Version A. AP* Biology: Immune System. Name: Period

Transcription

1 Name: Period Version A AP* Biology: Immune System Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and enter the appropriate letter in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. 1. The immune system protects the body from possibly harmful substances by recognizing and responding to a variety of substances. Which of the following foreign substances organism can elicit an immune response in the organism? A) antigens B) interferons C) histamines D) antibodies 2. There is some evidence that interferon may be effective against certain forms of cancer. This finding suggests that some cancers may involve A) viruses B) bacteria C) allergic reactions D) an overproduction of white blood cells 3. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (slowly-replicating retrovirus) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), an infectious disease in which progressive failure of the human immune system leads to life-threatening opportunistic infections and/or cancer. Which of the following types of cells is most often attacked by HIV in humans? A) neurons B) erythrocytes C) white blood cells D) glial cells 4. Cell-mediated immunity is a type of acquired immunity. This is the immunity one develops throughout life. Which of the following types of cells are mostly involved in cell-mediated immunity? A) T cells B) B cells C) erythrocytes D) neutrophils 5. The secondary response of specialized cells of the immune system is observed following subsequent encounter with the same antigen and is more rapid. Which of the following cell types is responsible for initiating the secondary immune response? A) memory cells B) macrophages C) cytotoxic T cells D) plasma B cells 6. Plasma cells are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system. Like all blood cells, plasma cells ultimately originate in the bone marrow. Which of the following best describes plasma cells? A) They are immature forms of T cells. B) They are cells that make copious amounts of antibodies. C) The are the effector cells of cell mediated memory. D) They are responsible for the phagocytosis of foreign organisms. (1)Test Questions are Copyright by College Entrance Examination Board, Prenceton, NJ. All rights reserved. For face-to-fact teaching purposes, classroom teachers are permitted to reproduce the questions. Web or Mass distribution prohibited. (2) AP is registered traemark of the College Entrance Examination Borard. The College Entrance Examination Board was not involved in the production of and does not endorse this product. Permissionis granted of individual classroom teahcers to reproduce the activity sheets and illustation for their own classroom use. Any other type of reproduction of these material is strictly prohibited.

2 Version A Questions 7 and 8 The diagram illustrates the innate immune response commonly found in plants. 7. Which of the following best represents the role of salicylic acid in the innate immune response? A) It acts as a local regulator and to signal the initiation of the systemic acquired resistance B) It acts similar to an antibody by clumping together antigens for a response in the systemic acquired resistance. C) It acts as a signal to initiate the hypersensitive response. D) It acts as a signal to natural killer cells where infected cells are located. 8. The hypersensitivity response is a part of the innate immune response found in plants. Which of the following is a direct result of the hypersensitivity response? A) Antibodies are produced in certain mesophyll cells of the plant. B) The inflammatory response is initiated at the site of the infection. C) The rapid apoptosis of infected cells. D) The activation of the complement system of proteins in surrounding cells.

3 Version A 9. Graves disease is an autoimmune disease in which B cells produce antibodies that attach to the signal receptor of the thyroid gland. The net effect of this action A) attracts the helper T cells which produces interleukin which causes the thyroid gland to increase in size. B) over stimulates the thyroid gland s production of thyroxin which increases metabolism. C) attracts T reg cells which effectively shuts down the thyroid gland and decreases metabolism. D) attacks cytotoxic T cells which attack and destroy thyroid tissue. 10. Diabetes mellitus type 1, or juvenile diabetes, results from B cell antibodies attacking proteins found on certain islet cells of the pancreas. This destroys the cells responsible for making insulin. Which of the following best represents the net result of the destruction of islet cells? Questions One of the effects of histamine and cytokine release is to cause capillary beds to become leaky allowing fluids to move from the capillary bed to the surrounding tissues. This release also attracts phagocytes to the site of the infection. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome or SIRS triggers an excessive release of histamine and cytokines. This excessive release is termed a cytokine storm. 11. Which of the following is most likely to occur if a person experiences SIRS? A) Interferon would be suppressed. B) Cytotoxic cells would attack the excessive macrophages found in the tissues. C) White blood cell count would increase. D) The kidneys would excrete copious amounts of urine. A) It increases a person s blood glucose levels. B) It decreases the amount of amino acids found in the blood. C) It decreases urine output. D) It increases cell replication in certain organs.

4 Version A 12. Predict which bar graph correctly displays the change in blood pressure a normal person would experience if they had SIRS. A) C) B) D)

5 Version A 13. Predict which graph correctly displays the change in urine output a normal person would experience if they had SIRS. A) C) B) D) 14. Keratin is a substance found in the human epidermis. It fortifies the innate (nonspecific) immune system as it makes the epidermis resistant to many bacterial enzymes. Which of the following substances found in plants is analogous to keratin? A) cellulose found in cell walls B) amylose stored in roots C) waxy cuticle on the surface of leaves D) phospholipids found in the cell membrane 15. Herbivory refers to animals eating plants. Consequently, herbivory is a serious threat to the survival of a plant. Which of the following best describes an evolutionary adaptation that discourages herbivory? A) The production of acid resistant seeds. B) The production of a cell wall made of indigestible cellulose. C) The production of an apical meristem with an extremely short cell cycle. D) The synthesis of toxic secondary metabolites that can injure an herbivore.

6 Version A Questions 16 and 17 The following diagram represents an innate (nonspecific) immune response for a particular pathogen. 17. What makes this pathway most effective in fighting pathogens? A) The TLR 5 receptor has the ability to change its shape depending on the pathogen. B) The TLR 5 binds to bacterial flagellin which is common to many different bacteria with flagella. C) The TLR 5 receptor site is an antibody that has the ability to bind to at least two antigens. D) The TLR 5 is different on every white blood cell which accounts for white blood diversity. 16. Once activated, which of the following responses would occur as a result of the TLR 5 receptor being stimulated? A) The white blood cell secretes copious amounts of antibodies. B) The white blood cell interacts with cytotoxic T cells. C) The white blood cell undergoes a transformation becoming a helper T cell. D) The white blood cell initiates the inflammatory response.

7 Version A 18. During the adaptive (specific) immune response B cells are activated by certain antigens. Which scenario best depicts the progress of this immune response? A) B) C) D)

8 Version A Questions 19 and 20 The diagram below should be used for answering the next two questions 19. Antibodies are produced as a result of the adaptive (specific) humoral immune response. Which of the following characteristics makes antibodies effective in ridding the body of antigens? 20. It is estimated that humans possess the potential to synthesize 10 8 different types of antibodies. This allows humans to respond to a great variety of different antigens. Which of the following best accounts for the vast potential of diversity among antibodies? A) The human genome contains over 10 8 different genes. B) Once antibodies are made, they are modified with prosthetic groups to make each one different. C) There are supergene collections of smaller genes. These genes are recombined in smaller groups and combinations to make a unique antibody gene for each B cell. D) There are three different genes on three different chromosomes. These genes are susceptible to insertions with viral DNA obtained from the pathogen. A) An antibody can bind to two structurally different antigens B) All naive B cells produces the same antibody C) By having two binding sites, antibodies have the ability to clump antigens together for macrophage disposal. D) The antibody binding sites are different from the binding site found on the B cell receptor site that produced it.

9 Version A 21. The cell mediated response is often part of the body s fight against a viral infection. Which of the following illustrations best represents the cell-mediated response to such an infection? A) C) B) D)

10 Version A Questions The illustration below refers to the reproductive cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus, a retrovirus that causes AIDS. 22. Which type of human cell is this virus infecting? A) natural killer cell B) body cell C) cytotoxic T cell D) helper T cell

11 Version A 23. The Center for Disease Control estimates that 1,148,200 persons aged 13 years and older are living with HIV infection, including 207,600 (18.1%) who are unaware of their infection. Over the past decade, the number of people living with HIV has increased, while the annual number of new HIV infections has remained relatively stable. This is due in part to the fact that developing a cure for AIDS caused by HIV has proven to be very difficult. Which of the following HIV viral characteristics most impedes this progress of developing a cure for AIDS? 24. Which of the following best explains why the HIV infection is so devastating to the immune system? A) It destroys the cells used to initiate the inflammatory response. B) It destroys lymph nodes that are used to store lymphocytes. C) It destroys the stem cells in the bone marrow used to make erythrocytes. D) It destroys the cells used to select and clone B cells. A) Once the virus integrates itself into the host DNA, various introns are inserted causing numerous mutations. B) Once the virus particle is made, the proteins are very unstable, and the shape of the virus changes. C) Mutations occur as the RNA is transcribed into DNA, and there is no repair system to correct for these mutations. D) Each virus has a different envelope as a result of exocytosis in exiting the cell.

12 Version A 25. The figure above shows Toll receptors and Toll-like receptors found in plants, Drosphilia, and mammals. Which of the following best accounts for the similarities of the receptors between these organisms? A) The receptors are found only on leukocytes involved in the innate response. B) The evolution of the innate immune system occurred prior to the divergence of plants and animals. C) The pathogens that infect plants, Drosophila, and mammals are very similar and require the same response. D) That plants, Drosophila, and mammals all contain roaming phagocytes involved in the innate immune response.

13 Version A Questions An immunologist was investigating the production of antibodies to a given antigen A. On day one, a mouse was injected with antigen A. The antibody titer to antigen A was then measured daily. On day 28, the mouse was given a second injection of the same antigen A. Again, the antibody titer to antigen A was measured. On day 32, the mouse was given an injection of antigen B for the first time and the antibody titer for both A and B were measured daily. The data for the titer of these antibodies was graphed as shown below. 26. Which of the following statements best represents what can be concluded about the immune response of the mouse upon exposure to antigen A? A) The first exposure to antigen A caused a faster response and a greater antibody titer than the second exposure to antigen A. B) The second exposure to antigen A caused a faster response and a greater antibody titer than the first exposure to antigen A. C) The first exposure to antigen A caused a faster response, but the second exposure to antibody A produced a greater antibody titer. D) The first exposure to antigen A caused a slower response, but a greater antibody titer than the second exposure to antigen A. 27. Which of the following best explains why the experimenter gave the mouse an injection to an entirely new antigen B? A) To determine whether or not the mouse could make a variety of different antibodies. B) To determine if the second response to antigen A was truly due to antigen A or would it have been the same for exposure to any subsequent antigen. C) To determine if the immune system of the mouse could continue to make A antibodies even when exposed to a second pathogen. D) To determine if exposure to a second antigen could enhance the exposure to the first antigen. 28. After one year, the mouse was given a third injection of antigen A. The antibody titer to antigen A was measured daily. Predict which of the following graphs best represents the data obtained beginning with the first day that the mouse was subjected to a third exposure of antigen A.

14 Version A 30. The number of MHC combinations possible in a given population is enormous. Which of the following accounts for the fact that an individual in that population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules? A) B) C) D) 29. Which of the following cells are responsible for initiating the immune response when the mouse was exposed to subsequent injections of antigen A? A) neutrophils B) natural killer cells C) memory cells D) cytotoxic T cells A) The MHC protein is made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearrangement in a number of ways. B) MHC proteins from one individual can only be class I or class II. C) Each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene. D) Once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories. Questions 31 and 32 Immunodeficiencies can be genetic in origin. Two examples are Bruton s agammaglobulinemia, an X-linked disorder, and DiGeorge syndrome, caused by a deletion from chromosome 22. Bruton s disorder results in underdeveloped B cells, whereas DiGeorge syndrome results in a missing or seriously underdeveloped thymus. 31. Which of the following would Bruton s disease would most directly affect? A) An infant a boy and his ability to mature naive T cells. B) An infant girl with her ability to synthesize T cells. C) An infant boy with his ability to synthesize plasma cells. D) An infant girl with her ability to mature naive B cells. 32. An infant has been diagnosed with DiGeorge s syndrome. Which of the following would DiGeorge s syndrome directly affect? A) the inflammatory response B) the innate (nonspecific) response C) the cell mediated response D) the humoral response

15 AP Biology Immune System Unit Exam Part B Directions: These three questions require numeric answers. Calculate the correct answer for each question, and enter your answer on the grid following each question. Examples of correct entry for the gridin questions are shown below. The actual questions for this exam begin on the next page. Integer Answer Integer Answer Decimal Answer Fraction Answer / / 1 0

16 Questions 1 and 2 A graph following the progression of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) subsequent to infection with HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) is shown above. AIDS is the final stage of HIV disease, which causes severe damage to the immune system. An antibody titer is a measurement of how much antibody an organism has produced that recognizes a particular epitope, expressed as the greatest dilution that still gives a positive result. Both the T lymphocyte count and HIV antibody titer are graphed vs. time. A person is diagnosed with AIDS when the T lymphocyte count falls below 200 cells/mm At approximately 8 weeks, the HIV dilutional titer is 1/512 cells/mm 3. How many additional weeks will it take until the titer returns to a value of 1/2 cells/mm 3 HIV dilutional titer. Give your answer to the nearest whole number. 2. According to the graph, how long after the initial infection until this person is diagnosed with AIDS? Giver your answer to the nearest tenth.

17 3. Day First Exposure AB Concentration (µg/ml) Second Exposure AB Concentration (µg/ml) , , ,000 An immunologist is investigating the AB antibody concentration when exposed to a particular antigen for an initial and subsequent exposure. Calculate the difference between the mean of the second investigation when compared to mean of the first investigation. Give your answer as an absolute value to the nearest whole number.

18 Name: Period Version B AP* Biology: Immune System Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and enter the appropriate letter in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. 1. Diabetes mellitus type 1, or juvenile diabetes, results from B cell antibodies attacking proteins found on certain islet cells of the pancreas. This destroys the cells responsible for making insulin. Which of the following best represents the net result of the destruction of islet cells? A) It increases a person s blood glucose levels. B) It decreases the amount of amino acids found in the blood. C) It decreases urine output. D) It increases cell replication in certain organs. 2. During the adaptive (specific) immune response B cells are activated by certain antigens. Which scenario best depicts the progress of this immune response? A) B) C) D) (1)Test Questions are Copyright by College Entrance Examination Board, Prenceton, NJ. All rights reserved. For face-to-fact teaching purposes, classroom teachers are permitted to reproduce the questions. Web or Mass distribution prohibited. (2) AP is registered traemark of the College Entrance Examination Borard. The College Entrance Examination Board was not involved in the production of and does not endorse this product. Permissionis granted of individual classroom teahcers to reproduce the activity sheets and illustation for their own classroom use. Any other type of reproduction of these material is strictly prohibited.

19 Version B 3. The number of MHC combinations possible in a given population is enormous. Which of the following accounts for the fact that an individual in that population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules? A) The MHC protein is made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearrangement in a number of ways. B) MHC proteins from one individual can only be class I or class II. C) Each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene. D) Once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories. 4. There is some evidence that interferon may be effective against certain forms of cancer. This finding suggests that some cancers may involve A) viruses B) bacteria C) allergic reactions D) an overproduction of white blood cells 5. Keratin is a substance found in the human epidermis. It fortifies the innate (nonspecific) immune system as it makes the epidermis resistant to many bacterial enzymes. Which of the following substances found in plants is analogous to keratin? Questions 6 and 7 Immunodeficiencies can be genetic in origin. Two examples are Bruton s agammaglobulinemia, an X-linked disorder, and DiGeorge syndrome, caused by a deletion from chromosome 22. Bruton s disorder results in underdeveloped B cells, whereas DiGeorge syndrome results in a missing or seriously underdeveloped thymus. 6. An infant has been diagnosed with DiGeorge s syndrome. Which of the following would DiGeorge s syndrome directly affect? A) the inflammatory response B) the innate (nonspecific) response C) the cell mediated response D) the humoral response 7. Which of the following would Bruton s disease would most directly affect? A) An infant a boy and his ability to mature naive T cells. B) An infant girl with her ability to synthesize T cells. C) An infant boy with his ability to synthesize plasma cells. D) An infant girl with her ability to mature naive B cells. A) cellulose found in cell walls B) amylose stored in roots C) waxy cuticle on the surface of leaves D) phospholipids found in the cell membrane

20 Version B Questions 8-10 The illustration below refers to the reproductive cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus, a retrovirus that causes AIDS. 8. Which type of human cell is this virus infecting? A) natural killer cell B) body cell C) cytotoxic T cell D) helper T cell

21 Version B 9. Which of the following best explains why the HIV infection is so devastating to the immune system? A) It destroys the cells used to initiate the inflammatory response. B) It destroys lymph nodes that are used to store lymphocytes. C) It destroys the stem cells in the bone marrow used to make erythrocytes. D) It destroys the cells used to select and clone B cells. 10. The Center for Disease Control estimates that 1,148,200 persons aged 13 years and older are living with HIV infection, including 207,600 (18.1%) who are unaware of their infection. Over the past decade, the number of people living with HIV has increased, while the annual number of new HIV infections has remained relatively stable. This is due in part to the fact that developing a cure for AIDS caused by HIV has proven to be very difficult. Which of the following HIV viral characteristics most impedes this progress of developing a cure for AIDS? A) Once the virus integrates itself into the host DNA, various introns are inserted causing numerous mutations. B) Once the virus particle is made, the proteins are very unstable, and the shape of the virus changes. C) Mutations occur as the RNA is transcribed into DNA, and there is no repair system to correct for these mutations. D) Each virus has a different envelope as a result of exocytosis in exiting the cell.

22 Version B Questions An immunologist was investigating the production of antibodies to a given antigen A. On day one, a mouse was injected with antigen A. The antibody titer to antigen A was then measured daily. On day 28, the mouse was given a second injection of the same antigen A. Again, the antibody titer to antigen A was measured. On day 32, the mouse was given an injection of antigen B for the first time and the antibody titer for both A and B were measured daily. The data for the titer of these antibodies was graphed as shown below. 11. Which of the following best explains why the experimenter gave the mouse an injection to an entirely new antigen B? A) To determine whether or not the mouse could make a variety of different antibodies. B) To determine if the second response to antigen A was truly due to antigen A or would it have been the same for exposure to any subsequent antigen. C) To determine if the immune system of the mouse could continue to make A antibodies even when exposed to a second pathogen. D) To determine if exposure to a second antigen could enhance the exposure to the first antigen. 12. Which of the following cells are responsible for initiating the immune response when the mouse was exposed to subsequent injections of antigen A? A) neutrophils B) natural killer cells C) memory cells D) cytotoxic T cells

23 Version B 13. Which of the following statements best represents what can be concluded about the immune response of the mouse upon exposure to antigen A? A) The first exposure to antigen A caused a faster response and a greater antibody titer than the second exposure to antigen A. B) The second exposure to antigen A caused a faster response and a greater antibody titer than the first exposure to antigen A. C) The first exposure to antigen A caused a faster response, but the second exposure to antibody A produced a greater antibody titer. D) The first exposure to antigen A caused a slower response, but a greater antibody titer than the second exposure to antigen A. 14. After one year, the mouse was given a third injection of antigen A. The antibody titer to antigen A was measured daily. Predict which of the following graphs best represents the data obtained beginning with the first day that the mouse was subjected to a third exposure of antigen A. A) C) B) D)

24 Version B Questions 15 and 16 The diagram illustrates the innate immune response commonly found in plants. 15. Which of the following best represents the role of salicylic acid in the innate immune response? A) It acts as a local regulator and to signal the initiation of the systemic acquired resistance B) It acts similar to an antibody by clumping together antigens for a response in the systemic acquired resistance. C) It acts as a signal to initiate the hypersensitive response. D) It acts as a signal to natural killer cells where infected cells are located. 16. The hypersensitivity response is a part of the innate immune response found in plants. Which of the following is a direct result of the hypersensitivity response? A) Antibodies are produced in certain mesophyll cells of the plant. B) The inflammatory response is initiated at the site of the infection. C) The rapid apoptosis of infected cells. D) The activation of the complement system of proteins in surrounding cells.

25 Version B Questions One of the effects of histamine and cytokine release is to cause capillary beds to become leaky allowing fluids to move from the capillary bed to the surrounding tissues. This release also attracts phagocytes to the site of the infection. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome or SIRS triggers an excessive release of histamine and cytokines. This excessive release is termed a cytokine storm. 17. Predict which bar graph correctly displays the change in blood pressure a normal person would experience if they had SIRS. A) C) B) D)

26 Version B 18. Predict which graph correctly displays the change in urine output a normal person would experience if they had SIRS. A) C) B) D) 19. Which of the following is most likely to occur if a person experiences SIRS? A) Interferon would be suppressed. B) Cytotoxic cells would attack the excessive macrophages found in the tissues. C) White blood cell count would increase. D) The kidneys would excrete copious amounts of urine. 20. Herbivory refers to animals eating plants. Consequently, herbivory is a serious threat to the survival of a plant. Which of the following best describes an evolutionary adaptation that discourages herbivory? A) The production of acid resistant seeds. B) The production of a cell wall made of indigestible cellulose. C) The production of an apical meristem with an extremely short cell cycle. D) The synthesis of toxic secondary metabolites that can injure an herbivore.

27 Version B 21. Graves disease is an autoimmune disease in which B cells produce antibodies that attach to the signal receptor of the thyroid gland. The net effect of this action A) attracts the helper T cells which produces interleukin which causes the thyroid gland to increase in size. B) over stimulates the thyroid gland s production of thyroxin which increases metabolism. C) attracts T reg cells which effectively shuts down the thyroid gland and decreases metabolism. D) attacks cytotoxic T cells which attack and destroy thyroid tissue. Questions 22 and 23 The following diagram represents an innate (nonspecific) immune response for a particular pathogen. 22. Once activated, which of the following responses would occur as a result of the TLR 5 receptor being stimulated? A) The white blood cell secretes copious amounts of antibodies. B) The white blood cell interacts with cytotoxic T cells. C) The white blood cell undergoes a transformation becoming a helper T cell. D) The white blood cell initiates the inflammatory response. 23. What makes this pathway most effective in fighting pathogens? A) The TLR 5 receptor has the ability to change its shape depending on the pathogen. B) The TLR 5 binds to bacterial flagellin which is common to many different bacteria with flagella. C) The TLR 5 receptor site is an antibody that has the ability to bind to at least two antigens. D) The TLR 5 is different on every white blood cell which accounts for white blood diversity.

28 Version B Questions 24 and 25 The diagram below should be used for answering the next two questions 25. Antibodies are produced as a result of the adaptive (specific) humoral immune response. Which of the following characteristics makes antibodies effective in ridding the body of antigens? A) An antibody can bind to two structurally different antigens B) All naive B cells produces the same antibody C) By having two binding sites, antibodies have the ability to clump antigens together for macrophage disposal. D) The antibody binding sites are different from the binding site found on the B cell receptor site that produced it. 24. It is estimated that humans possess the potential to synthesize 10 8 different types of antibodies. This allows humans to respond to a great variety of different antigens. Which of the following best accounts for the vast potential of diversity among antibodies? A) The human genome contains over 10 8 different genes. B) Once antibodies are made, they are modified with prosthetic groups to make each one different. C) There are supergene collections of smaller genes. These genes are recombined in smaller groups and combinations to make a unique antibody gene for each B cell. D) There are three different genes on three different chromosomes. These genes are susceptible to insertions with viral DNA obtained from the pathogen. 26. The secondary response of specialized cells of the immune system is observed following subsequent encounter with the same antigen and is more rapid. Which of the following cell types is responsible for initiating the secondary immune response? A) memory cells B) macrophages C) cytotoxic T cells D) plasma B cells 27. Plasma cells are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system. Like all blood cells, plasma cells ultimately originate in the bone marrow. Which of the following best describes plasma cells? A) They are immature forms of T cells. B) They are cells that make copious amounts of antibodies. C) The are the effector cells of cell mediated memory. D) They are responsible for the phagocytosis of foreign organisms.

29 Version B 28. Cell-mediated immunity is a type of acquired immunity. This is the immunity one develops throughout life. Which of the following types of cells are mostly involved in cell-mediated immunity? A) T cells B) B cells C) erythrocytes D) neutrophils 29. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (slowly-replicating retrovirus) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), an infectious disease in which progressive failure of the human immune system leads to life-threatening opportunistic infections and/or cancer. Which of the following types of cells is most often attacked by HIV in humans? A) neurons B) erythrocytes C) white blood cells D) glial cells 30. The figure above shows Toll receptors and Toll-like receptors found in plants, Drosphilia, and mammals. Which of the following best accounts for the similarities of the receptors between these organisms? A) The receptors are found only on leukocytes involved in the innate response. B) The evolution of the innate immune system occurred prior to the divergence of plants and animals. C) The pathogens that infect plants, Drosophila, and mammals are very similar and require the same response. D) That plants, Drosophila, and mammals all contain roaming phagocytes involved in the innate immune response.

30 Version B 31. The immune system protects the body from possibly harmful substances by recognizing and responding to a variety of substances. Which of the following foreign substances organism can elicit an immune response in the organism? A) antigens B) interferons C) histamines D) antibodies 32. The cell mediated response is often part of the body s fight against a viral infection. Which of the following illustrations best represents the cell-mediated response to such an infection? A) C) B) D)

31 AP Biology Immune System Unit Exam Part B Directions: These three questions require numeric answers. Calculate the correct answer for each question, and enter your answer on the grid following each question. Examples of correct entry for the gridin questions are shown below. The actual questions for this exam begin on the next page. Integer Answer Integer Answer Decimal Answer Fraction Answer / / 1 0

32 Questions 1 and 2 A graph following the progression of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) subsequent to infection with HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) is shown above. AIDS is the final stage of HIV disease, which causes severe damage to the immune system. An antibody titer is a measurement of how much antibody an organism has produced that recognizes a particular epitope, expressed as the greatest dilution that still gives a positive result. Both the T lymphocyte count and HIV antibody titer are graphed vs. time. A person is diagnosed with AIDS when the T lymphocyte count falls below 200 cells/mm At approximately 8 weeks, the HIV dilutional titer is 1/512 cells/mm 3. How many additional weeks will it take until the titer returns to a value of 1/2 cells/mm 3 HIV dilutional titer. Give your answer to the nearest whole number. 2. According to the graph, how long after the initial infection until this person is diagnosed with AIDS? Giver your answer to the nearest tenth.

33 3. Day First Exposure AB Concentration (µg/ml) Second Exposure AB Concentration (µg/ml) , , ,000 An immunologist is investigating the AB antibody concentration when exposed to a particular antigen for an initial and subsequent exposure. Calculate the difference between the mean of the second investigation when compared to mean of the first investigation. Give your answer as an absolute value to the nearest whole number.

34 Name: Period Version C AP* Biology: Immune System Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and enter the appropriate letter in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. Questions 1-4 An immunologist was investigating the production of antibodies to a given antigen A. On day one, a mouse was injected with antigen A. The antibody titer to antigen A was then measured daily. On day 28, the mouse was given a second injection of the same antigen A. Again, the antibody titer to antigen A was measured. On day 32, the mouse was given an injection of antigen B for the first time and the antibody titer for both A and B were measured daily. The data for the titer of these antibodies was graphed as shown below. 1. Which of the following statements best represents what can be concluded about the immune response of the mouse upon exposure to antigen A? A) The first exposure to antigen A caused a faster response and a greater antibody titer than the second exposure to antigen A. B) The second exposure to antigen A caused a faster response and a greater antibody titer than the first exposure to antigen A. C) The first exposure to antigen A caused a faster response, but the second exposure to antibody A produced a greater antibody titer. D) The first exposure to antigen A caused a slower response, but a greater antibody titer than the second exposure to antigen A. (1)Test Questions are Copyright by College Entrance Examination Board, Prenceton, NJ. All rights reserved. For face-to-fact teaching purposes, classroom teachers are permitted to reproduce the questions. Web or Mass distribution prohibited. (2) AP is registered traemark of the College Entrance Examination Borard. The College Entrance Examination Board was not involved in the production of and does not endorse this product. Permissionis granted of individual classroom teahcers to reproduce the activity sheets and illustation for their own classroom use. Any other type of reproduction of these material is strictly prohibited.

35 Version C 2. After one year, the mouse was given a third injection of antigen A. The antibody titer to antigen A was measured daily. Predict which of the following graphs best represents the data obtained beginning with the first day that the mouse was subjected to a third exposure of antigen A. A) C) B) D) 3. Which of the following cells are responsible for initiating the immune response when the mouse was exposed to subsequent injections of antigen A? A) neutrophils B) natural killer cells C) memory cells D) cytotoxic T cells 4. Which of the following best explains why the experimenter gave the mouse an injection to an entirely new antigen B? A) To determine whether or not the mouse could make a variety of different antibodies. B) To determine if the second response to antigen A was truly due to antigen A or would it have been the same for exposure to any subsequent antigen. C) To determine if the immune system of the mouse could continue to make A antibodies even when exposed to a second pathogen. D) To determine if exposure to a second antigen could enhance the exposure to the first antigen.

36 Version C 5. There is some evidence that interferon may be effective against certain forms of cancer. This finding suggests that some cancers may involve A) viruses B) bacteria C) allergic reactions D) an overproduction of white blood cells Questions 6 and 7 The following diagram represents an innate (nonspecific) immune response for a particular pathogen. 7. What makes this pathway most effective in fighting pathogens? A) The TLR 5 receptor has the ability to change its shape depending on the pathogen. B) The TLR 5 binds to bacterial flagellin which is common to many different bacteria with flagella. C) The TLR 5 receptor site is an antibody that has the ability to bind to at least two antigens. D) The TLR 5 is different on every white blood cell which accounts for white blood diversity. 6. Once activated, which of the following responses would occur as a result of the TLR 5 receptor being stimulated? A) The white blood cell secretes copious amounts of antibodies. B) The white blood cell interacts with cytotoxic T cells. C) The white blood cell undergoes a transformation becoming a helper T cell. D) The white blood cell initiates the inflammatory response.

37 Version C Questions 8-10 The illustration below refers to the reproductive cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus, a retrovirus that causes AIDS. 8. Which of the following best explains why the HIV infection is so devastating to the immune system? A) It destroys the cells used to initiate the inflammatory response. B) It destroys lymph nodes that are used to store lymphocytes. C) It destroys the stem cells in the bone marrow used to make erythrocytes. D) It destroys the cells used to select and clone B cells.

38 Version C 9. The Center for Disease Control estimates that 1,148,200 persons aged 13 years and older are living with HIV infection, including 207,600 (18.1%) who are unaware of their infection. Over the past decade, the number of people living with HIV has increased, while the annual number of new HIV infections has remained relatively stable. This is due in part to the fact that developing a cure for AIDS caused by HIV has proven to be very difficult. Which of the following HIV viral characteristics most impedes this progress of developing a cure for AIDS? A) Once the virus integrates itself into the host DNA, various introns are inserted causing numerous mutations. B) Once the virus particle is made, the proteins are very unstable, and the shape of the virus changes. C) Mutations occur as the RNA is transcribed into DNA, and there is no repair system to correct for these mutations. D) Each virus has a different envelope as a result of exocytosis in exiting the cell. 10. Which type of human cell is this virus infecting? A) natural killer cell B) body cell C) cytotoxic T cell D) helper T cell 11. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (slowly-replicating retrovirus) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), an infectious disease in which progressive failure of the human immune system leads to life-threatening opportunistic infections and/or cancer. Which of the following types of cells is most often attacked by HIV in humans? 12. Herbivory refers to animals eating plants. Consequently, herbivory is a serious threat to the survival of a plant. Which of the following best describes an evolutionary adaptation that discourages herbivory? A) The production of acid resistant seeds. B) The production of a cell wall made of indigestible cellulose. C) The production of an apical meristem with an extremely short cell cycle. D) The synthesis of toxic secondary metabolites that can injure an herbivore. 13. The secondary response of specialized cells of the immune system is observed following subsequent encounter with the same antigen and is more rapid. Which of the following cell types is responsible for initiating the secondary immune response? A) memory cells B) macrophages C) cytotoxic T cells D) plasma B cells 14. Cell-mediated immunity is a type of acquired immunity. This is the immunity one develops throughout life. Which of the following types of cells are mostly involved in cell-mediated immunity? A) T cells B) B cells C) erythrocytes D) neutrophils A) neurons B) erythrocytes C) white blood cells D) glial cells

39 Version C 15. During the adaptive (specific) immune response B cells are activated by certain antigens. Which scenario best depicts the progress of this immune response? A) B) C) D)

40 Version C Questions One of the effects of histamine and cytokine release is to cause capillary beds to become leaky allowing fluids to move from the capillary bed to the surrounding tissues. This release also attracts phagocytes to the site of the infection. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome or SIRS triggers an excessive release of histamine and cytokines. This excessive release is termed a cytokine storm. 16. Predict which graph correctly displays the change in urine output a normal person would experience if they had SIRS. A) C) B) D)

41 Version C 17. Predict which bar graph correctly displays the change in blood pressure a normal person would experience if they had SIRS. A) C) B) D) 18. Which of the following is most likely to occur if a person experiences SIRS? A) Interferon would be suppressed. B) Cytotoxic cells would attack the excessive macrophages found in the tissues. C) White blood cell count would increase. D) The kidneys would excrete copious amounts of urine.

42 Version C Questions 19 and 20 The diagram below should be used for answering the next two questions 19. Antibodies are produced as a result of the adaptive (specific) humoral immune response. Which of the following characteristics makes antibodies effective in ridding the body of antigens? A) An antibody can bind to two structurally different antigens B) All naive B cells produces the same antibody C) By having two binding sites, antibodies have the ability to clump antigens together for macrophage disposal. D) The antibody binding sites are different from the binding site found on the B cell receptor site that produced it. 20. It is estimated that humans possess the potential to synthesize 10 8 different types of antibodies. This allows humans to respond to a great variety of different antigens. Which of the following best accounts for the vast potential of diversity among antibodies? A) The human genome contains over 10 8 different genes. B) Once antibodies are made, they are modified with prosthetic groups to make each one different. C) There are supergene collections of smaller genes. These genes are recombined in smaller groups and combinations to make a unique antibody gene for each B cell. D) There are three different genes on three different chromosomes. These genes are susceptible to insertions with viral DNA obtained from the pathogen. 21. Diabetes mellitus type 1, or juvenile diabetes, results from B cell antibodies attacking proteins found on certain islet cells of the pancreas. This destroys the cells responsible for making insulin. Which of the following best represents the net result of the destruction of islet cells? A) It increases a person s blood glucose levels. B) It decreases the amount of amino acids found in the blood. C) It decreases urine output. D) It increases cell replication in certain organs.

43 Version C Questions 22 and 23 The diagram illustrates the innate immune response commonly found in plants. 22. The hypersensitivity response is a part of the innate immune response found in plants. Which of the following is a direct result of the hypersensitivity response? A) Antibodies are produced in certain mesophyll cells of the plant. B) The inflammatory response is initiated at the site of the infection. C) The rapid apoptosis of infected cells. D) The activation of the complement system of proteins in surrounding cells. 23. Which of the following best represents the role of salicylic acid in the innate immune response? A) It acts as a local regulator and to signal the initiation of the systemic acquired resistance B) It acts similar to an antibody by clumping together antigens for a response in the systemic acquired resistance. C) It acts as a signal to initiate the hypersensitive response. D) It acts as a signal to natural killer cells where infected cells are located.

44 Version C Questions 24 and 25 Immunodeficiencies can be genetic in origin. Two examples are Bruton s agammaglobulinemia, an X-linked disorder, and DiGeorge syndrome, caused by a deletion from chromosome 22. Bruton s disorder results in underdeveloped B cells, whereas DiGeorge syndrome results in a missing or seriously underdeveloped thymus. 25. An infant has been diagnosed with DiGeorge s syndrome. Which of the following would DiGeorge s syndrome directly affect? A) the inflammatory response B) the innate (nonspecific) response C) the cell mediated response D) the humoral response 24. Which of the following would Bruton s disease would most directly affect? A) An infant a boy and his ability to mature naive T cells. B) An infant girl with her ability to synthesize T cells. C) An infant boy with his ability to synthesize plasma cells. D) An infant girl with her ability to mature naive B cells. 26. The cell mediated response is often part of the body s fight against a viral infection. Which of the following illustrations best represents the cell-mediated response to such an infection? A) C) B) D)

45 Version C 27. Plasma cells are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system. Like all blood cells, plasma cells ultimately originate in the bone marrow. Which of the following best describes plasma cells? A) They are immature forms of T cells. B) They are cells that make copious amounts of antibodies. C) The are the effector cells of cell mediated memory. D) They are responsible for the phagocytosis of foreign organisms. 28. Graves disease is an autoimmune disease in which B cells produce antibodies that attach to the signal receptor of the thyroid gland. The net effect of this action A) attracts the helper T cells which produces interleukin which causes the thyroid gland to increase in size. B) over stimulates the thyroid gland s production of thyroxin which increases metabolism. C) attracts T reg cells which effectively shuts down the thyroid gland and decreases metabolism. D) attacks cytotoxic T cells which attack and destroy thyroid tissue. 29. The immune system protects the body from possibly harmful substances by recognizing and responding to a variety of substances. Which of the following foreign substances organism can elicit an immune response in the organism? A) antigens B) interferons C) histamines D) antibodies

46 Version C 30. The figure above shows Toll receptors and Toll-like receptors found in plants, Drosphilia, and mammals. Which of the following best accounts for the similarities of the receptors between these organisms? A) The receptors are found only on leukocytes involved in the innate response. B) The evolution of the innate immune system occurred prior to the divergence of plants and animals. C) The pathogens that infect plants, Drosophila, and mammals are very similar and require the same response. D) That plants, Drosophila, and mammals all contain roaming phagocytes involved in the innate immune response. 31. The number of MHC combinations possible in a given population is enormous. Which of the following accounts for the fact that an individual in that population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules? A) The MHC protein is made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearrangement in a number of ways. B) MHC proteins from one individual can only be class I or class II. C) Each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene. D) Once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories. 32. Keratin is a substance found in the human epidermis. It fortifies the innate (nonspecific) immune system as it makes the epidermis resistant to many bacterial enzymes. Which of the following substances found in plants is analogous to keratin? A) cellulose found in cell walls B) amylose stored in roots C) waxy cuticle on the surface of leaves D) phospholipids found in the cell membrane

47 AP Biology Immune System Unit Exam Part B Directions: These three questions require numeric answers. Calculate the correct answer for each question, and enter your answer on the grid following each question. Examples of correct entry for the gridin questions are shown below. The actual questions for this exam begin on the next page. Integer Answer Integer Answer Decimal Answer Fraction Answer / / 1 0

48 Questions 1 and 2 A graph following the progression of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) subsequent to infection with HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) is shown above. AIDS is the final stage of HIV disease, which causes severe damage to the immune system. An antibody titer is a measurement of how much antibody an organism has produced that recognizes a particular epitope, expressed as the greatest dilution that still gives a positive result. Both the T lymphocyte count and HIV antibody titer are graphed vs. time. A person is diagnosed with AIDS when the T lymphocyte count falls below 200 cells/mm At approximately 8 weeks, the HIV dilutional titer is 1/512 cells/mm 3. How many additional weeks will it take until the titer returns to a value of 1/2 cells/mm 3 HIV dilutional titer. Give your answer to the nearest whole number. 2. According to the graph, how long after the initial infection until this person is diagnosed with AIDS? Giver your answer to the nearest tenth.

49 3. Day First Exposure AB Concentration (µg/ml) Second Exposure AB Concentration (µg/ml) , , ,000 An immunologist is investigating the AB antibody concentration when exposed to a particular antigen for an initial and subsequent exposure. Calculate the difference between the mean of the second investigation when compared to mean of the first investigation. Give your answer as an absolute value to the nearest whole number.

50 Name: Period Version D AP* Biology: Immune System Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and enter the appropriate letter in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. Questions 1 and 2 The following diagram represents an innate (nonspecific) immune response for a particular pathogen. 2. What makes this pathway most effective in fighting pathogens? A) The TLR 5 receptor has the ability to change its shape depending on the pathogen. B) The TLR 5 binds to bacterial flagellin which is common to many different bacteria with flagella. C) The TLR 5 receptor site is an antibody that has the ability to bind to at least two antigens. D) The TLR 5 is different on every white blood cell which accounts for white blood diversity. 1. Once activated, which of the following responses would occur as a result of the TLR 5 receptor being stimulated? A) The white blood cell secretes copious amounts of antibodies. B) The white blood cell interacts with cytotoxic T cells. C) The white blood cell undergoes a transformation becoming a helper T cell. D) The white blood cell initiates the inflammatory response. (1)Test Questions are Copyright by College Entrance Examination Board, Prenceton, NJ. All rights reserved. For face-to-fact teaching purposes, classroom teachers are permitted to reproduce the questions. Web or Mass distribution prohibited. (2) AP is registered traemark of the College Entrance Examination Borard. The College Entrance Examination Board was not involved in the production of and does not endorse this product. Permissionis granted of individual classroom teahcers to reproduce the activity sheets and illustation for their own classroom use. Any other type of reproduction of these material is strictly prohibited.

51 Version D Questions 3 and 4 The diagram illustrates the innate immune response commonly found in plants. 3. Which of the following best represents the role of salicylic acid in the innate immune response? A) It acts as a local regulator and to signal the initiation of the systemic acquired resistance B) It acts similar to an antibody by clumping together antigens for a response in the systemic acquired resistance. C) It acts as a signal to initiate the hypersensitive response. D) It acts as a signal to natural killer cells where infected cells are located. 4. The hypersensitivity response is a part of the innate immune response found in plants. Which of the following is a direct result of the hypersensitivity response? A) Antibodies are produced in certain mesophyll cells of the plant. B) The inflammatory response is initiated at the site of the infection. C) The rapid apoptosis of infected cells. D) The activation of the complement system of proteins in surrounding cells.

52 Version D 5. During the adaptive (specific) immune response B cells are activated by certain antigens. Which scenario best depicts the progress of this immune response? A) B) C) D) 6. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (slowly-replicating retrovirus) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), an infectious disease in which progressive failure of the human immune system leads to life-threatening opportunistic infections and/or cancer. Which of the following types of cells is most often attacked by HIV in humans? A) neurons B) erythrocytes C) white blood cells D) glial cells 7. The secondary response of specialized cells of the immune system is observed following subsequent encounter with the same antigen and is more rapid. Which of the following cell types is responsible for initiating the secondary immune response? A) memory cells B) macrophages C) cytotoxic T cells D) plasma B cells

53 Version D Questions 8-11 An immunologist was investigating the production of antibodies to a given antigen A. On day one, a mouse was injected with antigen A. The antibody titer to antigen A was then measured daily. On day 28, the mouse was given a second injection of the same antigen A. Again, the antibody titer to antigen A was measured. On day 32, the mouse was given an injection of antigen B for the first time and the antibody titer for both A and B were measured daily. The data for the titer of these antibodies was graphed as shown below. 8. After one year, the mouse was given a third injection of antigen A. The antibody titer to antigen A was measured daily. Predict which of the following graphs best represents the data obtained beginning with the first day that the mouse was subjected to a third exposure of antigen A. A) C) B) D)

54 Version D 9. Which of the following statements best represents what can be concluded about the immune response of the mouse upon exposure to antigen A? A) The first exposure to antigen A caused a faster response and a greater antibody titer than the second exposure to antigen A. B) The second exposure to antigen A caused a faster response and a greater antibody titer than the first exposure to antigen A. C) The first exposure to antigen A caused a faster response, but the second exposure to antibody A produced a greater antibody titer. D) The first exposure to antigen A caused a slower response, but a greater antibody titer than the second exposure to antigen A. 10. Which of the following best explains why the experimenter gave the mouse an injection to an entirely new antigen B? A) To determine whether or not the mouse could make a variety of different antibodies. B) To determine if the second response to antigen A was truly due to antigen A or would it have been the same for exposure to any subsequent antigen. C) To determine if the immune system of the mouse could continue to make A antibodies even when exposed to a second pathogen. D) To determine if exposure to a second antigen could enhance the exposure to the first antigen. 11. Which of the following cells are responsible for initiating the immune response when the mouse was exposed to subsequent injections of antigen A? A) neutrophils B) natural killer cells C) memory cells D) cytotoxic T cells

55 Version D Questions The illustration below refers to the reproductive cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus, a retrovirus that causes AIDS. 12. Which of the following best explains why the HIV infection is so devastating to the immune system? A) It destroys the cells used to initiate the inflammatory response. B) It destroys lymph nodes that are used to store lymphocytes. C) It destroys the stem cells in the bone marrow used to make erythrocytes. D) It destroys the cells used to select and clone B cells.

56 Version D 13. The Center for Disease Control estimates that 1,148,200 persons aged 13 years and older are living with HIV infection, including 207,600 (18.1%) who are unaware of their infection. Over the past decade, the number of people living with HIV has increased, while the annual number of new HIV infections has remained relatively stable. This is due in part to the fact that developing a cure for AIDS caused by HIV has proven to be very difficult. Which of the following HIV viral characteristics most impedes this progress of developing a cure for AIDS? A) Once the virus integrates itself into the host DNA, various introns are inserted causing numerous mutations. B) Once the virus particle is made, the proteins are very unstable, and the shape of the virus changes. C) Mutations occur as the RNA is transcribed into DNA, and there is no repair system to correct for these mutations. D) Each virus has a different envelope as a result of exocytosis in exiting the cell. 14. Which type of human cell is this virus infecting? A) natural killer cell B) body cell C) cytotoxic T cell D) helper T cell Questions 15 and 16 Immunodeficiencies can be genetic in origin. Two examples are Bruton s agammaglobulinemia, an X-linked disorder, and DiGeorge syndrome, caused by a deletion from chromosome 22. Bruton s disorder results in underdeveloped B cells, whereas DiGeorge syndrome results in a missing or seriously underdeveloped thymus. 15. Which of the following would Bruton s disease would most directly affect? A) An infant a boy and his ability to mature naive T cells. B) An infant girl with her ability to synthesize T cells. C) An infant boy with his ability to synthesize plasma cells. D) An infant girl with her ability to mature naive B cells. 16. An infant has been diagnosed with DiGeorge s syndrome. Which of the following would DiGeorge s syndrome directly affect? A) the inflammatory response B) the innate (nonspecific) response C) the cell mediated response D) the humoral response 17. Graves disease is an autoimmune disease in which B cells produce antibodies that attach to the signal receptor of the thyroid gland. The net effect of this action A) attracts the helper T cells which produces interleukin which causes the thyroid gland to increase in size. B) over stimulates the thyroid gland s production of thyroxin which increases metabolism. C) attracts T reg cells which effectively shuts down the thyroid gland and decreases metabolism. D) attacks cytotoxic T cells which attack and destroy thyroid tissue.

57 Version D 18. The cell mediated response is often part of the body s fight against a viral infection. Which of the following illustrations best represents the cell-mediated response to such an infection? A) C) B) D) 19. Keratin is a substance found in the human epidermis. It fortifies the innate (nonspecific) immune system as it makes the epidermis resistant to many bacterial enzymes. Which of the following substances found in plants is analogous to keratin? A) cellulose found in cell walls B) amylose stored in roots C) waxy cuticle on the surface of leaves D) phospholipids found in the cell membrane

58 Version D Questions One of the effects of histamine and cytokine release is to cause capillary beds to become leaky allowing fluids to move from the capillary bed to the surrounding tissues. This release also attracts phagocytes to the site of the infection. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome or SIRS triggers an excessive release of histamine and cytokines. This excessive release is termed a cytokine storm. 20. Predict which bar graph correctly displays the change in blood pressure a normal person would experience if they had SIRS. A) C) B) D) 21. Which of the following is most likely to occur if a person experiences SIRS? A) Interferon would be suppressed. B) Cytotoxic cells would attack the excessive macrophages found in the tissues. C) White blood cell count would increase. D) The kidneys would excrete copious amounts of urine.

59 Version D 22. Predict which graph correctly displays the change in urine output a normal person would experience if they had SIRS. A) C) B) D) 23. There is some evidence that interferon may be effective against certain forms of cancer. This finding suggests that some cancers may involve A) viruses B) bacteria C) allergic reactions D) an overproduction of white blood cells

60 Version D 24. The figure above shows Toll receptors and Toll-like receptors found in plants, Drosphilia, and mammals. Which of the following best accounts for the similarities of the receptors between these organisms? A) The receptors are found only on leukocytes involved in the innate response. B) The evolution of the innate immune system occurred prior to the divergence of plants and animals. C) The pathogens that infect plants, Drosophila, and mammals are very similar and require the same response. D) That plants, Drosophila, and mammals all contain roaming phagocytes involved in the innate immune response. 25. The immune system protects the body from possibly harmful substances by recognizing and responding to a variety of substances. Which of the following foreign substances organism can elicit an immune response in the organism? A) antigens B) interferons C) histamines D) antibodies 26. Cell-mediated immunity is a type of acquired immunity. This is the immunity one develops throughout life. Which of the following types of cells are mostly involved in cell-mediated immunity? A) T cells B) B cells C) erythrocytes D) neutrophils

61 Version D Questions 27 and 28 The diagram below should be used for answering the next two questions 27. Antibodies are produced as a result of the adaptive (specific) humoral immune response. Which of the following characteristics makes antibodies effective in ridding the body of antigens? A) An antibody can bind to two structurally different antigens B) All naive B cells produces the same antibody C) By having two binding sites, antibodies have the ability to clump antigens together for macrophage disposal. D) The antibody binding sites are different from the binding site found on the B cell receptor site that produced it. 28. It is estimated that humans possess the potential to synthesize 10 8 different types of antibodies. This allows humans to respond to a great variety of different antigens. Which of the following best accounts for the vast potential of diversity among antibodies? A) The human genome contains over 10 8 different genes. B) Once antibodies are made, they are modified with prosthetic groups to make each one different. C) There are supergene collections of smaller genes. These genes are recombined in smaller groups and combinations to make a unique antibody gene for each B cell. D) There are three different genes on three different chromosomes. These genes are susceptible to insertions with viral DNA obtained from the pathogen. 29. Herbivory refers to animals eating plants. Consequently, herbivory is a serious threat to the survival of a plant. Which of the following best describes an evolutionary adaptation that discourages herbivory? A) The production of acid resistant seeds. B) The production of a cell wall made of indigestible cellulose. C) The production of an apical meristem with an extremely short cell cycle. D) The synthesis of toxic secondary metabolites that can injure an herbivore. 30. Diabetes mellitus type 1, or juvenile diabetes, results from B cell antibodies attacking proteins found on certain islet cells of the pancreas. This destroys the cells responsible for making insulin. Which of the following best represents the net result of the destruction of islet cells? A) It increases a person s blood glucose levels. B) It decreases the amount of amino acids found in the blood. C) It decreases urine output. D) It increases cell replication in certain organs.