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2 What Is a Virus? What Is a Virus? Viruses are particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases, lipids. Viruses can reproduce only by infecting living cells. 2 of 34
3 What Is a Virus? Viruses differ widely in terms of size and structure. All viruses enter living cells and use the infected cell to produce more viruses. 3 of 34
4 What Is a Virus? Head Tail sheath T4 Bacteriophage DNA Tail fiber Tobacco Mosaic Virus RNA Influenza Virus RNA Capsid Membrane envelope Capsid proteins Surface proteins 4 of 34
5 What Is a Virus? A typical virus is composed of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. A capsid is the virus s protein coat. 5 of 34
6 What Is a Virus? Capsid proteins bind to receptors on the cell surface and trick the cell into allowing it inside. Once inside, viral genes are expressed and the cell transcribes and translates them into viral capsid proteins. The host cell may makes copies of the virus, and be destroyed. 6 of 34
7 What Is a Virus? Most viruses are highly specific to the cells they infect. Viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophages. 7 of 34
8 Viral Infection How do viruses cause infection? 8 of 34
9 Viral Infection Viral Infection Once the virus is inside the host cell, two different processes may occur. Some viruses replicate immediately, killing the host cell. Others replicate, but do not kill the host cell immediately. 9 of 34
10 19-2 Viruses Viral Infection Bacteriophage injects DNA into bacterium Bacteriophage DNA forms a circle Lytic Infection Lysogenic Infection 10 of 34
11 Viral Infection Lytic Infection In a lytic infection, a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst. 11 of 34
12 Viral Infection First, the bacteriophage injects DNA into a bacterium. The bacteriophage DNA forms a circle. 12 of 34
13 Viral Infection 13 of 34
14 Viral Infection 14 of 34
15 Viral Infection 15 of 34
16 Viral Infection Lysogenic Infection Other viruses cause lysogenic infections in which a host cell makes copies of the virus indefinitely. In a lysogenic infection, a virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell, and the viral genetic information replicates along with the host cell's DNA. 16 of 34
17 Viral Infection A lysogenic infection begins the same way as a lytic infection. The bacteriophage injects DNA into a bacterium. The bacteriophage DNA forms a circle. The viral DNA embedded in the host's DNA is called a prophage. 17 of 34
18 Viral Infection 18 of 34
19 Viral Infection 19 of 34
20 Viral Infection 20 of 34
21 Viral Infection 21 of 34
22 Retroviruses Retroviruses Retroviruses contain RNA as their genetic information. When retroviruses infect cells, they make a DNA copy of their RNA. This DNA is inserted into the DNA of the host cell. 22 of 34
23 Retroviruses A retrovirus genetic information is copied backward from RNA to DNA. The virus that causes AIDS is a retrovirus. 23 of 34
24 Viruses and Living Cells Viruses and Living Cells Viruses must infect a living cell in order to grow and reproduce. They take advantage of the host s respiration, nutrition, and all other functions of living things. 24 of 34
25 Viruses and Living Cells Viruses have many of the characteristics of living things. After infecting living cells, viruses can reproduce, regulate gene expression, and even evolve. 25 of 34
26 Viruses and Living Cells Because viruses are dependent on living things, it seems likely that viruses developed after living cells. The first viruses may have evolved from genetic material of living cells. Viruses have continued to evolve over billions of years. 26 of 34
27 19 2 Continue to: - or - Click to Launch: 27 of 34
28 19 2 Viruses that contain RNA as their genetic information are known as a. prions. b. oncoviruses. c. retroviruses. d. bacteriophage. 28 of 34
29 19 2 The first type of virus to be studied was the a. bacteriophage. b. tobacco mosaic virus. c. influenza virus. d. AIDS virus. 29 of 34
30 19 2 Which of the following statements about viruses is true? a. Viruses appear similar to bacteria when studied with a light microscope. b. Viruses display the essential characteristics of living things. c. Viruses can reproduce independently if they contain DNA. d. Viruses cannot reproduce unless they infect a living cell. 30 of 34
31 19 2 A virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell but remains inactive for a while in a. a lytic infection. b. a lysogenic infection. c. neither a lytic nor a lysogenic infection. d. retroviral infection. 31 of 34
32 19 2 Retroviruses are considered unique because a. they have RNA in their capsid and not DNA. b. they have DNA in their capsid and not RNA. c. after infection of a host cell, their RNA makes DNA. d. after infection of a host cell, their DNA makes RNA. 32 of 34
33 END OF SECTION
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