1. Ancient members of the group were the first living organisms on earth. A) Archaea B) Protists C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Animalia

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1 Chapter 8 1. Ancient members of the group were the first living organisms on earth. A) Archaea B) Protists C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Animalia 2. Because protists groups cannot be drawn back to a single common ancestor the group is considered to be A) polygynous. B) polyphyletic. C) holophytic. D) autotrophic. E) monophyletic. 3. Protists are believed to have arisen about years ago. A) 100 billion B) 10 billion C) 1.5 billion D) 100 million E) 10 million 4. The most recent classification scheme put forth by the International Society of Protistologists places protists into six A) phyla B) classes C) kingdoms D) super groups E) genera 5. In a protist, the portion of the cytoplasm that lies just beneath the plasma membrane (pellicle) is called the A) cell wall. B) cell membrane. C) hypoplasm. D) endoplasm. E) ectoplasm. Page 1

2 6. Contractile vacuoles in freshwater protozoans function to A) remove excess water. B) remove the nitrogenous by-products of metabolism. C) capture prey. D) increase the efficiency of movement. E) destroy infectious bacteria. 7. In some protists, food may be ingested in a special region, the A) cytopyge. B) oral hood. C) cytopharynx. D) oral aperture. E) cytosome. 8. In heterotrophic protists, digestion and transport of food occurs in A) ingestion vacuoles. B) contractile vacuoles. C) egestion vacuoles. D) food vacuoles. E) cytopygial vacuoles. 9. Egestion vacuoles release their contents by A) simple diffusion. B) osmosis. C) active transport. D) facilitated diffusion. E) exocytosis. 10. Egestion vacuoles release their contents through the A) cytopyge. B) oral pore. C) anus. D) cytopharynx. E) mouth. 11. The principal nitrogenous waste of protozoans is A) guanine. B) ammonia. C) urea. D) uric acid. E) urine. Page 2

3 12. In protists, both gas exchange and excretion occur by across the plasma membrane. A) endocytosis B) active transport C) diffusion D) exocytosis E) facilitated diffusion 13. The common means of sexual reproduction among ciliated protists is A) budding. B) fragmentation. C) schizogony. D) conjugation. E) multiple fission. 14. occurs in protists when a large number of daughter cells are formed from a single parent cell. A) Multiple mitosis B) Fragmentation C) Budding D) Binary fission E) Schizogeny 16. Protists in this super group are amoeboid in morphology and have very fine pseudopodia called filopodia. A) Excavata B) Amoebozoa C) Rhizaria D) Chromalveolata E) Actinopoda 17. Red-tides are caused by A) radiolarians. B) foraminiferans. C) sporooans. D) volvicines. E) dinoflagellates. 18. The protozoan Trypanosoma brucei is the causal organism of the disease A) African sleeping sickness. B) malaria. C) leishmaniasis. D) trichina. E) balantidiasis. Page 3

4 19. The vectors of Trypanosoma are A) Aedes mosquitoes. B) all species of flies. C) tsetse flies. D) all species of mosquitoes. E) all species of ticks and mites. 20. is one of the opportunistic diseases affecting AIDS patients in the United States. A) Trypanosoma B) Nosema C) Entamoeba D) Toxoplasma E) Plasmodium 21. Toxoplasmosis is primarily carried to humans by A) the tsetse fly. B) the mosquito. C) chickens. D) consumption of contaminated water. E) cats. 22. Pseudopodia that are broad and are used for locomotion and engulfing food are called A) lobopodia. B) filipodia. C) reticulopodia. D) axopodia. E) amphipodia. 23. Members of the genus Amoeba ingest food by A) absorption. B) active transport. C) phagocytosis. D) exocytosis. E) facilitated diffusion. 24. A(n) protozoan would possess a lobopodium. A) Euglena B) Dinoflagellate C) Sporozoan D) Amoeba E) Ciliated Page 4

5 25. The pathogenic amoeba that causes dysentery in humans is A) Entamoeba gingivalis. B) Amoeba proteus. C) Entamoeba coli. D) Amoeba difflugia. E) Entamoeba histolytica. 26. The white cliffs of Dover are an example of a/an chalk deposit. A) foraminiferan B) radiolarian C) heliozoan D) difflugian E) arcellian 27. Some of the oldest eukaryotic fossils are A) difflugians. B) radiolarians. C) arcellians. D) heliozoans. E) bacteria. 29. A process known as begins the sexual phase of the coccidean life cycle. A) exogeny B) schizogeny C) endogeny D) gametogeny E) sporogeny 30. Ancient Egyptian records indicate humans were infected with which parasite? A) Toxoplasma. B) Isospora. C) Trypanosoma. D) Eimeria. E) Plasmodium. 31. All ciliates have a large nucleus that controls normal functions. A) diploid B) polyploid C) haploid D) monoploid E) heteroploid Page 5

6 32. Of the protozoans listed below, which one is capable of photosynthesis? A) Giardia B) Toxoplasma C) Euglena D) Trypanosoma E) Plasmodium 33. Many are symbiotic in the digestive tracts of ruminate ungulates (hoofed mammals), and aid in digestion for their hosts. A) englenoids B) trypanosomes C) amoebae D) sporozoeans E) ciliates 34. In the ciliates, one or more serve as the genetic reserve of the cell. A) macronuclei B) polyploid nuclei C) triploid nuclei D) heteroploid nuclei E) micronuclei 35. Protozoans in this group are nearly all parasites of humans. A) Apicomplexans B) Dinoflagellates C) Ciliophorans D) Formaniferans E) Tubulineans 36. Ciliates have a distinct cell mouth called a A) protostome. B) cytostome. C) picnostome. D) phagostome. E) cytopore. 37. An economically important disease of poultry is A) trypanosomiasis. B) pebrine. C) foul brood. D) coccidiosis. E) sarcocystitis. Page 6

7 38. Sexual reproduction of ciliates involves a process called A) conjugation. B) gametogony. C) sporogony. D) cohabitation. E) copulation. 39. An important parasitic ciliate that lives in the large intestines of humans, pigs, and other mammals is A) Entamoeba gingivalis. B) Trypanosoma brucei. C) Balantidium coli. D) Plasmodium falciparum. E) Entamoeba histolytica. Page 7

8 Chapter 9 1. One proposed mechanism for the evolution of multicellularity involves an ancestral multinucleate cell in which plasma membranes formed between nuclei, resulting in a multicellular organism. This proposed mechanism is referred to as the hypothesis. A) colonial B) syncytial C) polyphyletic D) metazoan E) synthetic 2. This group of animals does not possess embryological tissue layers. A) scyphozoans B) ctenophorans C) poriferans D) anthozoans E) hydrozoans 3. Which of the following items is NOT found in sponges? A) choanocytes B) tissues C) pinacocytes D) porocytes E) mesohyl 4. Contractile pinacocytes that can regulate water circulation in some sponges are called A) spongiocytes. B) choanocytes. C) porocytes. D) archeocytes. E) amebocytes. 5. Just underneath the pinacocyte layer of a sponge is a jellylike layer referred to as the A) ectoderm. B) endoderm. C) mesoderm. D) mesohyl. E) endochyme. Page 1

9 6. The collar of a choanocyte A) regulates the diameter of the osculum. B) filters food from the water. C) creates currents in the water. D) regulates the diameter of the ostia. E) secretes digestive enzymes. 7. The taxonomy of sponges is determined by A) the shape of the choanocytes. B) the complexity of the osculum. C) the material that composes the skeleton. D) the presence or absence of porocytes. E) the shape of the body of the sponge. 8. The is the simplest, but least common body form of sponge. A) leucon B) sycon C) demosponge D) ascon E) sclerosponge 9. The porocytes of ascon sponges lead to the outside via openings called A) spongocoels. B) atriopores. C) blastopores. D) oscula. E) ostia. 10. The single large opening at the top of the spongocoel is the A) osculum. B) atriopore. C) ostium. D) mouth. E) anus. 11. sponges have incurrent canals formed by infoldings of the body wall. A) Sclerosponge B) Sycon C) Leucon D) Calcisponge E) Ascon Page 2

10 12. Sponges may gain nutrition by all of the following modes EXCEPT A) filtration. B) trapping of food items by the collar. C) active transport of nutrients. D) phagocytosis. E) active predation. 13. The unique adhesive cells of ctenophores are A) statoblasts. B) cnidoblasts. C) colloblasts. D) pleuroblasts. E) statoliths. 14. The most complex sponge body form, the, is characterized by multiple oscula and a complex canal system where choanocytes reside in small chambers. A) leucon B) ascon C) sycon D) polyp E) medusa 15. Excretion and gas exchange in sponges are accomplished by A) active transport. B) diffusion. C) contractile vacuoles. D) nephridia. E) osmosis. 16. Which of the following would NOT be found in the body of a sponge? A) ameboid cells B) choanocytes C) pinacocytes D) spicules E) colloblasts 17. Eggs and sperm of sponges are commonly formed from A) pinacocytes. B) porocytes. C) choanocytes. D) spongiocytes. E) sclerocytes. Page 3

11 18. Ctenophores move via bands of cilia called A) lappets. B) rhopalia. C) comb rows. D) acontia. E) tentacles. 19. Freshwater (and some marine) sponges form resistant structures which function in asexual reproduction, called A) brown bodies. B) larvae. C) statoblasts. D) spores. E) gemmules. 20. Gemmules contain masses of which can survive freezing or drying. A) amoeboid cells B) porocytes C) choanocytes D) spongin E) pinacocytes 21. Members of class are those historically used as commercial sponges. A) Calcarea B) Demospongiae C) Hexactinellida D) Syconidae E) Leuconidae 22. Members of the phylum are characterized by radial (or biradial) symmetry, diploblastic organization, a gastrovascular cavity, and cnidocytes. A) Mesozoa B) Placozoa C) Cnidaria D) Porifera E) Ctenophora 23. Which of the following is not a characteristic of animals in the phylum Cnidaria? A) diploblastic, tissue level organization B) gastrovascular cavity C) nervous system in the form of a nerve net D) bilateral symmetry in the adult form E) specialized cells called cnidocytes Page 4

12 24. Members of the cnidarian class never have a medusa stage. A) Mesozoa B) Hydrozoa C) Scyphozoa D) Anthozoa E) Cubozoa 25. Cnidarians exchange respiratory gases and nitrogenous wastes via A) active pumping. B) movement of cilia. C) active transport. D) movement of microvilli. E) diffusion. 26. An intracellular structure made of a fluid-filled capsule holding a coiled, hollow tube is the A) cnidocyte. B) choanocyate. C) cnidocil. D) nematocyst. E) pinacocyte. 27. The body form of a cnidarian is typically asexual and sessile. A) sycon B) polyp C) ascon D) leucon E) medusa 28. The body form of a cnidarian is typically dioecious and motile. A) sycon B) polyp C) ascon D) leucon E) medusa 29. Cnidarians possess a skeleton. A) calcium carbonate B) silicon based C) spongin D) fluid based E) cartilagenous Page 5

13 30. The cavity of cnidarians serves in digestion and as a site for exchange of respiratory gases and wastes. A) intestine B) spongocoel C) gastrocoel D) gastrovascular cavity E) archenteron 31. The free swimming larva of cnidarians is the A) planula. B) pilidium. C) trochophore. D) bipinnaria. E) veliger. 32. The feeding polyps of an Obelia colony are called A) hydranths. B) gastrozooids. C) gonozooids. D) statocysts. E) statoblasts. 33. The Portuguese man-of-war is a colonial A) scyphozoan. B) anthozoan. C) mesozoan. D) hydrozoan. E) cubozoan. 34. Nerve cells of animals in this phylum are considered by many biologists to be the most primitive nervous elements in the animal kingdom. A) Porifera B) Ctenophora C) Cnidaria D) Mesozoa E) Placozoa 35. Members of this cnidarians class include the sea anemones and coral. A) Cubozoa B) Anthozoa C) Hydrozoa D) Scyphozoa E) Mesozoa Page 6

14 36. Sensory structures located in 8 notches around the bell of jellyfish medusae are A) statoliths. B) colloblasts. C) manubri. D) nematocysts. E) rhopalia. 37. Until very recently, this class of Cnidarians was included within the class Scyphozoa. A) Hydrozoa B) Staurozoa C) Cubozoa D) Anthozoa E) Metridium 38. The main source of nutrient carbohydrates in coral come from A) zooxanthellae. B) captured prey. C) rhopalia. D) acontia. E) ephyrae. 39. Members of the phylum Ctenophora are commonly called A) jellyfish. B) comb jellies. C) water bears. D) ephyrae. E) polyps. Page 7

15 Chapter When the adult of a descendant species resembles the larval form of the ancestral species, this is A) neoteny. B) syngamy. C) precocity. D) paedomorphosis. E) pubescence. 2. Animals in this phyla are small flat acoelomate worms that are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and do not contain appendages. A) Platyhelminthes B) Nemertea C) Gastrotricha D) Acoelomorpha E) Cycliophora 3. Most turbellarian species A) are marine scavengers. B) are internal parasites with complex life histories. C) are external parasites of birds and mammals. D) have complete digestive tracts. E) are freshwater predators and scavengers. 4. Which of the functions listed below is NOT a function of the parenchyma of the platyhelminthes? A) provide skeletal support B) nutrient storage C) oxygen storage D) production of gametes E) transport of materials 5. Among the flatworms, when a digestive tract is present, it has A) a single opening, the mouth. B) two openings, mouth and anus. C) a single opening, the anus. D) no external opening. E) a nephridiopore opening. Page 1

16 6. The free-living flatworms are classified in the class A) Cestoidea. B) Turbellaria. C) Trematoda. D) Triclada. E) Acoela. 7. Which of the following is not true of the turbellarian gastrodermis? A) It secretes digestive enzymes. B) It absorbs digested food. C) It contains smooth muscle cells. D) It consists of a single layer of cells. E) It is derived embryologically from endoderm. 8. are rodlike cells of the turbellarian epidermis that swell and form a protective mucous sheath around the body. A) Endocytes B) Mucocytes C) Ectocytes D) Rhabdites E) Flame cells 9. The layer of a fluke is composed of carbohydrates and proteins and helps protect the fluke from the host's enzymes and antibodies. A) syncytium B) tegument C) glycocalyx D) cuticle E) plasmodium 10. Turbellarians glide over substrates using and muscular undulations. A) cilia B) parapodia C) pseudopodia D) flagella E) legs 11. In larger species of turbellarians, the highly branched digestive cavity partially compensates for the A) lack of anus for egestion. B) lack of an ingestive organ. C) absence of a circulatory system. D) absence of digestive enzymes. E) inability to digest food extracellularly. Page 2

17 12. Among those turbellarians possessing a digestive cavity, digestion is A) extracellular only. B) intracellular only. C) accomplished before food is ingested. D) both extracellular and intracellular. E) accomplished in the pharynx. 13. The osmoregulatory organs of turbellarians are called A) contractile vacuoles. B) kidneys. C) metanephridia. D) mesonephridia. E) protonephridia. 14. The flame cell system and protonephridia of freshwater turbellarians primarily serve to remove from the body. A) excess water B) metabolic waste C) urea D) uric acid E) excess carbohydrates 15. In turbellarian nervous systems, neurons carrying information to the brain are neurons. A) connector B) sensory C) receptor D) association E) motor 16. In turbellarians, the nervous tissue is concentrated anteriorly in clusters of neurons called A) longitudinal masses. B) ganglia. C) commissures. D) nephridiophores. E) protonephridia. 17. The small subclass of flukes,, includes those that are primarily internal parasites of molluscs. A) Digenea B) Trematoda C) Eucestoda D) Aspidogastrea E) Cestodaria Page 3

18 18. Chemoreceptors that aid in the location of food are especially dense in the of turbellarians. A) eyespots B) cerebral ganglia C) statocysts D) ocelli E) auricles 19. The simple eyespots seen in most turbellarians are called A) ocelli. B) auricles. C) statocysts. D) chemoreceptors. E) plasmids. 20. Asexual reproduction by fission in some turbellarians results in a chain of individuals called that later will become independent individuals. A) larvae B) zooids C) buds D) cocoons E) bursae 21. The free-swimming larval stage of some turbellarians is called a/an A) ephyra. B) planula. C) Muller's larva. D) pilidium. E) scyphistoma. 22. The members of the Class Monogenea have tissues that develop from this many germ layers. A) one B) two C) three D) four E) five 23. A continuous multinucleate layer, formed by cell fusion, is called a/an A) syncytium. B) glycocalyx. C) integument. D) cuticle. E) microvillus. Page 4

19 24. The epidermis of a fluke has an outer layer called the, which forms a syncytium. A) plasmodium B) opisthaptor C) pellicle D) cuticle E) tegument 25. Flukes in the subclass Digenea always have two or more A) mouths. B) hosts. C) plant hosts. D) intermediate hosts. E) definitive hosts. 26. In the class Trematoda, the phenomena of producing many cercariae is known as A) polylarvany. B) multiple host syndrome. C) polyembryony. D) multiple embryony. E) intermediate host reproduction. 27. The larval stage of members of class Monogenea is called the A) redia. B) oncosphere. C) sporocyst. D) oncomiracidium. E) cercaria. 28. Most flukes belong to the subclass A) Aspidogastrea. B) Monogenea. C) Eucestoda. D) Cestodaria. E) Digenea. 29. The lidlike hatch on a trematode egg is called the A) operculum. B) scolex. C) opisthaptor. D) acetabulum. E) cercaria. Page 5

20 30. The first larval stage in the life history of a digenetic fluke is the A) redia. B) miracidium. C) cercaria. D) sporocyst. E) oncomiracidium. 31. The encysted cercaria stage of a digenetic fluke is called the A) oncomiracidium. B) sporocyst. C) metacercaria. D) redia. E) oncocercaria. 32. Blood flukes of the genus are important human parasites. A) Fasciola B) Clonorchis C) Opisthorchis D) Schistosoma E) Plasmodium 33. The most highly specialized class of parasites within phylum Platyhelminthes is A) Aspidogastrea. B) Trematoda. C) Platyhelminthes. D) Monogenea. E) Cestoidea. 34. The tapeworm strobila is made of many repeated units called A) proglottids. B) opercula. C) scolices. D) acetabula. E) miracidia. 35. Tapeworms lack A) reproductive organs. B) a mouth and digestive tract. C) excretory structures. D) holdfast structures. E) a tegument. Page 6

21 36. The holdfast structure of a tapeworm is called the A) strobila. B) acetabulum. C) scolex. D) opisthaptor. E) proglottid. 37. Scolex, neck, and comprise the three body regions of a tapeworm. A) abdomen B) thorax C) tail D) strobila E) trunk 38. The oldest proglottids at the end of a tapeworm are filled with eggs, and are said to be A) adult. B) female. C) pregnant. D) mature. E) gravid. 39. The six-hooked (hexacanth) larva that develops from the egg of the beef tapeworm is the A) onchosphere. B) miracidium. C) cysticercus. D) bladder worm. E) redia. 40. The larval stage of the beef tapeworm that encysts in skeletal muscles is called the A) onchosphere. B) cysticercus. C) cercaria. D) redia. E) hexacanth. 41. Nemerteans differ from flatworms in that they possess A) a heart. B) one way circulation in blood vessels. C) a complete digestive tract. D) both male and female reproductive structures in the same individual. E) a plerocercoid larvae. Page 7

22 42. The larval stage of the broad fish tapeworm that encysts in muscle is called the A) coracidium. B) precercoid. C) miracidium. D) pleurocercoid. E) cysticercoid. 43. The proboscis worms belong to the phylum A) Proboscisoidea. B) Nematoda. C) Gnathostomulida. D) Aspidogastrea. E) Nemertea. 44. The proboscis of nemerteans is held within a sheath called the A) rhynchocoel. B) gastrovascular cavity. C) gastrocoel. D) stylet. E) anoplan. 45. Nemerteans differ from flatworms in that they have a complete gut and a A) reproductive system. B) circulatory system. C) well-developed head. D) well-developed bilateral symmetry. E) nervous system. 46. The helmet-shaped, ciliated larva of nemerteans is the A) onchosphere. B) Muller. C) pilidium. D) miracidium. E) cercaria. 47. Animals in the phyla Cycliophora live exclusively on the mouthparts of A) pelicans. B) beetles. C) lobsters. D) elephants. E) snails. Page 8

23 48. Which phyla is the newest phylum to be named and, to date, only includes one species? A) Platyhelminthes B) Nemertea C) Gastrotricha D) Acoelomorpha E) Cycliophora Page 9

24 Chapter Molluscs are A) deuterostomes. B) ecdysozoaons. C) lophotrochozoans. D) chordates. E) hemichordates. 2. There are roughly this many described species in the phylum Mollusca. A) 1,000 B) 10,000 C) 100,000 D) 1 million E) 10 million 3. The study of similarities and differences in early development of animals is called A) comparative embrology. B) descriptive embryology. C) descriptive anatomy. D) protostomology. E) comparative analogy. 4. The enterocoel hypothesis suggests the coelom may have arisen A) due to determinate cleavage. B) due to a splitting of mesoderm. C) in a spiral manner. D) in a radial manner. E) as outpocketings of the primitive gut. 5. The body of molluscs is divided into two main regions called the A) head-foot and visceral mass. B) mantle and foot. C) head-foot and enterocoel. D) visceral mass and mantle. E) head and foot. 6. The shell of a mollusc is secreted by the A) radula. B) mantle. C) periostracum. D) foot. E) visceral mass. Page 1

25 7. The inner layer of the mollusc shell is the layer. A) radular B) prismatic C) nacreous D) helix E) periostracum 8. The space between the mantle and foot in a mollusc is called the A) hemocoel. B) coelom. C) enterocoel. D) mantle cavity. E) radular cavity. 9. The rasping structure occurring in the mouth of most molluscs is the A) tongue. B) nacre. C) odontophore. D) operculum. E) radula. 10. Snails, slugs, and limpets belong to the molluscan class A) Gastropoda. B) Pelecypoda. C) Polyplacophora. D) Aplacophora. E) Cephalopoda. 11. The 180, counterclockwise twisting of the visceral mass, mantle, and mantle cavity of gastropods is called A) contortion. B) torsion. C) helixing. D) coiling. E) operculating. 12. In gastropods, food is trapped in mucus and incorporated into a rotating mucoid mass called the, which extends to the stomach. A) stylet B) siphonoglyph C) protostyle D) odontophore E) osphradium Page 2

26 13. The class of molluscs that contains the most species is the class A) Aplacophora B) Cephalopoda C) Gastropoda D) Polyplacophora E) Pelecypoda 14. The circulatory system of most molluscs is A) hydraulic. B) incurrent. C) closed. D) excurrent. E) open. 15. Among molluscs, extension of body structures such as tentacles is accomplished by A) a hydraulic skeleton. B) special extensor muscles. C) tendons and ligaments. D) a system of levers. E) muscles and levers. 16. In some gastropods, a(n) is found on the dorsal, posterior margin of the foot and when the foot is drawn into the shell, seals the opening. A) radula B) operculum C) tentacles D) siphons E) osphradium 17. The primary excretory product of aquatic gastropods is A) urine. B) urea. C) ammonia. D) uric acid. E) guanine. 18. The gastropod larval stage in which torsion occurs is called the A) dipleurula. B) pilidium. C) Muller's larva. D) veliger. E) trochophore. Page 3

27 19. Which of the following is not a member of the class Bivalvia? A) clams B) mussels C) oysters D) chitons E) scallops 20. The oldest part of the bivalve shell is the A) umbo. B) periostracum. C) hinge ligament. D) left valve. E) right valve. 21. Muscles responsible for closing the bivalve shell are A) longitudinal. B) adductors. C) retractors. D) circular. E) protractors. 22. The adaptation of bivalves to sedentary, filter feeding life-styles involved loss of the and the radula. A) mantle B) foot C) head D) visceral mass E) siphons 23. In the bivalves, gas exchange takes place through the A) mantle cavity. B) siphons. C) visceral mass. D) gills. E) foot. 24. In the bivalves, final digestion occurs A) in the adductor muscles. B) in the coelom. C) in the labial palps. D) in the crystaline style. E) in the digestive gland. Page 4

28 25. The modified veliger of some freshwater bivalves is called the A) glochidium. B) trochophore. C) pilidium. D) dipleura. E) cercoid. 26. Squids, octopuses, cuttlefishes, and nautili belong to the molluscan class A) Gastropoda. B) Cephalopoda. C) Polyplacophora. D) Bivalvia. E) Pelecypoda. 27. The most complex molluscs belong to the class A) Gastropoda. B) Bivalvia. C) Cephalopoda. D) Polyplacophora. E) Scaphopoda. 28. The only living cephalopods that possess an external shell are the A) scallops. B) cuttlefishes. C) toothshells. D) nautiloids E) squids. 29. Unlike other molluscs, the have a closed circulatory system. A) univalves B) gastropods C) chitons D) bivalves E) cephalopods 30. Cephalopods typically locate prey by A) sight. B) tactile senses. C) olfaction. D) gustation. E) echolocation. Page 5

29 31. The similarity of design between the eyes of vertebrates and the eyes of many cephalopods provides an excellent example of A) divergent evolution. B) convergent evolution. C) perpendicular phylogeny. D) adaptive radiation. E) cladistic phylogeny. 32. Pigment cells of cephalopods are called A) pinacocytes. B) odontophores. C) chromatophores. D) erythrocytes. E) nautilophores. 33. Sperm packets of cephalopods are called A) cecae. B) stylets. C) cocoons. D) spermatophores. E) gonophores. 34. Tooth shells belong to the molluscan class A) Bivalvia. B) Cephalopoda. C) Polyplacophora. D) Gastropoda. E) Scaphopoda. 35. Neopilina represents the molluscan class, that was known only from fossils until A) Monoplacophora B) Aplacophora C) Polyplacophora D) Bivalvia E) Gastropoda 36. Solenogasters are cylindrical molluscs that lack a shell; they belong to the class A) Gastropoda. B) Aplacophora. C) Cephalopoda. D) Scaphopoda. E) Polyplacophora. Page 6

30 37. Chitons belong to the molluscan class A) Monoplacophora. B) Scaphopoda. C) Polyplacophora. D) Cephalopoda. E) Bivalvia. 38. The lack of a in the molluscan class Aplacophora is thought to be a primitive characteristic. A) head B) foot C) visceral mass D) shell E) radula 39. The segmental arrangement of gills, excretory structures, and nervous elements in the, make them seem like a missing link between molluscs and the annelidarthropod line. A) cephalopods B) octopods C) gastropods D) solenogasters E) monoplacophorans 40. The diversity of body forms and life-styles in the phylum Mollusca is an excellent example of A) adaptive radiation. B) convergent evolution. C) emergent evolution. D) parallel evolution. E) homologous evolution. 41. The shell-secreting organ of bivalve mollusks is the A) umbo. B) visceral mass. C) foot. D) mantle. E) crystalline style. 42. The tentacle of male cephalopods that is modified for spermatophore transfer is the A) hectocotylus. B) umbo. C) pneumostome. D) operculum. E) odontophore. Page 7

31 43. Molluscs possess this type of skeleton. A) endoskeleton B) exoskeleton C) pneumo D) hydraulic E) hepatic Page 8

32 Chapter Traditionally, the annelids have been considered closely related to A) echinoderms. B) hemichordates. C) arthropods. D) chordates. E) poriferans. 2. Recent evidence suggests that annelids share common ancestry with A) Mollusca. B) Nematoda. C) Chordata. D) Echinodermata. E) Kinorhyncha. 3. Which of the following phyla of animals is not considered lophotrochozoan? A) Annelida B) Mollusca C) Nemertea D) Arthropoda E) Platyhelminthes 4. is the segmental arrangement of body parts. A) Metamerism B) Triploblastism C) Tagmatization D) Serialism E) Cephalization 5. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the phylum Annelida? A) body with metameric segments B) chitinous exoskeleton C) closed circulatory system D) ventral ganglionated nerve cords E) excretion by metanephridia or protonephridia 6. Some segmented animals have groups of segments specialized for particular functions. The process of forming distinct body regions is called: A) metamerism. B) eutely. C) tagmatization. D) cephalization. E) differentiation. Page 1

33 7. A feature that does NOT characterize annelids is A) a ventral nerve cord. B) bilateral symmetry. C) a complete digestive tract. D) an acoelomate condition. E) triploblastic organization. 8. The most speciose class of annelids is. Its members are primarily marine. A) Chaetognatha B) Oligochaeta C) Hirudinea D) Gnathostomulida E) Polychaeta 9. The class of annelids that contains some members with poison glands associated with their jaws is A) Polychaeta. B) Oligochaeta. C) Hirudinae. D) Gnathostomulida. E) Chaetognatha. 10. Polychaetes are distinguished by lateral extensions of the body called A) parapodia. B) setae. C) prostomi. D) palps. E) tentacles. 11. The region of the polychaete head that is dorsal and anterior to the mouth, and is sensory in function, is the. A) gnathostome B) prostomium C) peristomium D) protostome E) pygidium 12. The body part surrounding the mouth and bearing tentacles is the. A) pharynx B) head C) peristomium D) notopodium E) cirrus Page 2

34 13. The body cavity of most annelids is divided into compartments by curtains of tissue called A) cirri. B) setae. C) muscles. D) septa. E) pleura. 14. External respiratory exchange in most annelids is accomplished by A) ventilation. B) active transport. C) endocytosis. D) facilitated diffusion. E) diffusion. 15. increase the surface area for respiratory exchange in some polychaetes. A) Parapodial gills B) Dermal branchiae C) Annuli D) Septa E) Mesenteries 16. Polychaetes have a circulatory system. A) bloodless B) closed C) lacunar D) open E) countercurrent 17. Every polychaete body compartment has a ganglion which aids in coordination of swimming and crawling. A) suprapharyngeal B) subpharyngeal C) segmental D) cerebral E) cephalic 18. The are unusual parts of the annelid nervous system responsible for rapid movements such as escape reactions. A) segmental ganglia B) subesophageal ganglia C) cerebral fibers D) giant fibers E) supraesophageal ganglia Page 3

35 19. are sensory pits on the heads of polychaetes with chemoreceptors for food detection. A) Olfactors B) Auricles C) Statocysts D) Phasmids E) Nuchal organs 20. The major nitrogenous waste produced by annelids is A) ammonia. B) urea. C) uric acid. D) guanine. E) urine. 21. are the excretory organs of most polychaetes. A) Chloragogues B) Metanephridia C) Osphradia D) Nuchal glands E) Ommatidia 22. The open, ciliated funnel of the metanephridium is the A) infundibulum. B) epitoke. C) nephrostome. D) nephridiopore. E) flame bulb. 23. Some polychaetes exhibit epitoky; the is the non-reproductive individual. A) anatoke B) heterotoke C) protogyn D) atoke E) hypertoke 24. The two annelid subclasses containing the earthworms and the leeches have now been united into the class A) Hiruchaeta. B) Chaetognatha. C) Polychaeta. D) Oligodinea. E) Clitellata. Page 4

36 25. The girdle-like structure used for mucus secretion during copulation in oligochaetes is the A) clitellum. B) parapodium. C) atoke. D) epitoke. E) prostomium. 26. During feeding, the of oligochaetes helps to pump in food. A) prostomium B) pharynx C) clitellum D) esophagus E) mouth 27. The is a thin-walled storage area in the oligochaete digestive tract. A) pharynx B) stomach C) crop D) esophagus E) gizzard 28. As in birds, the acts to grind food in the oligochaete digestive tract. A) gastric mill B) pharynx C) crop D) gizzard E) stomach 29. The is a dorsal invagination that increases the surface area of the earthworm intestine. A) crop B) clitellum C) esophagus D) chloragogen E) typhlosole 30. Clitellate reproduction may be characterized by A) the female picking up the spermatophore with the cloaca. B) reciprocal sperm transfer. C) hypodermic impregnation. D) amplexus. E) shedding of gametes into the environment. Page 5

37 31. In annelids, the is a site of amino acid metabolism. A) liver B) typholosole C) chloragogen tissue D) clitellum E) kidney 32. Chloragogen tissue of annelids is similar in function to the vertebrate A) kidneys. B) pancreas. C) gall bladder. D) liver. E) spleen. 33. Annelids convert ammonia to urea in A) the metanephridia. B) calciferous glands. C) nuchal glands. D) clitellar tissue. E) chloragogen tissue. 34. Clitelates may be characterized as with respect to reproduction. A) monoecious B) dioecious C) asexual D) protandric E) parthenogenic 35. In the class Clitellata, the larval form is A) a trochophore. B) absent. C) a veliger. D) dormant. E) free-living. 36. Leeches belong to the annelid subclass A) Oligochaeta. B) Chaetognatha. C) Hirudinea. D) Gnathobdellida. E) Polychaeta. Page 6

38 37. The superficial external rings on a leech are called: A) proglottids. B) tagmata. C) metameres. D) annuli. E) strobilia. 38. Leeches typically lack A) segments. B) a digestive tract. C) sense organs. D) a pharynx. E) setae. 39. The anticoagulant secreted by leech salivary glands is A) hirudin. B) saliva. C) salivary amylase. D) hemerythrin. E) prothrombin. 40. Over the last several thousand years, leeches have been utilized by humans A) to attack foreign invaders. B) to remove blood from the body. C) to prevent malaria. D) as food. E) to investigate the functioning of nervous systems. 41. The members of the annelid class are considered closest to the ancestral annelid condition. A) Chaetognatha B) Gnathobdellida C) Polychaeta D) Oligochaeta E) Clitellata 42. Leeches become when searching for food. A) negatively phototactic B) negatively thigmotactic C) negatively chemotactic D) positively phototactic E) positively thigmotactic Page 7

39 43. Of the following features characteristic of oligochaetes, which is LACKING in polychaetes? A) coelom B) spiral cleavage C) setae D) triploblastic development E) clitellum 44. Which of the characters below is not a feature of leeches? A) hypodermic impregnation B) asexual reproduction C) reciprocal sperm transfer D) sexually reproductive E) production of a cocoon 45. Unlike other annelids, echiurans A) have an open circulatory system. B) do not possess setae. C) undergo radial cleavage. D) are not segmented. E) have enterocoelous coelom formation. 46. Which of the following groups of worms are not in the phylum Annelida? A) earthworms B) beard worms C) spoon worms D) peanut worms E) flatworms 47. The echiurans and two groups of deep sea worms are likely to be A) removed from the Clitellata. B) removed from the Annelida. C) added to the subclass Hirudinea. D) added to the subclass Oligochaeta. E) added to the class Polychaeta. 48. The class Clitellata was recently created to A) unite the polychaetes and leeches. B) unite the polychaetes and earthworms. C) unite the oligochaetes and leeches. D) further subdivide the leeches. E) further subdivide the oligochaetes. Page 8

40 Chapter A pseudocoelom lacks A) peritoneum and mesenteries. B) muscles. C) a digestive tract. D) excretory organs. E) reproductive organs. 2. Recent cladistic analyses of morphological and molecular data suggests that aschelminths that molt their cuticle are more closely related to than to other aschelminths. A) annelids B) arthropods C) cycliophorans D) platyhelminths E) cnidarians 3. Which of the following phyla contains animals that are lophotrochozoan? A) Loricifera B) Priapulida C) Nematoda D) Rotifera E) Kinorhyncha 4. Animals in which of the following phyla are not aschelminths? A) Acanthocephala B) Nematomorpha C) Gastrotricha D) Loricifera E) Nematoda 5. Ecdysozoan animals A) are all pseudocoelomates. B) are all acoelomates. C) are all coelomates. D) molt their cuticle. E) derive their nutrients from symbiotic relationships with algae. Page 1

41 6. is a condition in which cells, or the nuclei in syncytia, are constant in number for the entire animal, and for a given organ for all members of the species. A) neoteny B) eutely C) protandry D) autotomy E) protogyny 7. Various hypotheses have been proposed concerning the phylogeny of the aschelminths. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by members of the phyla comprising this group? A) cuticle B) muscular pharynx C) true coelom D) adhesive glands E) lack of segmentation 8. The osmoregulatory organs of MOST aschelminths are A) malpighian tubules. B) metanephridia. C) renettes. D) protonephridia. E) kidneys. 9. The aschelminths are the first animal group discussed so far to possess a thin, tough outer covering called the A) skin. B) tegument. C) pellicle. D) epidermis. E) cuticle. 10. The process of shedding the outer body covering is called A) autotomy. B) ecdysis. C) syncytialism. D) metamorphosis. E) lysis. Page 2

42 11. The haploid mictic eggs of some rotifers, if not fertilized, develop parthenogenetically into A) dormant eggs. B) males. C) females. D) winter eggs. E) haploid larvae. 12. Rotifers derive their name from a characteristic ciliated structure called the located on the head. A) mastax B) corolla C) gastrotrich D) corona E) proboscis 13. The rotifer pharynx contains a unique muscular structure called the in which food is ground and macerated. A) odontophore B) crop C) gizzard D) radula E) mastax 14. Rotifers and other aschelminths exchange respiratory gases A) across the body surface. B) through gills. C) through lungs. D) with a tracheal system. E) with dermal branchiae. 15. In rotifers, two different kinds of eggs are produced. These are and eggs. A) fertile, infertile B) mictic, amictic C) nucleated, unucleated D) large, small E) shelled, unshelled Page 3

43 16. In the rotifer class Bdelloidea, all females are, producing diploid eggs that hatch into diploid females. A) protandric B) protogynous C) parthenogenetic D) isomictic E) mictic 17. In the rotifer class, amictic eggs develop exclusively by parthenogenesis. A) Phasmidia B) Secernentea C) Seisonidea D) Monogononta E) Bdelloidea 18. The wide distribution of rotifers in lakes can be attributed to A) resting eggs which can withstand adverse conditions. B) the distribution of eggs by wind. C) the distribution of eggs by the feet of waterfowl. D) ability to reproduce parthenogenetically. E) all of the answers are correct. 19. Some rotifers have a shell composed of a thickened cuticle, called the, that functions in protection. A) test B) lorica C) ossicles D) periostracum E) umbo 20. Rotifers are A) primarily marine. B) relatively large. C) characterized by a corona and mastax. D) characterized by populations dominated by males. E) not eutelic. 21. Kinorhynchs are found exclusively in environments. A) terrestrial B) freshwater C) marine D) stagnant pond E) rapidly flowing stream Page 4

44 22. The neck of a kinorhynch has spines called A) plastids. B) phasmids. C) placids. D) scalids. E) amphids. 23. The phylum name Kinorhyncha refers to A) their bioluminescence. B) their lack of spines. C) their posterior spines. D) their degenerate nervous system. E) their method of burrowing. 24. The aschelminths known as the are some of the most abundant animals on earth. A) nematodes B) rotifers C) kinorhynchs D) gastrotrichs E) nematomorphans 25. Much of the success of nematodes is due to their A) hydrostatic skeleton. B) well-developed circular and longitudinal muscles. C) outer, noncellular, collagenous cuticle. D) ciliated covering. E) parthenogenetic reproduction. 26. The nematodes are commonly known as A) flatworms. B) segmented worms. C) roundworms. D) beard worms. E) tongue worms. 27. Structures that function in chemoreception and are found at the anterior and posterior ends of nematodes are the A) spicules and lips. B) bursa and the nucleus. C) scalids and the placids. D) zonites and the mastax. E) amphids and the phasmids. Page 5

45 28. Nematodes are typically A) dioecious and dimorphic. B) monoecious and dimorphic. C) dioecious and amorphic. D) monoecious and monomorphic. E) monoecious and amorphic. 29. Nematodes are currently placed into how many classes? A) one B) two C) three D) four E) five 30. In the osmoregulatory/excretory system of aquatic nematodes, ventral gland cells called are located posterior to the pharynx. A) coxae B) renettes C) protonephridia D) kidneys E) amphids 31. The pinworm, Enterobius vermicularis, commonly infects humans when A) infective larvae bore through the soles of the feet. B) metacercaria are taken in while eating raw fish. C) poorly cooked pork containing infective larvae are consumed. D) eggs containing infective larvae are consumed. E) mosquitoes carry microfilaria from host to host. 32. One method of avoiding infection by Trichinella spiralis is to A) use insect repellents to prevent mosquito bites. B) wash and peel raw vegetables before eating them. C) wear shoes. D) purify water before drinking it. E) cook pork thoroughly before eating it. 33. A human condition caused by filarial worms is called A) elephantiasis. B) trichinosis. C) brucellosis. D) sclerosis. E) dermatitis. Page 6

46 34. A filarial worm which infects dogs, particularly common in the United States, is A) pinworms. B) mange. C) ringworm. D) heartworm. E) tapeworms. 35. Members of the phylum Nematomorpha are commonly called A) pinworms. B) hookworms. C) horsehair worms. D) heartworms. E) spiny-headed worms. 36. Adult nematomorphs are freeliving; the larvae are A) found in benthic marine habitats. B) parasitic in the respiratory systems of vertebrates. C) found in the lymph system of humans. D) parasitic in arthropods. E) encysted in muscle tissue of mammals. 37. Acanthocephalans are commonly called A) roundworms. B) blood worms. C) flatworms. D) probosis worms. E) spiny-headed worms. 38. Covering the tegument of acanthocephalans is a, consisting of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins. A) glycocalyx B) lorica C) sheath D) cuticle E) pellicle 39. Like the tapeworms, acanthocephalans lack A) a nervous system. B) a digestive tract. C) muscles. D) a reproductive system. E) a cuticle. Page 7

47 40. The acanthocephalan larval stage that emerges from the egg is called a/an A) acanthella. B) cysticercus. C) acanthor. D) cystacanth. E) coelocanth. 41. The most recent aschelminth phylum to be described is the phylum A) Lobatocercebrida. B) Placozoa. C) Ctenophora. D) Loricifera. E) Gnathostomulida. 42. The spiny head of a loriciferan is called the A) introvert. B) proboscis. C) acanthor. D) corona. E) acanthocephala. Page 8

48 Chapter Specialization of regions of the body for specific functions, as seen in arthropods, is called A) tagmatization. B) metamerism. C) truncation. D) differentiation. E) cephalization. 2. Members of class are among the most numerous crustaceans, and are both marine and freshwater in distribution. A) Cirripedia B) Copepoda C) Branchiopoda D) Malacostraca E) Isopoda 3. Which type of crustacean do many zoologists believe to have the greatest number of individuals of any type of animal on the planet? A) isopods B) fairy shrimp C) brine shrimp D) copepods E) barnacles 4. Which of the following phyla of animals are not ecdysozoan? A) Arthropoda B) Nematoda C) Gastrotricha D) Nematomorpha E) Kinorhyncha 5. Which of the following is not a synapomorphy that unites the members of the ecdysozoan clade? A) the blastopore develops into the anus B) loss of epidermal cilia C) possession of a cuticle D) shedding of cuticle through ecdysis E) all of the above are synapomorphies shared by ecdysozoans Page 1

49 6. The is the outer layer of the arthropod exoskeleton, and it is composed of a waterproofing waxy lipoprotein. A) lipocuticle B) mesocuticle C) epicuticle D) endocuticle E) sclerocuticle 7. The tough, leathery polysaccharide in the arthropod procuticle is A) lipoprotein. B) calcium carbonate. C) scleroprotein. D) chitin. E) glycogen. 8. The arthropod skeleton hardens by, which is a formation of chemical bonds between protein chains. A) carbonization B) tagmatization C) calcification D) chitinization E) sclerotization 9. Sensory receptors called occur in the arthropod exoskeleton in the form of pegs, bristles, and lenses. A) sensilla B) tactiles C) olfactors D) cirri E) palps 10. The arthropod exoskeleton must be shed to allow growth. The shedding process is called A) sclerotization. B) ecdysis. C) calcification. D) articulation. E) metamorphosis. Page 2

50 11. between larval and adult stages of arthropods reduces competition for resources. A) Asexual reproduction B) Regeneration C) Metamorphosis D) Ecdysis E) Parthenogenesis 12. The extinct arthropod subphylum Trilobitomorpha was named for A) the three known stages of the life cycle. B) the three known larval forms. C) the three geologic ages which were dominated by trilobites. D) the three longitudinal body divisions. E) the three species which have been identified. 13. Appendages of trilobites were divided into two lobes, hence they are called A) biped. B) uniramous. C) quadruped. D) aramous. E) biramous. 14. Horseshoe crabs belong to the arthropod subphylum A) Chelicerata. B) Arachnida. C) Uniramia. D) Crustacea. E) Mandibulata. 15. Chelicerates have a cephalothorax, also known as the, which functions in sensation, feeding, and locomotion. A) chelicera B) prosoma C) abdomen D) opisthosoma E) carapace 16. The chelicerate opisthosoma A) bears the pedipalps. B) is the sensory tagma. C) contains digestive organs. D) bears chelicerae. E) bears walking legs. Page 3

51 17. Gas exchange between the blood of horseshoe crabs and seawater occurs through A) filamentous gills. B) book lungs. C) alveolar lungs. D) book gills. E) dermal branchiae. 18. How many tagmata do animals in the order Araneae have? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) Spiders, ticks, and scorpions belong to the arthropod class A) Chilopoda. B) Pycnogonida. C) Insecta. D) Merostomata. E) Arachnida. 20. Most zoologists believe that the were the first arthropods to invade land. A) arachnids B) insects C) millipedes D) crustaceans E) centipedes 21. While aquatic arachnids utilize coxal glands for excretion, most terrestrial forms use which conserve water. A) nephridia B) malpighian tubules C) diffusion glands D) green glands E) antennal glands 22. Many arachnids utilize for respiration, which are believed to be modifications of book gills. A) lamellae B) alveolar lungs C) book lungs D) trachea E) malpighian tubules Page 4

52 23. A genus of scorpions known to have caused human deaths is A) Xiphosura. B) Opiliones. C) Loxosceles. D) Centuroides. E) Limulus. 24. Many spiders produce, that are used to trap small arthropods on which they feed. A) sticky oral secretions B) sandy pitfall traps C) oral venoms D) leaf traps E) webs 25. Daddy longlegs belong to the arachnid order A) Opiliones. B) Acarina. C) Pseudoscorpionida. D) Scorpionida. E) Aranaea. 26. The chigger or red bug is a member of the arachnid order A) Scorpionida. B) Acarina. C) Opiliones. D) Araneae. E) Pseudoscorpionida. 27. The bacteria that cause Lyme Disease are carried and transmitted by A) black widow spiders. B) tsetse flies. C) ticks. D) mosquitoes. E) mange mites. 28. Sea spiders belong to the class A) Merostomata. B) Chelicerata. C) Arachnida. D) Pycnogonida. E) Trilobita. Page 5

53 29. Crustaceans are unique among living arthropods as they possess A) chitin in their exoskeleton. B) one pair of antennae. C) only two pairs of walking legs. D) a carapace. E) two pairs of antennae. 30. The majority of crustaceans are A) aquatic. B) terrestrial. C) very large. D) burrowing animals. E) monoecious. 31. The portion of the crustacean exoskeleton that covers the cephalothorax is the A) locomotor tagma. B) carapace. C) telson. D) opisthosoma. E) uropod. 32. The crustacean abdominal appendages that are used for swimming are called A) scaphopods. B) pereiopods. C) pleopods. D) maxillipeds. E) chilipeds. 33. The biramous appendages of the crayfish are based on a similar ancestral pattern. This, and the sequential development of the segments makes them A) repetitively analogous. B) heteronomous. C) metachronous. D) serially homologous. E) homonomous. 34. Crustaceans have, which are sensory structures to provide information regarding gravitational orientation, movement and vibrations. A) papillae B) ommatidia C) antennules D) antennae E) statocysts Page 6

54 35. The crustacean compound eye is composed of individual units called A) ommatidia. B) ocelli. C) eyespots. D) statocysts. E) photophores. 36. The antennal or green glands of crayfish function in A) producing digestive enzymes. B) excretion. C) producing molting enzymes. D) sensing water quality. E) sensing gravity. 37. The primary excretory product of a crayfish is A) urine. B) ammonia. C) uric acid. D) sodium chloride. E) urea. 38. Brine shrimp and fairy shrimp are classified in the crustacean class A) Decapoda. B) Amphipoda. C) Branchiopoda. D) Anostraca. E) Isopoda. 39. The class of crustaceans with the largest number of species is A) Maxillopoda. B) Branchiopoda. C) Cladocera. D) Malacostraca. E) Decapoda. 40. Terrestrial crustaceans are quite rare, but terrestrial pill bugs belong to the order A) Amphipoda. B) Maxillopoda. C) Cladocera. D) Anostraca. E) Isopoda. Page 7

55 41. Barnacles belong to the A) Cirripedia. B) Hexapoda. C) Amphipoda. D) Malacostraca. E) Branchiopoda. 42. Krill belong to the order A) Amphipoda. B) Euphausiacea. C) Cladocera. D) Anostraca. E) Isopoda. 43. Adult barnacles are unusual in lifestyle because they are A) motile. B) sessile. C) predatory. D) free-swimming. E) dioecious. 44. Crayfish, lobsters, and shrimps belong to the order A) Maxillopoda. B) Hexapoda. C) Decapoda. D) Amphipoda. E) Branchiopoda. 45. Many female crustaceans carry developing eggs protected by their A) pauropods. B) ogiverous legs. C) pereiopods. D) pleopods. E) uropods. 46. Some demonstrate a primitive form of vivipary. A) crabs B) crayfish C) shrimp D) scorpions E) barnacles Page 8

56 Chapter Insect dominance in terrestrial environments is due in part to the evolution of A) flight. B) cephalization. C) metamerism. D) eusociality. E) jointed appendages. 2. Millipedes belong to the arthropod class A) Insecta. B) Diplopoda. C) Crustacea. D) Chilopoda. E) Branchiopoda. 3. Millipedes may be characterized as A) active predators. B) venomous. C) scavengers and detritivores. D) monoecious. E) viviparous. 4. A repellent called is produced by the repugnatorial glands of millipedes. A) carbon disulfide B) formic acid C) carbonic anhydrase D) hydrogen cyanide E) sulfur dioxide 5. Centipedes belong to the subphylum A) Insecta. B) Crustacea. C) Trilobita. D) Chilopoda. E) Myriapoda. 6. The first trunk appendages of centipedes function as A) poison claws. B) walking legs. C) periopods. D) chewing mouthparts. E) uropods. Page 1