Kop 28/06/2017. Voet 1. Bewegen als werk Bewegen op het werk Bewegen naar het werk. Prof Dr Romain Meeusen

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1 Prof Dr Romain Meeusen Human Physiology Research group Vrije Universiteit Brussel Health benefits of exercise Health benefits for the Brain Mechanisms for neurogenesis Exercise, Pollution & the Brain Bewegen als werk Bewegen op het werk Bewegen naar het werk Cardiovascular diseases Metabolic syndrome Obesity Diabetes Hypertension COPD Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis. Stroke Depression Cognition Alzheimers disease Parkinsons disease Spinal cord injury Aerobic Fitness Positive relation with academic performance BMI Negative relation Relevant neural networks Prefrontal Cortex Parietal/Posterior Cingulate Cortex N= yr 9 month intervertion RCT (waiting list) PA : after school recreation & sports Measuring Brain Activity - ERP Accuracy & reaction time (executive control) Hillman et al 28 Hillman et al, 214 Voet 1

2 Fitness Cognitive tests Attention Cognitive flexibility Cycling desks P3 amplitude for conditions that require great amount of executive control Flexibility of Brain Functions Hillman et al, 214 Cycling desk : typing, cognitive performance, brain activity Increased brain activation between cycling & sitting during a cognitive test 23 office workers normal typing cycling desk Typing performance = Word recognition = Reaction time Selective attention Sustained attention Torbeyns, Meeusen et al 216 Torbeyns, Meeusen et al 216 Older sedentary adults Master athletes Cross sectional & Longitudinal evidence (Hedden & Gabrieli, 24) Voet 2

3 Exercise effect on Cognition in Older adults Meta-analysis : effect sizes demonstrate positive influence of exercise on cognition Exercise, Brain Volume, Cognition 1 yr physical activity or stretching 2 x 6 subjects Mean age yr 4 min of walking 2-3/Wk or stretching ENDURANCE EXERCISE Colcombe & Kramer 23 Erickson et al yr aerobic exercise (RCT) Strength Training & Cognition Hippocampus remains plastic in late adulthood Randomised controlled trials Age : 65-75yr Training : 24 WK (Cassilhas 27) 1yr (Liu-Ambrose 21) Tr/wk: 1 3x/wk Cognitive tests (pre-post & cfr control) sign scores on several cognitive tests Erickson et al 211 Cassilhas et al 27; Liu-Ambrose et al 21, 212; Davis et al 21 Hippocampus Neurogenesis = production of new nerve cells Only during development? Voet 3

4 Voluntary running (Van Praag et al Nature neurosci 1999) Enhances the survival of newborn neurons = cell proliferation Or in neurogenesis (4 weeks old cells) One day 4 weeks Mechanisms? Cerebral circulation Neuronal efficiency Glucose regulation Neurotrophic factors Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Is the most abundant neurotrophin in the brain growth factor within the brain Serves as a neurotransmitter modulator Participates in use-dependent plasticity mechanisms It supports the survival of many neuronal subtypes BDNF expression is diminished in Alzheimer s disease To summarise Brain plasticity exists Enriched environment is important Exercise is a common feature in enrichment Also Learning improves What about BDNF in Humans? BDNF increases in peripheral blood due to exercise 6 55%Wattmax + 75% Wattmax Serum BDNF (% increase) * * 8 4 Rest 6min at 55% TT at 75% Recovery Goekint et al 28, 211 Van Cutsem et al 215 Tonoli et al 215 Voet 4

5 Acute exercise & BDNF Depends on the exercise intensity & duration Exercise increases peripheral BDNF Also in patient populations Dose response to intensity BDNF & Strength training RCT : Training program during 1 weeks, with a frequency of 3 training sessions per week Goekint, et al 21 Serum BDNF (ng/ml) before (PRE) and following (POST) strength training Total training period (1wks) Single strength strength training training session session Goekint, et al 21 Strength Training & BDNF Randomised controlled trial N = 2x2 subjects Age : 62-72yr Training : 12 wk Strength training 3x/Wk Strength BDNF Forti, Meeusen et al 214? Exercise, cognition & the Brain, Mechanisms? Endurance Resistance 8 wks training Casilhas, Meeusen, et al. Neuroscience 212 Voet 5

6 Learning & Memory : Aerobic & Resistance Training 8 wks training Rats Water Maze Brain mechanisms Cognition improved BDNF IGF-1 Casilhas, Meeusen, et al. Neuroscience 212 TrKB P-IGF-1R Casilhas, Meeusen, et al. Neuroscience 212 Casilhas, Meeusen, et al. Neuroscience 212 Mechanisms Aerobic or Resistance Training? 8 weeks Aerobic & Resistance training : similar learning & spatial memory Aerobic exercise : BDNF/TrkB and -CaMKII pathway Resistance training:igf-1/igf-1r and AKT pathway Both expression of synapsin 1 and synaptophysin Aerobic and Resistance training for 8 weeks increases learning and spatial memory in a similar manner synapsin 1 synaptophysin Casilhas, Meeusen, et al. Neuroscience 212 Pollution Voet 6

7 Inhaled particles The smaller the particles the deeper the penetration Cognition & Pollution Longitudinal evidence 4 Age: yrs More than 2yrs same residential address Distance to road : 5-1m Brain inflammation and cognitive decline Chronic exposure to traffic-related PM development of MCI Oravisjärvi, et al. 211, Daigle et al 23; Int Panis, Meeusen et al 21 Ranft et al 29 Distance from busy road (m) Exercise, Pollution & the Brain Exercise, Pollution & BDNF Antwerp motorway 1-lane motorway Ca 26, cars (5, trucks) per day Cycle path between 1 & 1 m from the road cycle 2 self chosen intensity measurement of Hf, (intensity) Cycling parameters Antwerp Ring Clean room Bos et al 211; Jacobs et al 21 Duration of cycling, Min 2.7 (1.7) 2.2 (1.9) Heart rate, beats/min 131 (14.8) 131 (14.6) Clean Room Ventilation, L/Min 55.4 (12.7) 55.2 (13.1) Voet 7

8 Serum BDNF No exerciseinduced increase in BDNF when exercising near a busy road Bos et al 211; Jacobs et al 21 Bos et al 211 Gene expression - brain tissue - acute exposure to UFP exercise & rest BDNF in hippocampus (rats exposed to UFP during exercise) Gene expression : Hippocampus Total UFP-emission: parts/cm 3 CO 2 conc: 15ppm (< TWA) Bos et al 213 Bos et al Neuroscience 223: , 212 No up-regulation BDNF in hippocampus (rats exposed to UFP during exercise) Start - to - Run campaign Gene expression : Hippocampus Bos et al Neuroscience 223: , 212 Voet 8

9 Improvements in reaction time (ms) Kop 28/6/217 Start - to - Run campaign Inactive participants 12 weeks start-2-run (S2R), 3x/wk UFP contrast Results: UFP levels Average UFP levels during the program in Brussels & Mol. UFP levels (pp/cm3) * 12 *p<,1 1 Urban area : Brussels (n=21) Rural area : Mol (n=13) PTRAK measurements each training session pp/cm pp/cm3 URBAN RURAL Bos et al MSSE, 213 Bos et al MSSE, 213 Respiratory inflammation Systemic inflammation Exhaled NO (ppb) ** Urban group Rural group PRE POST Blood Neutrophil counts (cells/μl) 6 * Urban group PRE Rural group POST Blood Leukocyte counts (cells/μl) 9 * Urban group Rural group Bos et al MSSE, 213 Bos et al MSSE, 213 Stroop Color Word Test 16 ** * Urban group Rural group ** Conclusions Exercise is good for brain Health Bewegen als werk stimuleert neurogenese en cognitie Bewegen op het werk positief effect en verbeterde brein activiteit Bewegen naar het werk opletten met pollutie! -2 Congruent No Word Incongruent Simple Negative Inverse Negative Priming Priming Bos et al MSSE, 213 Voet 9

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