CCL28 Is Increased in Human Helicobacter pylori-induced Gastritis and Mediates Recruitment of Gastric Immunoglobulin A-Secreting Cells

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "CCL28 Is Increased in Human Helicobacter pylori-induced Gastritis and Mediates Recruitment of Gastric Immunoglobulin A-Secreting Cells"

Transcription

1 INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, July 2008, p Vol. 76, No /08/$ doi: /iai Copyright 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. CCL28 Is Increased in Human Helicobacter pylori-induced Gastritis and Mediates Recruitment of Gastric Immunoglobulin A-Secreting Cells Malin Hansson, 1 Michael Hermansson, 2 Helena Svensson, 1 Anders Elfvin, 2 Lars-Erik Hansson, 2 Erik Johnsson, 2 Åsa Sjöling, 1 and Marianne Quiding-Järbrink 1 * Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, and Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Göteborg University, Box 435, Göteborg, Sweden, 1 and Department of Surgery, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden 2 Received 11 January 2008/Returned for modification 23 February 2008/Accepted 13 April 2008 Human Helicobacter pylori infection gives rise to an active chronic gastritis and is a major risk factor for the development of duodenal ulcer disease and gastric adenocarcinoma. The infection is accompanied by a large accumulation of immunoglobulin A (IgA)-secreting cells in the gastric mucosa, and following mucosal immunization only H. pylori-infected volunteers mounted a B-cell response in the gastric mucosa. To identify the signals for recruitment of gastric IgA-secreting cells, we investigated the gastric production of CCL28 (mucosaassociated epithelial chemokine) and CCL25 (thymus-expressed chemokine) in H. pylori-infected and uninfected individuals and the potential of gastric B-cell populations to migrate toward these chemokines. Gastric tissue from H. pylori-infected individuals contained significantly more CCL28 protein and mrna than that from uninfected individuals, while CCL25 levels remained unchanged. Chemokine-induced migration of gastric lamina propria lymphocytes isolated from patients undergoing gastric resection was then assessed using the Transwell system. IgA-secreting cells and IgA memory B cells from H. pylori-infected tissues migrated toward CCL28 but not CCL25, while the corresponding cells from uninfected patients did not. Furthermore, IgG-secreting cells from H. pylori-infected patients did not migrate to CCL28 but instead to CXCL12 (SDF-1 ). However, chemokine receptor expression did not correlate to the migratory pattern of the different B-cell populations. These studies are the first to show increased CCL28 production during gastrointestinal infection in humans and provide an explanation for the large influx of IgA-secreting cells to the gastric mucosa in H. pylori-infected individuals. Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that infects the human stomach and duodenum and gives rise to active chronic gastritis including the formation of lymphoid follicles (15, 20). The infection is widespread and is associated with the development of gastric and duodenal ulcer disease as well as gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. The H. pylori-infected human stomach mucosa contains increased numbers of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells (5, 11, 15). In particular, H. pylori infection gives rise to a large accumulation of immunoglobulin A (IgA)-secreting cells in the gastric mucosa, many of which are specific for H. pylori virulence factors (28). In parallel, a systemic IgG and IgA response is mounted. However, despite strong immune responses, the bacteria are rarely eliminated from the stomach, and the infection is usually lifelong. As a prerequisite for the development of a vaccine against H. pylori, we have previously investigated the migration of vaccine-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) to the stomach mucosa following mucosal immunization with an inactivated cholera vaccine (27, 38). In these studies, vaccine-specific IgA and sometimes IgG responses could be detected only in the * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, Box 435, Göteborg, Sweden. Phone: Fax: marianne.quiding@microbio.gu.se. Published ahead of print on 21 April gastric mucosae of H. pylori-infected individuals and not in those of uninfected individuals. In contrast, both groups displayed similar and robust responses to the vaccine in the upper small intestine. It is not yet known whether the lymphoid follicles formed during H. pylori-induced gastritis can support local antigen presentation and B-cell differentiation to antibody-secreting plasma cells. We could show, however, that gastric IgA responses were not dependent on local antigen uptake and processing but were caused by increased recruitment of circulating plasma cell precursors (38). Tissue-specific lymphocyte homing to gastrointestinal mucosal tissues is dependent on the expression of the mucosal homing receptor integrin 4 7 (8). 4 7 interacts with the mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), which is expressed by endothelial cells in Peyer s patches and the gastrointestinal mucosa (4, 7). Our previous studies have shown that B and T lymphocytes activated by antigens present on the gastric mucosa express integrin 4 7 (37). Furthermore, animal experiments demonstrate that 4 7 MAdCAM-1 interactions are necessary for vaccine-induced protection against H. pylori infection (30). However, our work also showed that MAdCAM-1 was similarly expressed on gastric endothelial cells from both H. pylori-infected and uninfected individuals (37), and thus MAdCAM-1 density could not explain the recruitment of IgAsecreting cells to H. pylori-infected stomach mucosa. In addition to adhesion molecules, chemokines play an important role in leukocyte trafficking to different organs (9, 22). 3304

2 VOL. 76, 2008 CCL28 IN H. PYLORI-INDUCED GASTRITIS 3305 The mucosa-associated epithelial chemokine CCL28 (mucosaassociated epithelial chemokine) is a common mucosal chemokine which is constitutively expressed by epithelial cells in most mucosal sites (34, 40). The second mucosal chemokine, CCL25 (thymus-expressed chemokine), on the other hand, is mainly expressed by epithelial cells in the small intestine (23, 35, 41). Although produced by epithelial cells, these chemokines are enriched by endothelial cells and presented to migrating lymphocytes on the apical side (18, 22). Both CCL28 and CCL25 have recently been shown to be essential for lymphocyte migration to gastrointestinal tissues. CCL28 attracts IgA ASC, but not IgG or IgM ASC, from both intestinal and extraintestinal mucosal tissue, while CCL25 preferentially attracts IgA ASC from the small intestine and its draining lymphoid tissues, as well as 4 7 T cells (6, 18, 25, 35, 41). Since 4 7 MAdCAM-1 interactions did not seem to explain the increased B-cell migration to the H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa, we hypothesized that it might instead be mediated by altered chemokine production. These considerations prompted us to investigate the gastric production of CCL25 and CCL28 in H. pylori-infected and uninfected individuals, as well as the potential of gastric ASC and memory B cells to migrate toward these chemokines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Volunteers, patients, and specimen collection. This study was performed following approval from the human research ethics committee of the Medical Faculty, Göteborg University, and all participants gave informed consent to participate. Eight H. pylori-infected volunteers (two females and six males, aged 26 to 60 years) and eight uninfected volunteers (three females and five males, aged 24 to 34 years) were recruited from blood donors at Sahlgrenska University Hospital by serological screening. H. pylori infection was subsequently confirmed or excluded by culture on Scirrow plates and serology (16). Ten antrum biopsy samples were collected from each volunteer by endoscopy. Three biopsy samples were immediately embedded in OCT compound (Tissue-Tek; Sakura Finetek, Zoeterwoude, The Netherlands) and frozen in liquid nitrogen for immunofluorescence analysis, two biopsy samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen for RNA purification, and four biopsy samples were collected on ice for protein extraction. The last biopsy sample was fixed in formalin, and gastritis and the presence of Helicobacter-like organisms (HLO) were graded by an experienced histopathologist using the updated Sydney system (12). Gastric tissues from 14 individuals (7 females and 7 males, aged 30 to 80 years) undergoing gastric resection due to gastric adenocarcinoma (n 7), severe gastric dysplasia (n 1), duodenal adenocarcinoma (n 1), bile duct carcinoma (n 1), endocrine gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST; n 1), pancreatic carcinoma (n 2), or chronic pancreatitis (n 1) were used to isolate gastric lymphocytes for migration experiments. Directly after gastrectomy, a strip of gastric tissue encompassing antrum and corpus mucosa was collected. In patients with gastric cancer, tissue was collected at least 5 cm distant from the tumor. H. pylori status was subsequently determined by serology, as previously described (13), and 9 out of these 14 individuals were found to be H. pylori positive. The five uninfected individuals suffered from pancreatic (n 2), bile duct, or gastric carcinoma or endocrine GIST. Three different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) (in-house serology for IgG and IgA antibodies and the EIA-G III ELISA from Orion Diagnostics) were used to determine H. pylori status, since previous studies have shown that it is not always possible to culture H. pylori from gastric cancer patients, even though the presence of antibodies indicates infection (14). A second group of 19 patients (8 females and 11 males, aged 30 to 81 years) undergoing gastric resection due to gastric adenocarcinoma (n 11), endocrine GIST (n 1), bile duct carcinoma (n 2), pancreatic carcinoma (n 3), or benign gastric ulcer (n 2) was subsequently used to isolate gastric lymphocytes for flow cytometry analyses. Ten out of these 19 individuals were found to be H. pylori positive, and out of the 10 positives, 9 had gastric, 2 pancreatic, and 1 bile duct tumors. None of the patients received any medication related to their cancer disease before surgery. Protein extraction from gastric tissue specimens. Four antral biopsy samples from each subject were incubated in 600 l phosphate-buffered saline containing 2% saponin, 100 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor, 350 mg/ml phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 0.1% bovine serum albumin (all from Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO) overnight at 4 C. Each suspension was centrifuged at 13,000 g for 5 min, and the supernatants were collected and frozen at 70 C until used for chemokine analyses. Detection of chemokines and antibodies in tissue extracts. The concentrations of CCL25 and CCL28 were determined by ELISA. CCL28 was determined using the Quantikine ELISA kit and thymus-expressed chemokine was determined using Duoset ELISA (both from R&D Systems, Abingdon, United Kingdom) according to the manufacturer s instruction. The detection limit for CCL25 was 30 pg/ml and that for CCL28 was 10 pg/ml. Chemokine concentrations were related to the total protein concentration in the respective samples, which were determined by a protein assay kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Total IgA concentrations in the tissue extracts were determined in ELISA as previously described (3). Purified human IgA was used to construct a standard curve, and the tissue extracts were diluted 100-fold before analysis. Immunofluorescence detection of CCL28. The expression of CCL28 was detected using immunofluorescent staining. Cryocut tissue sections (8 m) from three biopsy samples from every volunteer were fixed in ice-cold acetone. Endogenous peroxidase was blocked with glucose oxidase (Sigma-Aldrich) followed by blocking of biotin in the tissue (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Thereafter, the slides were incubated with mouse IgG1 anti-ccl28 (R&D Systems) or with mouse IgG1 as the negative control. Primary antibodies were used at optimal dilutions in phosphate-buffered saline with 0.05% Tween at room temperature for 1 h. The samples were then incubated with goat anti-mouse IgG1 conjugated to AlexaFluor 594 (Molecular Probes) followed by detection using tyramide amplification. Finally, slides were mounted using a DAPI (4,6 diamidino-2-phenylindole)-containing mounting medium. Detection of CCL25 and CCL28 mrna in gastric tissues. The expression of CCL25 and CCL28 mrna in gastric tissues was assessed by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Total RNA was purified by use of a total RNA extraction kit for mammalian RNA (Sigma Aldrich) and DNase treated by use of a DNase I amplification-grade kit (Invitrogen) to remove residual genomic DNA. The concentration and integrity of the RNA were measured by use of NanoDrop and by gel electrophoresis. cdna was synthesized using 600 ng total RNA and oligo(dt) primers with the Omniscript RT-PCR kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) in a total volume of 20 l, as described by the manufacturer. The cdna was stored at 20 C. CCL25 primers were designed by Primer3 software (forward primer, CCATCGTGGCCTTGGCTGTCTGTG; reverse primer, GCCGTATG TTTCGTGTTTCCCCTG). CCL28 and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) primers were used as previously described (34, 36). All primers were ordered from MGW-biotech (Ebersberg, Germany). RT-PCR was performed by multiplex PCR using either the CCL25 or CCL28 primers in combination with the HPRT primers according to standard procedures for 35 cycles. The expression of CCL25 and CCL28 was expressed as the ratio of the optical density for the chemokine band relative to the HPRT band. Isolation of gastric LPMNC. Lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMNC) were isolated from gastric tissue from H. pylori-infected and uninfected patients undergoing gastrectomy as previously described (26). Briefly, the epithelium was removed by incubation in Hanks balanced salt solution containing EDTA and dithiothreitol. Thereafter, the remaining tissue was incubated for 2 h at 37 C in collagenase and DNase to release LPMNC, which were then run through a nylon mesh to remove remaining tissue fragments. Isolated LPMNC were resuspended in Iscove s medium containing 5% fetal calf serum, 50 g/ml of gentamicin, and 3 g/ml of L-glutamine at 10 6 cells/ml and were stained for flow cytometry analysis (see below) or kept overnight at 37 C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO 2 before migration assays. Chemotaxis assay. B-cell migration toward CCL25, CCL28, and the positive control, CXCL12 (SDF-1 ), known to recruit IgG ASC (32), was evaluated using chemotaxis assays performed in 24-well Transwell cell culture chambers (Corning Costar Corporation, NY) containing a 5.0- m-pore-size membrane to separate the upper and lower chambers. Gastric LPMNC from H. pylori-infected and uninfected gastric cancer patients were washed and resuspended at cells/ml in RPMI-1640 medium with 0.5% fetal calf serum and 50 g/ml of gentamicin. The upper chamber was loaded with 100 l of cell suspension and the lower compartment contained 600 l of medium, with or without CCL28 (5, 2.5, or 1.2 g/ml), CCL25 (7.2, 3.6, or 1.8 g/ml), or CXCL12 (300, 30, or 3 ng/ml). The experiments were performed in duplicate, and chemokine concentrations had been titrated in pilot experiments. After incubation at 37 C for 2.5 h, cells that had migrated into the lower compartment were pooled and collected in complete Iscove s medium. Half of the cell suspension was used for analysis of

3 3306 HANSSON ET AL. INFECT. IMMUN. the IgA- and IgG-secreting cells by enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT assay), and the rest was used for flow cytometry analysis. Analysis of IgA and IgG ASC migration by ELISPOT assay. IgA- and IgGsecreting cells that migrated toward CCL28, CCL25, or CXCL12 were detected in two-color ELISPOT assays as previously described (10, 28). Wells were coated with goat antibodies to the F(ab) 2 fragment of human IgG (Jackson Immuno- Research Laboratories, Inc., West Grove, PA). Fifty microliters of cell suspension was added to each well and the experiments were performed in duplicate. Cells were incubated overnight at 37 C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO 2. The assay was developed by the addition of horseradish peroxidaseconjugated goat antibodies to human IgA and alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat antibodies to human IgG (Southern Biotech, Birmingham, AL) for 4 h followed by chromogen substrates. Frequencies of IgA and IgG ASC, represented by spots, were determined under low magnification with a stereomicroscope. Untreated LPMNC were assayed in parallel as a positive control, and incubation of these cells for 2.5 h with the respective chemokines did not influence ASC frequencies or the amounts of IgA secreted into the medium (data not shown). Flow cytometry analyses. Half of the migrating cells collected from Transwell experiments were used to enumerate memory B cells by flow cytometry using true-count beads as previously described (21). Memory B cells were defined as small resting lymphocytes that had undergone isotype switching to IgA or IgG. In addition, most IgA and IgG cells coexpress CD27 (21), confirming their memory cell status. The expression of IgA and IgG on the cell surface was determined by fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled rabbit anti-iga and -IgG antibodies (Dako Cytomation, Solna, Sweden) and was combined with phycoerythrin-labeled anti-cd19, peridinin chlorophyll protein-labeled anti-cd3, and allophycocyanin (APC)-labeled anti-cd69 antibodies. Appropriate isotype control antibodies were used to determine unspecific staining. Cells were analyzed on a FACSCalibur using CellQuest and FlowJo software (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA). In addition, chemokine receptor expression by IgA and IgG memory B cells and plasmablasts (identified as large CD3 CD38 high lymphocytes expressing surface immunoglobulins) isolated from the stomach mucosae of H. pylori-infected and uninfected individuals was examined. Chemokine receptor expression was visualized using a biotinylated mouse monoclonal antibody to CCR9 (clone 3C3, kindly provided by D. Picarella, Millennium Inc., Cambridge, MA) followed by APC-conjugated streptavidin, APC-labeled anti-ccr10, and anti-cxcr4 antibodies (R&D Systems). Statistical analyses. Comparisons between H. pylori-infected and uninfected subjects were performed using the two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. P values of 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Correlation was evaluated using the two-tailed Pearson test. RESULTS Inflammation and bacterial load. To investigate the expression of CCL25 and CCL28 in gastric tissues, biopsy samples were collected from both asymptomatic H. pylori-infected and uninfected individuals. Biopsy samples from uninfected subjects were histologically normal without inflammation or HLO. In contrast, active chronic inflammation and HLO were observed for biopsy samples from the antra of all H. pyloriinfected subjects. The mean chronic inflammation score was (mean standard deviation) and the mean active inflammation score was The mean HLO score was No atrophy or intestinal metaplasia was seen for any of the subjects. CCL25 and CCL28 content in H. pylori-infected and uninfected gastric tissue. Total proteins were extracted from gastric biopsy samples collected from H. pylori-infected and uninfected individuals, and CCL25 and CCL28 levels were determined by ELISA. These analyses showed that gastric tissue from H. pylori-infected individuals contained significantly more (P 0.001) CCL28 than did that from individuals not infected with H. pylori (Fig. 1A). On average, H. pylori-infected tissues contained 2.8 times more CCL28 than did uninfected tissues (33 21 pg/mg protein compared to 12 3 pg/mg). Since the FIG. 1. CCL28 and CCL25 concentrations in tissue extracts. Total proteins were extracted from gastric biopsy samples collected from H. pylori-infected (Hp ) and uninfected (Hp ) subjects. Biopsy samples were collected from infected and uninfected subjects. The concentration of CCL28 (A) and CCL25 (B) in the tissue extracts were determined by ELISA and related to the total protein concentration in the respective samples. Circles represent individual values and horizontal bars the median of each group. ***, P H. pylori-infected group contained some individuals that were older then the uninfected volunteers, we also investigated if there was a correlation between CCL28 concentration and age in the H. pylori-infected group. This was, however, not the case (r 0.457, P 0.05). The CCL25 concentrations were more variable than CCL28, but there was no difference between the groups as a whole (Fig. 1B). Since HLO and chronic inflammation scores did not vary much between the volunteers (all but one had scores of 2 for both parameters), we could not evaluate if chemokine levels correlate to H. pylori density or the infiltration of lymphocytes. In order to localize CCL28 protein within the gastric mucosa, immunofluorescence staining of CCL28 was performed on frozen tissues from the same individuals. These analyses revealed CCL28 reactivity exclusively in the epithelia in all individuals except two uninfected volunteers for whom no CCL28 staining could be detected. The staining was, however, always more intense in the H. pylori-infected individuals (Fig. 2). The CCL28 staining was cytoplasmatic and found mainly in the deep zone of the antral glands in the uninfected volunteers. In the H. pylori-infected individuals, on the other hand, CCL28 was also detected in the epithelium of the neck region and the surface epithelium. CCL25 and CCL28 mrna in H. pylori-infected and uninfected gastric tissue. To validate the results for CCL25 and CCL28 protein expression, we used RT-PCR to examine CCL25 and CCL28 mrna in gastric tissues from the same subjects and compared the results to those for the housekeeping gene HPRT. These assays showed a significantly high CCL28 expression (P 0.001) in H. pylori-infected gastric tissue compared to uninfected tissue (Fig. 3A and B). In contrast, there was no difference between infected and uninfected tissue with regard to CCL25 expression (Fig. 3C).

4 VOL. 76, 2008 CCL28 IN H. PYLORI-INDUCED GASTRITIS 3307 FIG. 2. Immunofluorescent staining of CCL28 in gastric tissues. Gastric biopsy samples collected from H. pylori-infected and uninfected subjects were cryopreserved, stained with antibodies to CCL28, and mounted in a DAPI-containing mounting medium. Representative staining from one H. pylori-negative individual (A) and one H. pylori-infected individual (B and C) is shown. (D) Isotype control for the infected individual. CCL28 is shown in red, cell nuclei are in blue, and the scale bar indicates 50 m. Arrows in panel A indicate CCL28 staining. IgA content in H. pylori-infected and uninfected gastric tissue. Total IgA concentrations were then determined by ELISA in the gastric tissue extracts previously used for chemokine detection. As previously reported (3), H. pylori-infected subjects had higher levels of gastric IgA than did the uninfected. On average, tissue extracts from H. pylori-infected subjects contained g IgA per mg protein (mean standard deviation), and extracts from uninfected subjects contained g/mg. Furthermore, when the IgA concentrations in the gastric extracts from infected individuals were plotted against CCL28 concentrations, there was a significant positive correlation (r 0.897, P 0.01) (Fig. 4). Chemokine receptor expression on gastric B-cell subsets. The expression of CCR9, CCR10, and CXCR4, the receptor for CXCL12, on gastric B-cell subsets was determined using flow cytometry. Within the population of small, resting naïve, and memory gastric lymphocytes, 46% 10% were IgA and 6% 4% IgG in the infected individuals and 43% 28% IgA and 12% 10% IgG in uninfected subjects. More than half of the IgA and IgG memory B cells expressed CCR9, regardless of whether they were isolated from H. pylori-infected or uninfected tissue (Table 1). Furthermore, the majority of memory cells expressed CCR10, and there were no large differences between IgA and IgG cells or between infected and uninfected individuals (Table 1). The expression of CXCR4 was generally high for the memory B cells, with a somewhat higher expression for cells from H. pylori-infected patients. Within the large-lymphocyte fraction, chemokine receptor expression was analyzed for plasmablasts, defined as large CD3 CD38 high cells expressing IgA or IgG on the surface. A majority of cells expressed IgA in both H. pylori-infected and uninfected individuals (68% 10% in infected and 62% 9% in uninfected), whereas 7% 7% expressed IgG in the infected individuals and 6% 6% of cells did so in the uninfected. A majority of IgA plasmablasts expressed CCR9, and there was also a very high expression of CCR10 on IgA plasmablasts, with no difference between cells from infected and uninfected individuals (Table 1). CXCR4 expression was lower and more variable on plasmablasts than on memory cells, but no differences were seen between H. pylori-infected and uninfected volunteers. The expression of chemokine receptors on IgG plasmablasts was hard to evaluate, since there were often frequencies of cells too low to allow proper analysis. Chemokine-induced migration of gastric ASC. Previous studies have shown that H. pylori infection results in a large accumulation of IgA-secreting cells in the human gastric mucosa both during steady state and following mucosal immunizations (27, 38). We therefore examined if gastric cells from H. pylori-infected and uninfected subjects would respond to

5 3308 HANSSON ET AL. INFECT. IMMUN. FIG. 3. CCL28 and CCL25 mrna in tissue extracts. mrna was extracted from gastric biopsy samples collected from H. pylori-infected (Hp ) and uninfected (Hp ) subjects. Biopsy samples were collected once from infected and uninfected subjects. The presence of CCL28 (A and B) and CCL25 (C) mrna in the tissue extracts was determined by PCR and related to the housekeeping gene HPRT in the respective samples. Panel A shows the individual results of CCL28 mrna analyses, and panels B and C show pooled results of CCL28 and CCL25 mrna analysis. ***, P CCL25 or CCL28. LPMNC isolated from tissue collected at gastrectomy surgery were allowed to migrate in the Transwell system toward CCL25, CCL28, or the positive control, CXCL12 (SDF-1 ), known to recruit IgG ASC (32), and ASC frequencies among the migrating cells were analyzed by ELISPOT assay. Gastric IgA-secreting cells from all H. pylori-infected subjects migrated toward CCL28, while no such responses were seen among cells from uninfected individuals (P 0.01 comparing infected and uninfected individuals) (Fig. 5A). In contrast, there was no IgG ASC response in any of the patient groups to CCL28 (Fig. 5B). Likewise, there was no response to CCL25 on any of the patient groups. Both IgA- and IgGsecreting gastric cells from H. pylori-infected, but not uninfected, individuals responded to the positive control, CXCL12, but only the IgG ASC response was significantly different (P 0.05) between infected and uninfected patients (Fig. 5A and B). Chemokine-induced migration of gastric IgA and IgG memory B cells. In parallel to ASC detection, we also analyzed FIG. 4. Correlation of CCL28 and IgA concentrations in H. pyloriinfected individuals. Total proteins were extracted from gastric biopsy samples collected from H. pylori-infected subjects. The concentrations of CCL28 and IgA in the tissue extracts were determined by ELISA and related to the total protein concentrations in the respective samples. Symbols represent individual values, and the line represents the best linear approximation of the relationship between the IgA and CCL28 concentrations. Pearson s coefficient of correlation, r the migration of IgA and IgG memory B cells from the same individuals by flow cytometry. IgA memory B cells from H. pylori-infected individuals responded significantly (P 0.05) to CCL28 compared to uninfected subjects but not to the same extent as ASC (Fig. 6A). While the median response of IgA-secreting cell migration to CCL28 was more than 10-fold in relation to spontaneous migration, the IgA memory cells had only a 2-fold-increased response against CCL28. In contrast, IgG memory B cells did not respond to CCL28 (Fig. 6B). Similar to what was seen for the ASC response, CCL25 did not induce any migration of memory B cells, except for in two individuals. The positive control, CXCL12, induced a robust migration of both IgA and IgG memory B cells isolated from infected individuals. Gastric memory B cells from uninfected subjects, on the other hand, did not respond to CXCL12 (P 0.05 and P 0.01 compared to infected individuals) (Fig. 6A and B). DISCUSSION Helicobacter pylori infection results in a large accumulation of IgA-secreting cells in the human gastric mucosa both during steady state and following mucosal immunizations. The chemokines CCL28 and CCL25 have recently been shown to be essential for lymphocyte migration to gastrointestinal tissues (6, 18, 25, 35, 41), and we therefore evaluated their contribution to B-cell migration into H. pylori-infected gastric tissues. Our results strongly suggest that CCL28 contributes to effector B-cell recruitment to the gastric mucosa in H. pylori-associated gastritis. We could show increased concentrations of CCL28 protein in gastric tissues from H. pylori-infected individuals, as well as increased CCL28 mrna expression. However, with this limited material we cannot completely rule out the possibility that the age of the volunteers also contributed to the higher CCL28 production seen for H. pylori-infected individuals. It is worth noting that there is a baseline production of CCL28 in the stomach of H. pylori-negative individuals, confirming previous studies of CCL28 mrna expression in human tissues (34, 40). Furthermore, immunofluorescence analyses showed increased epithelial expression of CCL28 in H.

6 VOL. 76, 2008 CCL28 IN H. PYLORI-INDUCED GASTRITIS 3309 TABLE 1. CCR9, CCR10, and CXCR4 expression for gastric B-cell subsets isolated from gastric mucosae of H. pylori-infected and uninfected individuals % of indicated cell type (mean SD) expressing indicated chemokine receptor a Mucosa IgA memory B cells IgG memory B cells IgA plasmablasts CCR9 CCR10 CXCR4 CCR9 CCR10 CXCR4 CCR9 CCR10 CXCR4 H. pylori H. pylori a n 3 to 7 in the infected group; n 3 to 5 in the uninfected group. pylori-infected subjects, but again a low baseline CCL28 expression was seen for most of the H. pylori-negative subjects. Therefore, these studies bring forward the concept that in parallel to being constitutively expressed at most mucosal surfaces, CCL28 production can also be induced by mucosal infections, thereby probably enabling the recruitment of additional IgA-secreting cells from the circulation. Indeed, even in this limited material, there was a correlation between CCL28 and IgA concentrations in the gastric tissue of H. pylori-infected subjects. The hypothesis of inducible CCL28 expression is further supported by a recent study by Ogawa et al. (33) showing increased CCL28 levels in inflamed colonic tissue from patients suffering from ulcerative colitis. In the case of H. pylori infection, it is not possible at this stage to determine if the increased CCL28 expression is a direct effect of H. pylori bacteria on epithelial cells or if proinflammatory mediators in the tissue influence CCL28 expression. Since the study by Ogawa et al. (33) demonstrated that both proinflammatory cytokines and bacteria can induce CCL28 in colonic cell lines, a combination of the two seems most likely. Downloaded from on December 5, 2018 by guest FIG. 5. Chemokine-induced migration of gastric ASC. Lamina propria lymphocytes isolated from gastric tissue collected from H. pylorinegative (open symbols) and -infected (black symbols) patients undergoing gastrectomy were allowed to migrate toward optimal concentrations of CCL25 (7.2 g/ml), CCL28 (5 g/ml), and CXCL12 (0.3 g/ml). The frequencies of IgA-secreting (A) and IgG-secreting (B) cells among the migrating cells were determined by ELISPOT assay and related to the spontaneous migration of the same subset without any chemokines. Symbols represent individual values and horizontal bars the median of each group. *, P 0.05; **, P FIG. 6. Chemokine-induced migration of gastric memory B cells. Lamina propria lymphocytes isolated from gastric tissue collected from H. pylori-negative (open symbols) and -infected (black symbols) patients undergoing gastrectomy were allowed to migrate toward optimal concentrations of CCL25 (7.2 g/ml), CCL28 (5 g/ml), and CXCL12 (0.3 g/ml). The frequencies of IgA (A) and IgG (B) B cells among the migrating cells were determined by flow cytometry and related to the spontaneous migration of the same subset without any chemokines. Symbols represent individual values and horizontal bars the median of each group. *, P 0.05; **, P 0.01.

7 3310 HANSSON ET AL. INFECT. IMMUN. In contrast to what was seen for CCL28, CCL25 expression levels were similar in subjects with and without H. pylori infection. Almost all subjects had detectable levels of CCL25 in the gastric mucosa, although these levels were generally much lower than what we have previously detected in small intestinal tissue extracts (C. Lindholm and M. Quiding-Järbrink, unpublished observations). Therefore, changes in CCL25 expression do not seem to mediate lymphocyte influx during H. pyloriinduced gastritis. Once we had established that CCL28 production was increased in H. pylori-associated gastritis, we asked whether gastric B cells could respond to CCL28. Indeed, gastric IgAsecreting cells displayed a robust migration toward CCL28, and this is in fact the first demonstration that human mucosal IgA-secreting cells chemotax to CCL28, a feature that was previously shown only for murine cells. However, only IgA ASC from H. pylori-infected patients responded to CCL28, suggesting that the few gastric IgA ASC present in uninfected individuals might have been attracted by other signals or might represent a different, nonmigrating B-cell subset. Gastric IgGsecreting cells did not migrate to CCL28, consistent with our earlier observation that the frequencies of gastric IgG-secreting cells remain unchanged during H. pylori infection (28). Cross-reacting antibodies, especially IgG, binding to epithelial cells have been suggested to contribute to autoimmune pathology during H. pylori infection (31), but based on our results these antibodies are contributed by serum rather than local IgG-secreting plasma cells. A recent study by Kunkel et al. (24) has shown that the vast majority of gastric plasma cells express the CCL28 receptor CCR10. However, the H. pylori status of patients in that study was not determined. In this study, we compared chemokine receptor expressions on B cells isolated from H. pylori-infected and uninfected individuals, and we could show a large and uniform expression of CCR10 on both IgA and IgG gastric plasmablasts, regardless of H. pylori status. This finding is apparently contradictory to the distinct differences in migration between IgA ASC from infected and uninfected individuals and between IgA and IgG ASC. Clearly, additional factors that are not yet identified contribute critically to CCL28-induced migration of the gastric IgA-secreting cells. A similar phenomenon has previously been described for CXCR4-expressing plasma cells in the bone marrow, hematopoietic stem cells, and B cells (17, 19, 39). In relation to CCL28-induced migration of gastric ASC, it is interesting that circulating IgA ASC induced by intestinal immunization respond to CCL28 in chemotaxis assays (P. Sundström and M. Quiding-Järbrink, unpublished data). This is not the case for the general pool of circulating IgA ASC (21), suggesting that most cells recruited to the gastric mucosa may be recently activated B cells originating from intestinal inductive sites. This would explain the accumulation of vaccinespecific ASC in the gastric mucosa following oral immunization and would also suggest that the use of CCL28-inducing adjuvant formulations might promote mucosal antibody responses to vaccination. Gastric memory B cells did not respond to any larger extent to CCL25 or CCL28, as we have previously reported for circulating memory B cells (21). Instead, gastric IgA and IgG memory B cells displayed robust migration to CXCL12 in H. pylori infection. CXCL12 has previously been shown to be similarly expressed during H. pylori-negative and H. pyloriassociated gastritis (1, 2). In another study, Mazzucchelli et al. (29) showed a large production of CXCL13 (BCA-1) in H. pylori-induced gastritis that was localized mainly to the lymphoid follicles. CXCL13 is expressed in most secondary lymphoid tissues, where it contributes to the recruitment of naïve B cells (9). Therefore, the combined actions of CCL28, CXCL12, and CXCL13 would enable recruitment of naïve and memory as well as effector B cells to the human H. pyloriinfected gastric mucosa. In conclusion, we have shown that CCL28 expression is increased in human H. pylori-induced gastritis and that CCL28, but not CCL25, efficiently recruits gastric IgA ASC from H. pylori-infected individuals. These studies are the first to show increased CCL28 production during mucosal infection in humans and provide an explanation for the large influx of IgAsecreting cells into the gastric mucosa in H. pylori-infected individuals, both during steady state and following active mucosal immunization. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported by the Swedish Science Council (grant 06X-13428), The Sahlgrenska University Hospital, the Clas Groschinsky Foundation, and the Nanna Swartz Foundation. We are grateful to all volunteers who participated in this study. The valuable help from Gunilla Bogren and Magdalena Granung in the recruitment of volunteers and the practical help from Joanna Kaim are gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES 1. Akimoto, M., H. Hashimoto, A. Maeda, M. Shigemoto, and K. Yamashita Roles of angiogenic factors and endothelin-1 in gastric ulcer healing. Clin. Sci. (London) 103(Suppl. 48):450S 454S. 2. Akimoto, M., H. Hashimoto, M. Shigemoto, A. Maeda, and K. Yamashita Effects of antisecretory agents on angiogenesis during healing of gastric ulcers. J. Gastroenterol. 40: Bergquist, C., A. Mattsson-Rydberg, H. Lonroth, and A. Svennerholm Development of a new method for the determination of immune responses in the human stomach. J. Immunol. Methods 234: Berlin, C., E. L. Berg, M. J. Briskin, D. P. Andrew, P. J. Kilshaw, B. Holzmann, I. L. Weissman, A. Hamann, and E. C. Butcher Alpha 4 beta 7 integrin mediates lymphocyte binding to the mucosal vascular addressin MAdCAM-1. Cell 74: Bodger, K., and J. E. Crabtree Helicobacter pylori and gastric inflammation. Br. Med. Bull. 54: Bowman, E. P., N. A. Kuklin, K. R. Youngman, N. H. Lazarus, E. J. Kunkel, J. Pan, H. B. Greenberg, and E. C. Butcher The intestinal chemokine thymus-expressed chemokine (CCL25) attracts IgA antibody-secreting cells. J. Exp. Med. 195: Briskin, M., D. Winsor-Hines, A. Shyjan, N. Cochran, S. Bloom, J. Wilson, L. M. McEvoy, and E. C. Butcher Human mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 is preferentially expressed in intestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue. Am. J. Pathol. 151: Butcher, E. C., and L. J. Picker Lymphocyte homing and homeostasis. Science 272: Cyster, J. G Homing of antibody secreting cells. Immunol. Rev. 194: Czerkinsky, C., Z. Moldoveanu, J. Mestecky, L. A. Nilsson, and O. Ouchterlony A novel two colour ELISPOT assay. I. Simultaneous detection of distinct types of antibody-secreting cells. J. Immunol. Methods 115: Del Giudice, G., and P. Michetti Inflammation, immunity and vaccines for Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 9(Suppl. 1): Dixon, M. F., R. M. Genta, J. H. Yardley, and P. Correa Histological classification of gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection: an agreement at last? The International Workshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis. Helicobacter 2(Suppl. 1):S17 S Enarsson, K., E. Johnsson, C. Lindholm, A. Lundgren, Q. Pan-Hammarstrom, E. Stromberg, P. Bergin, E. L. Baunge, A. M. Svennerholm, and M. Quiding-Jarbrink Differential mechanisms for T lymphocyte recruitment in normal and neoplastic human gastric mucosa. Clin. Immunol. 234:51 59.

8 VOL. 76, 2008 CCL28 IN H. PYLORI-INDUCED GASTRITIS 3311 Editor: S. R. Blanke 14. Enroth, H., W. Kraaz, T. Rohan, O. Nyren, and L. Engstrand Does the method of Helicobacter pylori detection influence the association with gastric cancer risk? Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 37: Figueiredo, C., J. C. Machado, and Y. Yamaoka Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 10(Suppl. 1): Hamlet, A., A. C. Thoreson, O. Nilsson, A. M. Svennerholm, and L. Olbe Duodenal Helicobacter pylori infection differs in caga genotype between asymptomatic subjects and patients with duodenal ulcers. Gastroenterology 116: Hauser, A. E., G. F. Debes, S. Arce, G. Cassese, A. Hamann, A. Radbruch, and R. A. Manz Chemotactic responsiveness toward ligands for CXCR3 and CXCR4 is regulated on plasma blasts during the time course of a memory immune response. J. Immunol. 169: Hieshima, K., Y. Kawasaki, H. Hanamoto, T. Nakayama, D. Nagakubo, A. Kanamaru, and O. Yoshie CC chemokine ligands 25 and 28 play essential roles in intestinal extravasation of IgA antibody-secreting cells. J. Immunol. 173: Honczarenko, M., R. S. Douglas, C. Mathias, B. Lee, M. Z. Ratajczak, and L. E. Silberstein SDF-1 responsiveness does not correlate with CXCR4 expression levels of developing human bone marrow B cells. Blood 94: Houghton, J., and T. C. Wang Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: a new paradigm for inflammation-associated epithelial cancers. Gastroenterology 128: Johansson, C., I. Ahlstedt, S. Furubacka, E. Johnsson, W. W. Agace, and M. Quiding-Jarbrink Differential expression of chemokine receptors on human IgA and IgG B cells. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 141: Kunkel, E. J., D. J. Campbell, and E. C. Butcher Chemokines in lymphocyte trafficking and intestinal immunity. Microcirculation 10: Kunkel, E. J., J. J. Campbell, G. Haraldsen, J. Pan, J. Boisvert, A. I. Roberts, E. C. Ebert, M. A. Vierra, S. B. Goodman, M. C. Genovese, A. J. Wardlaw, H. B. Greenberg, C. M. Parker, E. C. Butcher, D. P. Andrew, and W. W. Agace Lymphocyte CC chemokine receptor 9 and epithelial thymusexpressed chemokine (TECK) expression distinguish the small intestinal immune compartment: epithelial expression of tissue-specific chemokines as an organizing principle in regional immunity. J. Exp. Med. 192: Kunkel, E. J., C. H. Kim, N. H. Lazarus, M. A. Vierra, D. Soler, E. P. Bowman, and E. C. Butcher CCR10 expression is a common feature of circulating and mucosal epithelial tissue IgA Ab-secreting cells. J. Clin. Investig. 111: Lazarus, N. H., E. J. Kunkel, B. Johnston, E. Wilson, K. R. Youngman, and E. C. Butcher A common mucosal chemokine (mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine/ccl28) selectively attracts IgA plasmablasts. J. Immunol. 170: Lundgren, A., E. Stromberg, A. Sjoling, C. Lindholm, K. Enarsson, A. Edebo, E. Johnsson, E. Suri-Payer, P. Larsson, A. Rudin, A. M. Svennerholm, and B. S. Lundin Mucosal FOXP3-expressing CD4 CD25 high regulatory T cells in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients. Infect. Immun. 73: Mattsson, A., H. Lonroth, M. Quiding-Jarbrink, and A. M. Svennerholm Induction of B cell responses in the stomach of Helicobacter pyloriinfected subjects after oral cholera vaccination. J. Clin. Investig. 102: Mattsson, A., M. Quiding-Jarbrink, H. Lonroth, A. Hamlet, I. Ahlstedt, and A. M. Svennerholm Antibody-secreting cells in the stomachs of symptomatic and asymptomatic Helicobacter pylori-infected subjects. Infect. Immun. 66: Mazzucchelli, L., A. Blaser, A. Kappeler, P. Scharli, J. A. Laissue, M. Baggiolini, and M. Uguccioni BCA-1 is highly expressed in Helicobacter pylori-induced mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and gastric lymphoma. J. Clin. Investig. 104:R49 R Michetti, M., C. P. Kelly, J. P. Kraehenbuhl, H. Bouzourene, and P. Michetti Gastric mucosal alpha(4)beta(7)-integrin-positive CD4 T lymphocytes and immune protection against helicobacter infection in mice. Gastroenterology 119: Moran, A. P., and M. M. Prendergast Molecular mimicry in Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharides: contribution of gastrointestinal infections to autoimmunity. J. Autoimmun. 16: Odendahl, M., H. Mei, B. F. Hoyer, A. M. Jacobi, A. Hansen, G. Muehlinghaus, C. Berek, F. Hiepe, R. Manz, A. Radbruch, and T. Dorner Generation of migratory antigen-specific plasma blasts and mobilization of resident plasma cells in a secondary immune response. Blood 105: Ogawa, H., M. Iimura, L. Eckmann, and M. F. Kagnoff Regulated production of the chemokine CCL28 in human colon epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 287:G1062 G Pan, J., E. J. Kunkel, U. Gosslar, N. Lazarus, P. Langdon, K. Broadwell, M. A. Vierra, M. C. Genovese, E. C. Butcher, and D. Soler A novel chemokine ligand for CCR10 and CCR3 expressed by epithelial cells in mucosal tissues. J. Immunol. 165: Papadakis, K. A., J. Prehn, V. Nelson, L. Cheng, S. W. Binder, P. D. Ponath, D. P. Andrew, and S. R. Targan The role of thymus-expressed chemokine and its receptor CCR9 on lymphocytes in the regional specialization of the mucosal immune system. J. Immunol. 165: Pernas-Alonso, R., F. Morelli, U. di Porzio, and C. Perrone-Capano Multiplex semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of low abundance neuronal mrnas. Brain Res. Brain Res. Protoc. 4: Quiding-Jarbrink, M., I. Ahlstedt, C. Lindholm, E. L. Johansson, and H. Lonroth Homing commitment of lymphocytes activated in the human gastric and intestinal mucosa. Gut 49: Quiding-Jarbrink, M., H. Lonroth, I. Ahlstedt, J. Holmgren, and A. M. Svennerholm Human gastric B cell responses can be induced by intestinal immunisation. Gut 49: Shen, H., T. Cheng, I. Olszak, E. Garcia-Zepeda, Z. Lu, S. Herrmann, R. Fallon, A. D. Luster, and D. T. Scadden CXCR-4 desensitization is associated with tissue localization of hemopoietic progenitor cells. J. Immunol. 166: Wang, W., H. Soto, E. R. Oldham, M. E. Buchanan, B. Homey, D. Catron, N. Jenkins, N. G. Copeland, D. J. Gilbert, N. Nguyen, J. Abrams, D. Kershenovich, K. Smith, T. McClanahan, A. P. Vicari, and A. Zlotnik Identification of a novel chemokine (CCL28), which binds CCR10 (GPR2). J. Biol. Chem. 275: Zabel, B. A., W. W. Agace, J. J. Campbell, H. M. Heath, D. Parent, A. I. Roberts, E. C. Ebert, N. Kassam, S. Qin, M. Zovko, G. J. LaRosa, L. L. Yang, D. Soler, E. C. Butcher, P. D. Ponath, C. M. Parker, and D. P. Andrew Human G protein-coupled receptor GPR-9-6/CC chemokine receptor 9 is selectively expressed on intestinal homing T lymphocytes, mucosal lymphocytes, and thymocytes and is required for thymus-expressed chemokinemediated chemotaxis. J. Exp. Med. 190:

Mucosal Vaccination Increases Endothelial Expression of Mucosal Addressin Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract

Mucosal Vaccination Increases Endothelial Expression of Mucosal Addressin Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Feb. 2004, p. 1004 1009 Vol. 72, No. 2 0019-9567/04/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.72.2.1004 1009.2004 Copyright 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Mucosal

More information

Protein expression of the chemokine, CCL28, in human colorectal cancer

Protein expression of the chemokine, CCL28, in human colorectal cancer INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 28: 315-319, 2006 315 Protein expression of the chemokine, CCL28, in human colorectal cancer JAN DIMBERG 1, ANDERS HUGANDER 2 and DICK WÅGSÄTER 3,4 1 Department of Natural

More information

Homing commitment of lymphocytes activated in the human gastric and intestinal mucosa

Homing commitment of lymphocytes activated in the human gastric and intestinal mucosa Gut 2001;49:519 525 519 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden M Quiding-Järbrink I Ahlstedt C Lindholm E-L Johansson Department of Surgery, Göteborg University,

More information

Helicobacter and gastritis

Helicobacter and gastritis 1 Helicobacter and gastritis Dr. Hala Al Daghistani Helicobacter pylori is a spiral-shaped gram-negative rod. H. pylori is associated with antral gastritis, duodenal (peptic) ulcer disease, gastric ulcers,

More information

Review Questions: Janeway s Immunobiology 8th Edition by Kenneth Murphy

Review Questions: Janeway s Immunobiology 8th Edition by Kenneth Murphy Review Questions: Janeway s Immunobiology 8th Edition by Kenneth Murphy Chapter 11 (pages 429-460): Dynamics of Adaptive Immunity prepared by Kelly von Elten, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center,

More information

Sublingual Immunization Protects against Helicobacter pylori Infection and Induces T and B Cell Responses in the Stomach

Sublingual Immunization Protects against Helicobacter pylori Infection and Induces T and B Cell Responses in the Stomach INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Oct. 2010, p. 4251 4260 Vol. 78, No. 10 0019-9567/10/$12.00 doi:10.1128/iai.00536-10 Copyright 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Sublingual Immunization

More information

Lymphocyte Migration to/from the Gut Tissue-specific markers of enteric vaccines immunogenicity

Lymphocyte Migration to/from the Gut Tissue-specific markers of enteric vaccines immunogenicity Correlates of enteric vaccine-induced protection Fondation Mérieux, March 21-23, 2016 Lymphocyte Migration to/from the Gut Tissue-specific markers of enteric vaccines immunogenicity Quantitative aspects

More information

The Role of CCR9 and Melanoma Metastasis to Small Intestine. Farin Amersi, MD Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center Cedar Sinai Medical Center

The Role of CCR9 and Melanoma Metastasis to Small Intestine. Farin Amersi, MD Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center Cedar Sinai Medical Center The Role of CCR9 and Melanoma Metastasis to Small Intestine Farin Amersi, MD Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center Cedar Sinai Medical Center BACKGROUND Melanoma is the fifth most common cancer. Estimated

More information

Molecular and Cellular Basis of Immune Protection of Mucosal Surfaces

Molecular and Cellular Basis of Immune Protection of Mucosal Surfaces Molecular and Cellular Basis of Immune Protection of Mucosal Surfaces Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences School of Dentistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078 1 Image quality

More information

LECTURE 12: MUCOSAL IMMUNITY GUT STRUCTURE

LECTURE 12: MUCOSAL IMMUNITY GUT STRUCTURE LECTURE 12: MUCOSAL IMMUNITY GUT STRUCTURE - Small intestine in humans is around 3-4 metres long - Internal surface of the small intestines are lined by villi o Villi are composed of absorptive cells (epithelial/enterocytes)

More information

Chapter 3, Part A (Pages 37-45): Leukocyte Migration into Tissues

Chapter 3, Part A (Pages 37-45): Leukocyte Migration into Tissues Allergy and Immunology Review Corner: Chapter 3, Part A (pages 37-45) of Cellular and Molecular Immunology (Seventh Edition), by Abul K. Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman and Shiv Pillai. Chapter 3, Part A (Pages

More information

Suppl Video: Tumor cells (green) and monocytes (white) are seeded on a confluent endothelial

Suppl Video: Tumor cells (green) and monocytes (white) are seeded on a confluent endothelial Supplementary Information Häuselmann et al. Monocyte induction of E-selectin-mediated endothelial activation releases VE-cadherin junctions to promote tumor cell extravasation in the metastasis cascade

More information

Question 1. Kupffer cells, microglial cells and osteoclasts are all examples of what type of immune system cell?

Question 1. Kupffer cells, microglial cells and osteoclasts are all examples of what type of immune system cell? Abbas Chapter 2: Sarah Spriet February 8, 2015 Question 1. Kupffer cells, microglial cells and osteoclasts are all examples of what type of immune system cell? a. Dendritic cells b. Macrophages c. Monocytes

More information

Islet viability assay and Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion assay RT-PCR and Western Blot

Islet viability assay and Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion assay RT-PCR and Western Blot Islet viability assay and Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion assay Islet cell viability was determined by colorimetric (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay using CellTiter

More information

CCR10 expression is a common feature of circulating and mucosal epithelial tissue IgA Ab-secreting cells

CCR10 expression is a common feature of circulating and mucosal epithelial tissue IgA Ab-secreting cells CCR10 expression is a common feature of circulating and mucosal epithelial tissue IgA Ab-secreting cells Eric J. Kunkel, 1,2 Chang H. Kim, 1,2 Nicole H. Lazarus, 1,2 Mark A. Vierra, 3 Dulce Soler, 4 Edward

More information

H.pylori IgA Cat #

H.pylori IgA Cat # DIAGNOSTIC AUTOMATION, INC. 23961 Craftsman Road, Suite D/E/F, Calabasas, CA 91302 Tel: (818) 591-3030 Fax: (818) 591-8383 onestep@rapidtest.com technicalsupport@rapidtest.com www.rapidtest.com See external

More information

Innate immune cells---- one time migration preprogrammed homing properties

Innate immune cells---- one time migration preprogrammed homing properties Innate immune cells---- one time migration preprogrammed homing properties neutrophils---acute inflammation monocytes---subacute/chronic inflammation eosinophils---parasitic or allergic inflammation natural

More information

Helicobacter pylori:an Emerging Pathogen

Helicobacter pylori:an Emerging Pathogen Bacteriology at UW-Madison Bacteriology 330 Home Page Helicobacter pylori:an Emerging Pathogen by Karrie Holston, Department of Bacteriology University of Wisconsin-Madison Description of Helicobacter

More information

(A) PCR primers (arrows) designed to distinguish wild type (P1+P2), targeted (P1+P2) and excised (P1+P3)14-

(A) PCR primers (arrows) designed to distinguish wild type (P1+P2), targeted (P1+P2) and excised (P1+P3)14- 1 Supplemental Figure Legends Figure S1. Mammary tumors of ErbB2 KI mice with 14-3-3σ ablation have elevated ErbB2 transcript levels and cell proliferation (A) PCR primers (arrows) designed to distinguish

More information

PBS Class #2 Introduction to the Immune System part II Suggested reading: Abbas, pgs , 27-30

PBS Class #2 Introduction to the Immune System part II Suggested reading: Abbas, pgs , 27-30 PBS 803 - Class #2 Introduction to the Immune System part II Suggested reading: Abbas, pgs. 15-25, 27-30 Learning Objectives Compare and contrast the maturation of B and T lymphocytes Compare and contrast

More information

H.Pylori IgG

H.Pylori IgG DIAGNOSTIC AUTOMATION, INC. 21250 Califa Street, Suite 102 and116, Woodland Hills, CA 91367 Tel: (818) 591-3030 Fax: (818) 591-8383 onestep@rapidtest.com technicalsupport@rapidtest.com www.rapidtest.com

More information

H.Pylori IgG Cat # 1503Z

H.Pylori IgG Cat # 1503Z DIAGNOSTIC AUTOMATION, INC. 23961 Craftsman Road, Suite D/E/F, Calabasas, CA 91302 Tel: (818) 591-3030 Fax: (818) 591-8383 onestep@rapidtest.com technicalsupport@rapidtest.com www.rapidtest.com See external

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi:1.138/nature1554 a TNF-α + in CD4 + cells [%] 1 GF SPF 6 b IL-1 + in CD4 + cells [%] 5 4 3 2 1 Supplementary Figure 1. Effect of microbiota on cytokine profiles of T cells in GALT. Frequencies of TNF-α

More information

See external label 2 C-8 C Σ=96 tests Cat # 1505Z. MICROWELL ELISA H.Pylori IgA Cat # 1505Z

See external label 2 C-8 C Σ=96 tests Cat # 1505Z. MICROWELL ELISA H.Pylori IgA Cat # 1505Z DIAGNOSTIC AUTOMATION, INC. 23961 Craftsman Road, Suite E/F, Calabasas, CA 91302 Tel: (818) 591-3030 Fax: (818) 591-8383 onestep@rapidtest.com technicalsupport@rapidtest.com www.rapidtest.com See external

More information

Mucosal Immunology Sophomore Dental and Optometry Microbiology Section I: Immunology. Robin Lorenz

Mucosal Immunology Sophomore Dental and Optometry Microbiology Section I: Immunology. Robin Lorenz Mucosal Immunology Sophomore Dental and Optometry Microbiology Section I: Immunology Robin Lorenz rlorenz@uab.edu Why do we Need to Understand How the Mucosal Immune System Works? The mucosa is the major

More information

H. pylori IgM. Cat # H. pylori IgM ELISA. ELISA: Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. ELISA - Indirect; Antigen Coated Plate

H. pylori IgM. Cat # H. pylori IgM ELISA. ELISA: Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. ELISA - Indirect; Antigen Coated Plate DIAGNOSTIC AUTOMATION, INC. 23961 Craftsman Road, Suite D/E/F, Calabasas, CA 91302 Tel: (818) 591-3030 Fax: (818) 591-8383 onestep@rapidtest.com technicalsupport@rapidtest.com www.rapidtest.com H. pylori

More information

Medical Virology Immunology. Dr. Sameer Naji, MB, BCh, PhD (UK) Head of Basic Medical Sciences Dept. Faculty of Medicine The Hashemite University

Medical Virology Immunology. Dr. Sameer Naji, MB, BCh, PhD (UK) Head of Basic Medical Sciences Dept. Faculty of Medicine The Hashemite University Medical Virology Immunology Dr. Sameer Naji, MB, BCh, PhD (UK) Head of Basic Medical Sciences Dept. Faculty of Medicine The Hashemite University Human blood cells Phases of immune responses Microbe Naïve

More information

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, HEMATOXYLIN & EOSIN AND GEIMSA STAIN FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORI DETECTION IN CHRONIC GASTRITIS

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, HEMATOXYLIN & EOSIN AND GEIMSA STAIN FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORI DETECTION IN CHRONIC GASTRITIS Original Research Article Pathology International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences ISSN 0975-6299 A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, HEMATOXYLIN & EOSIN AND GEIMSA STAIN FOR HELICOBACTER

More information

PBMC from each patient were suspended in AIM V medium (Invitrogen) with 5% human

PBMC from each patient were suspended in AIM V medium (Invitrogen) with 5% human Anti-CD19-CAR transduced T-cell preparation PBMC from each patient were suspended in AIM V medium (Invitrogen) with 5% human AB serum (Gemini) and 300 international units/ml IL-2 (Novartis). T cell proliferation

More information

Mouse Anti-OVA IgM Antibody Assay Kit

Mouse Anti-OVA IgM Antibody Assay Kit Mouse Anti-OVA IgM Antibody Assay Kit Catalog # 3017 For Research Use Only - Not Human or Therapeutic Use INTRODUCTION Ovalbumin (OVA) is a widely used antigen for inducing allergic reactions in experimental

More information

Cell isolation. Spleen and lymph nodes (axillary, inguinal) were removed from mice

Cell isolation. Spleen and lymph nodes (axillary, inguinal) were removed from mice Supplementary Methods: Cell isolation. Spleen and lymph nodes (axillary, inguinal) were removed from mice and gently meshed in DMEM containing 10% FBS to prepare for single cell suspensions. CD4 + CD25

More information

Upregulation of CCL20 and Recruitment of CCR6 Gastric Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Helicobacter pylori Gastritis

Upregulation of CCL20 and Recruitment of CCR6 Gastric Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Helicobacter pylori Gastritis INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Sept. 2007, p. 4357 4363 Vol. 75, No. 9 0019-9567/07/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/iai.01660-06 Copyright 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Upregulation of CCL20

More information

Supplemental Experimental Procedures

Supplemental Experimental Procedures Cell Stem Cell, Volume 2 Supplemental Data A Temporal Switch from Notch to Wnt Signaling in Muscle Stem Cells Is Necessary for Normal Adult Myogenesis Andrew S. Brack, Irina M. Conboy, Michael J. Conboy,

More information

The toll-like receptor 4 ligands Mrp8 and Mrp14 play a critical role in the development of autoreactive CD8 + T cells

The toll-like receptor 4 ligands Mrp8 and Mrp14 play a critical role in the development of autoreactive CD8 + T cells 1 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The toll-like receptor 4 ligands Mrp8 and Mrp14 play a critical role in the development of autoreactive CD8 + T cells Karin Loser 1,2,6, Thomas Vogl 2,3, Maik Voskort 1, Aloys

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. CXCR4 inhibitors could benefit to HER2 but not to Triple-Negative. breast cancer patients

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. CXCR4 inhibitors could benefit to HER2 but not to Triple-Negative. breast cancer patients SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION CXCR4 inhibitors could benefit to HER2 but not to Triple-Negative breast cancer patients Lefort S. 1,2, Thuleau A. 3, Kieffer Y. 1,2, Sirven P. 1,2, Bieche I. 4, Marangoni E.

More information

Supplementary Figure 1: Hsp60 / IEC mice are embryonically lethal (A) Light microscopic pictures show mouse embryos at developmental stage E12.

Supplementary Figure 1: Hsp60 / IEC mice are embryonically lethal (A) Light microscopic pictures show mouse embryos at developmental stage E12. Supplementary Figure 1: Hsp60 / IEC mice are embryonically lethal (A) Light microscopic pictures show mouse embryos at developmental stage E12.5 and E13.5 prepared from uteri of dams and subsequently genotyped.

More information

Comparative study of invasive methods for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori in humans

Comparative study of invasive methods for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori in humans ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 2 Number 7 (2013) pp. 63-68 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Comparative study of invasive methods for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori in humans V.Subbukesavaraja

More information

Effector T Cells and

Effector T Cells and 1 Effector T Cells and Cytokines Andrew Lichtman, MD PhD Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School 2 Lecture outline Cytokines Subsets of CD4+ T cells: definitions, functions, development New

More information

Selective leucocyte trafficking inhibitors for treatment of IBD

Selective leucocyte trafficking inhibitors for treatment of IBD Selective leucocyte trafficking inhibitors for treatment of IBD Séverine Vermeire MD, PhD Department of Gastroenterology University Hospitals Leuven Belgium Migration of Leucocytes plays a key role in

More information

H.Pylori IgM Cat # 1504Z

H.Pylori IgM Cat # 1504Z DIAGNOSTIC AUTOMATION, INC. 23961 Craftsman Road, Suite D/E/F, Calabasas, CA 91302 Tel: (818) 591-3030 Fax: (818) 591-8383 onestep@rapidtest.com technicalsupport@rapidtest.com www.rapidtest.com See external

More information

Correlation Between Endoscopic and Histological Findings in Different Gastroduodenal Lesion and its Association with Helicobacter Pylori

Correlation Between Endoscopic and Histological Findings in Different Gastroduodenal Lesion and its Association with Helicobacter Pylori ORIGINAL ARTICLE Correlation Between Endoscopic and Histological Findings in Different Gastroduodenal Lesion and its Association with Helicobacter Pylori *A. Sultana 1, SM Badruddoza 2, F Rahman 3 1 Dr.

More information

H. pylori Antigen ELISA Kit

H. pylori Antigen ELISA Kit H. pylori Antigen ELISA Kit Catalog Number KA3142 96 assays Version: 04 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Intended Use... 3 Background... 3 Principle of

More information

Gastric Carcinoma with Lymphoid Stroma: Association with Epstein Virus Genome demonstrated by PCR

Gastric Carcinoma with Lymphoid Stroma: Association with Epstein Virus Genome demonstrated by PCR Gastric Carcinoma with Lymphoid Stroma: Association with Epstein Virus Genome demonstrated by PCR Pages with reference to book, From 305 To 307 Irshad N. Soomro,Samina Noorali,Syed Abdul Aziz,Suhail Muzaffar,Shahid

More information

Mucosal Immunology. Cathryn Nagler University of Chicago Department of Pathology/Committee on Immunology

Mucosal Immunology. Cathryn Nagler University of Chicago Department of Pathology/Committee on Immunology Mucosal Immunology Cathryn Nagler University of Chicago Department of Pathology/Committee on Immunology cnagler@bsd.uchicago.edu Mucosal surfaces are the major portals of entry for antigen Largest area

More information

Supplemental Information. T Cells Enhance Autoimmunity by Restraining Regulatory T Cell Responses via an Interleukin-23-Dependent Mechanism

Supplemental Information. T Cells Enhance Autoimmunity by Restraining Regulatory T Cell Responses via an Interleukin-23-Dependent Mechanism Immunity, Volume 33 Supplemental Information T Cells Enhance Autoimmunity by Restraining Regulatory T Cell Responses via an Interleukin-23-Dependent Mechanism Franziska Petermann, Veit Rothhammer, Malte

More information

594 Lewin, Weinstein, and Riddell s Gastrointestinal Pathology and Its Clinical Implications

594 Lewin, Weinstein, and Riddell s Gastrointestinal Pathology and Its Clinical Implications 594 Lewin, Weinstein, and Riddell s Gastrointestinal Pathology and Its Clinical Implications Figure 13-20. Stages in the natural history of H. pylori. Biopsies from the antrum are on the left and the oxyntic

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. Involvement of IL-21 in the epidermal hyperplasia of psoriasis

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. Involvement of IL-21 in the epidermal hyperplasia of psoriasis SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Involvement of IL-21 in the epidermal hyperplasia of psoriasis Roberta Caruso 1, Elisabetta Botti 2, Massimiliano Sarra 1, Maria Esposito 2, Carmine Stolfi 1, Laura Diluvio 2,

More information

Supplemental Figures: Supplemental Figure 1

Supplemental Figures: Supplemental Figure 1 Supplemental Figures: Supplemental Figure 1 Suppl. Figure 1. BM-DC infection with H. pylori does not induce cytotoxicity and treatment of BM-DCs with H. pylori sonicate, but not heat-inactivated bacteria,

More information

Supporting Information

Supporting Information Supporting Information Desnues et al. 10.1073/pnas.1314121111 SI Materials and Methods Mice. Toll-like receptor (TLR)8 / and TLR9 / mice were generated as described previously (1, 2). TLR9 / mice were

More information

H. pylori IgM CLIA kit

H. pylori IgM CLIA kit H. pylori IgM CLIA kit Cat. No.:DEEL0251 Pkg.Size:96 tests Intended use Helicobacter pylori IgM Chemiluminescence ELISA is intended for use in evaluating the serologic status to H. pylori infection in

More information

FOR OPTIMAL GUT HEALTH KEMIN.COM/GUTHEALTH

FOR OPTIMAL GUT HEALTH KEMIN.COM/GUTHEALTH FOR OPTIMAL GUT HEALTH KEMIN.COM/GUTHEALTH ALETA A SOURCE OF 1,3-BETA GLUCANS Aleta is highly bioavailable, offering a concentration greater than 5% of 1,3-beta glucans. Aleta provides a consistent response

More information

Genetics. Environment. You Are Only 10% Human. Pathogenesis of IBD. Advances in the Pathogenesis of IBD: Genetics Leads to Function IBD

Genetics. Environment. You Are Only 10% Human. Pathogenesis of IBD. Advances in the Pathogenesis of IBD: Genetics Leads to Function IBD Advances in the Pathogenesis of IBD: Genetics Leads to Function Pathogenesis of IBD Environmental Factors Microbes Scott Plevy, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology UNC School

More information

Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with Atrophic gastritis in patients with Dyspepsia

Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with Atrophic gastritis in patients with Dyspepsia ADVANCES IN BIORESEARCH Adv. Biores., Vol 8 [3] May 2017: 137-141 2017 Society of Education, India Print ISSN 0976-4585; Online ISSN 2277-1573 Journal s URL:http://www.soeagra.com/abr.html CODEN: ABRDC3

More information

Supplementary Appendix

Supplementary Appendix Supplementary Appendix This appendix has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. Supplement to: Nair S, Branagan AR, Liu J, Boddupalli CS, Mistry PK, Dhodapkar

More information

Histopathology: gastritis and peptic ulceration

Histopathology: gastritis and peptic ulceration Histopathology: gastritis and peptic ulceration These presentations are to help you identify, and to test yourself on identifying, basic histopathological features. They do not contain the additional factual

More information

Supplementary Figure 1 Lymphocytes can be tracked for at least 4 weeks after

Supplementary Figure 1 Lymphocytes can be tracked for at least 4 weeks after Supplementary Figure 1 Lymphocytes can be tracked for at least 4 weeks after photoconversion by using H2B-Dendra2. 4-5 PPs of H2B-Dendra2 BM chimeras were photoconverted and analyzed 7 days (upper panel)

More information

The effect of proton pump inhibitors on the gastric mucosal microenvironment

The effect of proton pump inhibitors on the gastric mucosal microenvironment Original papers The effect of proton pump inhibitors on the gastric mucosal microenvironment Yen-Chun Peng,,, A F, Lan-Ru Huang, A, C, E, Hui-Ching Ho, C, Chi-Sen Chang, C, E, Shou-Wu Lee, E, Ching-Chang

More information

human Total Cathepsin B Catalog Number: DY2176

human Total Cathepsin B Catalog Number: DY2176 human Total Cathepsin B Catalog Number: DY2176 This DuoSet ELISA Development kit contains the basic components required for the development of sandwich ELISAs to measure natural and recombinant human Total

More information

Chronic immune colitis in rabbits

Chronic immune colitis in rabbits Chronic immune colitis in rabbits A. S. MEE, J. E. McLAUGHLIN, H. J. F. HODGSON, AND D. P. JEWELL Gut, 1979, 20, 1-5 From the Academic Department of Medicine and Department of Histopathology, Royal Free

More information

Original Article. Abstract

Original Article. Abstract Original Article Association of helicobacter pylori with carcinoma of stomach Muhammad Arif, Serajuddaula Syed Department of Pathology, Sindh Medical College, Karachi Abstract Objective: To note the association

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY METHODS

SUPPLEMENTARY METHODS SUPPLEMENTARY METHODS Histological analysis. Colonic tissues were collected from 5 parts of the middle colon on day 7 after the start of DSS treatment, and then were cut into segments, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde,

More information

Human Obestatin ELISA

Human Obestatin ELISA K-ASSAY Human Obestatin ELISA For the quantitative determination of obestatin in human serum and plasma Cat. No. KT-495 For Research Use Only. 1 Rev. 081309 K-ASSAY PRODUCT INFORMATION Human Obestatin

More information

MATERIALS AND METHODS. Neutralizing antibodies specific to mouse Dll1, Dll4, J1 and J2 were prepared as described. 1,2 All

MATERIALS AND METHODS. Neutralizing antibodies specific to mouse Dll1, Dll4, J1 and J2 were prepared as described. 1,2 All MATERIALS AND METHODS Antibodies (Abs), flow cytometry analysis and cell lines Neutralizing antibodies specific to mouse Dll1, Dll4, J1 and J2 were prepared as described. 1,2 All other antibodies used

More information

Helicobacter pylori Induces Transendothelial Migration of Activated Memory T Cells

Helicobacter pylori Induces Transendothelial Migration of Activated Memory T Cells INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Feb. 2005, p. 761 769 Vol. 73, No. 2 0019-9567/05/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/iai.73.2.761 769.2005 Copyright 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Helicobacter

More information

Online Appendix Material and Methods: Pancreatic RNA isolation and quantitative real-time (q)rt-pcr. Mice were fasted overnight and killed 1 hour (h)

Online Appendix Material and Methods: Pancreatic RNA isolation and quantitative real-time (q)rt-pcr. Mice were fasted overnight and killed 1 hour (h) Online Appendix Material and Methods: Pancreatic RNA isolation and quantitative real-time (q)rt-pcr. Mice were fasted overnight and killed 1 hour (h) after feeding. A small slice (~5-1 mm 3 ) was taken

More information

for six pairs of mice. (b) Representative FACS analysis of absolute number of T cells (CD4 + and

for six pairs of mice. (b) Representative FACS analysis of absolute number of T cells (CD4 + and SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Supplementary Figure 1: Peripheral lymphoid organs of SMAR1 -/- mice have an effector memory phenotype. (a) Lymphocytes collected from MLNs and Peyer s patches (PPs) of WT and SMAR1

More information

The Immune Response in Time and Space

The Immune Response in Time and Space The Immune Response in Time and Space Chapters 14 & 4 Sharon S. Evans, Ph.D. Department of Immunology 845-3421 sharon.evans@roswellpark.org September 18 & 23, 2014 Inflammation Inflammation Complex response

More information

Key words : low-grade MALT lymphoma, epithelial change, empty lamina propria, B-cell clonality, H. pylori, eradication, long-term follow-up

Key words : low-grade MALT lymphoma, epithelial change, empty lamina propria, B-cell clonality, H. pylori, eradication, long-term follow-up Department of Pathology, The University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan ; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Tokushima School of Dentistry, Tokushima, Japan

More information

Histopathological Characteristics of Atrophic Gastritis in Adult Population

Histopathological Characteristics of Atrophic Gastritis in Adult Population Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 3 (2015) 133-138 doi: 10.17265/2328-2150/2015.03.004 D DAVID PUBLISHING Histopathological Characteristics of Atrophic Gastritis in Adult Population Marija Milićević,

More information

Detailed step-by-step operating procedures for NK cell and CTL degranulation assays

Detailed step-by-step operating procedures for NK cell and CTL degranulation assays Supplemental methods Detailed step-by-step operating procedures for NK cell and CTL degranulation assays Materials PBMC isolated from patients, relatives and healthy donors as control K562 cells (ATCC,

More information

Defining the Helper T Cell Contribution to Helicobacter pylori Gastritis. Brian M. Gray

Defining the Helper T Cell Contribution to Helicobacter pylori Gastritis. Brian M. Gray Defining the Helper T Cell Contribution to Helicobacter pylori Gastritis by Brian M. Gray A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Microbiology

More information

Immunoglobulin G Antibody against Helicobacter pylori: Clinical Implications of Levels Found in Serum

Immunoglobulin G Antibody against Helicobacter pylori: Clinical Implications of Levels Found in Serum CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, Sept. 2002, p. 1044 1048 Vol. 9, No. 5 1071-412X/02/$04.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/CDLI.9.5.1044 1048.2002 Copyright 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights

More information

Adaptive immune responses: T cell-mediated immunity

Adaptive immune responses: T cell-mediated immunity MICR2209 Adaptive immune responses: T cell-mediated immunity Dr Allison Imrie allison.imrie@uwa.edu.au 1 Synopsis: In this lecture we will discuss the T-cell mediated immune response, how it is activated,

More information

Rat Glicentin EIA FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. <Distributed by> DF Kasumigaseki Place, 3-6-7, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo Japan

Rat Glicentin EIA FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. <Distributed by> DF Kasumigaseki Place, 3-6-7, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo Japan YK111 Rat Glicentin EIA FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY DF Kasumigaseki Place, 3-6-7, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100-0013 Japan URL: http://www.sceti.co.jp/export/ e-mail: exp-pet@sceti.co.jp

More information

Rapid-VIDITEST. Helicobacter pylori. One step Helicobacter pylori Blister test. Instruction manual

Rapid-VIDITEST. Helicobacter pylori. One step Helicobacter pylori Blister test. Instruction manual Rapid-VIDITEST Helicobacter pylori One step Helicobacter pylori Blister test. Instruction manual Producer: VIDIA spol. s r.o., Nad Safinou II 365, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic, Tel.: +420 261 090 565,

More information

New developments in pathogenesis, gastric cancer. Matthias Ebert. II. Medizinische Klinik Klinikum rechts der Isar TU München

New developments in pathogenesis, gastric cancer. Matthias Ebert. II. Medizinische Klinik Klinikum rechts der Isar TU München New developments in pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy and prevention of gastric cancer Matthias Ebert II. Medizinische Klinik Klinikum rechts der Isar TU München Gastric Cancer Pathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment

More information

Date of preparation: 06/ IBD/

Date of preparation: 06/ IBD/ Mechanisms Mechanisms of of Disease Disease: The The Science of of IBD IBD 64002 Date of preparation: 06/11 2013 IBD/2013-11-01 Table of Contents IBD Background and Disease Management Etiology and Pathophysiology

More information

Generation of monocytederived Dendritic Cells (modcs)

Generation of monocytederived Dendritic Cells (modcs) monocytederived Dendritic (modcs) Application Note Background Dendritic (DCs) are so called because of their characteristic cell surface projections that resemble the dendrites of neurons (see Fig 1 and

More information

Evaluation of directed and random motility in microslides Assessment of leukocyte adhesion in flow chambers

Evaluation of directed and random motility in microslides Assessment of leukocyte adhesion in flow chambers Evaluation of directed and random motility in microslides Motility experiments in IBIDI microslides, image acquisition and processing were performed as described. PMN, which ended up in an angle < 180

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplemental Figure 1. Furin is efficiently deleted in CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. a, Western blot for furin and actin proteins in CD4cre-fur f/f and fur f/f Th1 cells. Wild-type and furin-deficient CD4 +

More information

Supplementary Data 1. Alanine substitutions and position variants of APNCYGNIPL. Applied in

Supplementary Data 1. Alanine substitutions and position variants of APNCYGNIPL. Applied in Supplementary Data 1. Alanine substitutions and position variants of APNCYGNIPL. Applied in Supplementary Fig. 2 Substitution Sequence Position variant Sequence original APNCYGNIPL original APNCYGNIPL

More information

Jyotika Sharma, Feng Dong, Mustak Pirbhai, and Guangming Zhong*

Jyotika Sharma, Feng Dong, Mustak Pirbhai, and Guangming Zhong* INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, July 2005, p. 4414 4419 Vol. 73, No. 7 0019-9567/05/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/iai.73.7.4414 4419.2005 Copyright 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Inhibition

More information

Tumor Microenvironments Direct the Recruitment and Expansion of Human Th17 Cells

Tumor Microenvironments Direct the Recruitment and Expansion of Human Th17 Cells This information is current as of May 2, 2018. Tumor Microenvironments Direct the Recruitment and Expansion of Human Th17 Cells Xinming Su, Jian Ye, Eddy C. Hsueh, Yanping Zhang, Daniel F. Hoft and Guangyong

More information

Eosinophils are required. for the maintenance of plasma cells in the bone marrow

Eosinophils are required. for the maintenance of plasma cells in the bone marrow Eosinophils are required for the maintenance of plasma cells in the bone marrow Van Trung Chu, Anja Fröhlich, Gudrun Steinhauser, Tobias Scheel, Toralf Roch, Simon Fillatreau, James J. Lee, Max Löhning

More information

Regulation of human gut B lymphocytes by T lymphocytes

Regulation of human gut B lymphocytes by T lymphocytes Regulation of human gut B lymphocytes by T lymphocytes R CLANCY, A CRIPPS, AND HEATHER CHIPCHASE Gut, 1984, 25, 47-51 From the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Newcastle,

More information

Expression of acid base transporters in the kidney collecting duct in Slc2a7 -/-

Expression of acid base transporters in the kidney collecting duct in Slc2a7 -/- Supplemental Material Results. Expression of acid base transporters in the kidney collecting duct in Slc2a7 -/- and Slc2a7 -/- mice. The expression of AE1 in the kidney was examined in Slc26a7 KO mice.

More information

Ex vivo Human Antigen-specific T Cell Proliferation and Degranulation Willemijn Hobo 1, Wieger Norde 1 and Harry Dolstra 2*

Ex vivo Human Antigen-specific T Cell Proliferation and Degranulation Willemijn Hobo 1, Wieger Norde 1 and Harry Dolstra 2* Ex vivo Human Antigen-specific T Cell Proliferation and Degranulation Willemijn Hobo 1, Wieger Norde 1 and Harry Dolstra 2* 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine - Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University

More information

How plasma cells develop. Deutsches Rheuma Forschungs Zentrum, Berlin Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft

How plasma cells develop. Deutsches Rheuma Forschungs Zentrum, Berlin Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft How plasma cells develop Deutsches Rheuma Forschungs Zentrum, Berlin Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft 1 Plasma cells develop from activated B cells Toll Like Receptor B Cell Receptor B cell B cell microbia

More information

RNA extraction, RT-PCR and real-time PCR. Total RNA were extracted using

RNA extraction, RT-PCR and real-time PCR. Total RNA were extracted using Supplementary Information Materials and Methods RNA extraction, RT-PCR and real-time PCR. Total RNA were extracted using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen,Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

More information

These studies were made at a time when it was not. yet fully established that mast cells could react with

These studies were made at a time when it was not. yet fully established that mast cells could react with Gut, 1975, 16, 861-866 Mast cells and immunoglobulin E in inflammatory bowel disease G. LLOYD1, F. H. Y. GREEN, H. FOX, V. MANI2, AND L. A. TURNBERG2 From the Department ofpathology, University of Manchester,

More information

Supplementary Material

Supplementary Material Supplementary Material Fig. S1. Gpa33 -/- mice do not express Gpa33 mrna or GPA33 protein. (A) The Gpa33 null allele contains a premature translational stop codon (STOP) in exon 2, and almost all of the

More information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Information Nature Immunology doi:1.138/ni.2477 Supplementary Information Capillary and arteriolar pericytes attract innate leukocytes exiting through venules and instruct them with pattern recognition and motility

More information

Lymphoid tissue. 1. Central Lymphoid tissue. - The central lymphoid tissue (also known as primary) is composed of bone morrow and thymus.

Lymphoid tissue. 1. Central Lymphoid tissue. - The central lymphoid tissue (also known as primary) is composed of bone morrow and thymus. 1. Central Lymphoid tissue Lymphoid tissue - The central lymphoid tissue (also known as primary) is composed of bone morrow and thymus. Bone Morrow - The major site of hematopoiesis in humans. - Hematopoiesis

More information

Human Cathepsin D ELISA Kit

Human Cathepsin D ELISA Kit GenWay Biotech, Inc. 6777 Nancy Ridge Drive San Diego, CA 92121 Phone: 858.458.0866 Fax: 858.458.0833 Email: techline@genwaybio.com http://www.genwaybio.com Human Cathepsin D ELISA Kit Catalog No. GWB-J4JVV9

More information

colorimetric sandwich ELISA kit datasheet

colorimetric sandwich ELISA kit datasheet colorimetric sandwich ELISA kit datasheet For the quantitative detection of human TNF-alpha in serum, plasma and cell culture supernatants. general information Catalogue Number Product Name Species cross-reactivity

More information

Gastric atrophy: use of OLGA staging system in practice

Gastric atrophy: use of OLGA staging system in practice Gastroenterology and Hepatology From Bed to Bench. 2016 RIGLD, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases ORIGINAL ARTICLE Gastric atrophy: use of OLGA staging system in practice Mahsa

More information

Supplementary Data Table of Contents:

Supplementary Data Table of Contents: Supplementary Data Table of Contents: - Supplementary Methods - Supplementary Figures S1(A-B) - Supplementary Figures S2 (A-B) - Supplementary Figures S3 - Supplementary Figures S4(A-B) - Supplementary

More information

Fecal H. pylori Antigen Rapid Test (Strip)

Fecal H. pylori Antigen Rapid Test (Strip) Fecal H. pylori Antigen Rapid Test (Strip) Cat. No.:DTS526 Pkg.Size: Intended use This H. pylori Antigen Rapid Test is intended for the direct qualitative detection of the presence of H. pylori antigen

More information