral cortex and three structures Basal ganglia Amygdaloid nucleus Hippocampus
17 Subcortical areas
18 The limbic system
19 Four anatomically distinct lobes Occipital Parietal Frontal Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Temporal
20 Pierre Paul Broca ( ) 8 patients who understood language but could not speak Isolated words, no sentence or grammar Lesions in posterior frontal lobe (Broca s Area) We speak with the left hemisphere ( nous parlons avec l hemisphere gauche )
21 Carl Wernicke ( ) New type of aphasia no trouble speaking, but no understanding Lesion in posterior temporal lobe.
22 Language based on several subdomains
23 Neuroimagery MagnetoEncefaloGrafi (MEG) Pammer et al., Human Brain Mapping
24 Regional specialization of the brain: Localization of function
25 No functional impairments despite massive physical injury
26 Seemingly a paradox? It seems that it is true that 1) There is functional localization 2) There is functional recovery
27 Can anything be localized anywhere? True lesion TMS-lesion Blue = sighted; Red = E blind
28 Localizing and distribution
29 Levels of analysis
30
31
32
33
34 Mechanisms of plasticity
35
36
37 Classical conditioning
38 Associative learning at a neural level General Model Proposed by Hebb Model depicted in Classical Conditioning terms from LeDoux, 2002 How does cell A remember what it has learned?
39 Effects on brain area function
40 Relevance to baby swimming?
41 General stimulation Closeness to parents Exercise Cognitive stimulation? Happiness and fun
42 General stimulation Unclear empirical concept
43 Environment LTP og LTD
44 Is more better?
45 Deprivation studies
46 Early deprivation effect on seretonin and dopamine systems
47 Exercise?
48
49 Exercise protects against brain injury
50 Hippocampal neurogenesis
51 Hippocampus and learning
52 HM
53 The life and death of cells: Apoptosis
54 Can we train cognitive functions? The problem of transfer
55 Hierarchical cognitive functions
56 Prefrontal cortex
57 Cognitive training
58 Training and dopamine systems
59 Cognitive training and neuronal survival
60 Fun..?
61 Basic system for reward Hunger Find food Reward Eat
62 Successful strategy Outcome
63 The Ratbots
64 Human dopamine system
65 Concluding..
66 The knowledge argument
67 Mental states Computational states Neural states
68 Thank you
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