Course Evaluation Scheme. Pathology and Nutrition. Required Texts. Part 1: General Pathology 10/01/12. Recommended Resources

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1 Course Evaluation Scheme Pathology and Nutrition Instructor: Andrea Bartels NNCP, RNT Session #1 Quiz #1: (10%) Quiz #2: (10%) Final Exam: (50%) 6 Menus (30% total) Due: start of class #7 Required Texts Pathology and Nutrition: Workbook for CSNN Students. the spiral book Pathophysiology Made Incredibly Visual the colourful book Recommended Resources The Merck Manual of Medical Information Home edition Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology (E. Marieb) Getting Comfortable with Medical Terminology Part 1: General Pathology Important terms to know (p.7) Etiology = cause of disease Pathogenesis = the path of disease progression, from start to end Morphological changes = structural changes Clinical aspect/significance = functional changes 1

2 Risk Factors vs. Complications Risk Factor = what conditions/habits increase susceptibility to the disease? For ex.: i.e. smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer Terminology cont d How pathologies are named Tip: cut the word into pieces that sound familiar Complications = what scenarios or pathologies may result from the condition if it is left untreated/unmanaged? For ex.: anemia is a complicationof menorrhagia (heavy/prolonged menstrual periods) See pages 1-2 for other important terms e.g. dysbiosis:the condition of having an imbalance in the number of healthy and unhealthy organisms in the gut. dys = bad, out of balance bio = living osis = the presence of Disease begins with Cellular Injury Causes of Cellular Injury (pg. 8 Visual) 1. Toxic 2. Deficit 3. Physical 4. Infectious Cell injury may be reversible or irreversible Disease Starts When Cells Have Become Injured What organisms, chemical imbalances and circumstances have damaged the cell? E.g.: virus, poison, physical trauma, etc. What are the mechanisms or processes that produce the cellular damage? -E.g.: fever, inflammation, oxidative stress, Cellular Adaptations/Changes Atrophy: shrinkage of cells Hypertrophy: enlargement of cells Hyperplasia: increased number of cells Part 2: Immune System Pathologies Dysplasia: deranged maturation of cells, affecting appearance, size and shape of cells 2

3 Immune System Anatomy and Physiology: Review Job description: to correctly identify, label, attack and eliminate threats to the physical body Organs, cells and tissues involved in immune defense: Swelling Inflammation: Signs and Symptoms Heat (And sometimes, itching) Redness Pain Functions of Acute Inflammation Seals off area to prevent spread of damage Concentrates wbcs and antibodies to fight the infection/injurious agent Decreases mobility of injured part to prevent further injury Inflammation is protectiveand beneficial as long as it is not chronic or severe Disorders of Immunity under-active immunity infections cancer over-active immunity hypersensitivity auto-immune Under-active immunity---> Infection = Invasion and multiplication of micro-organisms which excites the immune system into attack infectious agents: always involves inflammatory response Under-activity ---> Cancer Cancer: characterized by a group of atypical cells which replicate unchecked by the immune system and compete with the body for nourishment Cancerous tumours consist of malignant cells that by definition of their behaviour are life-threatening infection results from an inadequate/underfunctioning immune system 3

4 Cancer cont d Requirements for Cancer Development: cellular injury in which DNA is injured an inadequate, under-active immune system Infectious Agent rhinovirus e.g. H1N1 virus candida albicans bacteria HIV virus Pathologies Involving Under-active Immunity Pathology common cold influenza candidiasis cellulitis AIDS HIV / AIDS Etiology: viral Risk Factors: needle-sharing, sex Pathogenesis: HIV infection leads to progressive degeneration of the immune system through reduced T cell number Complications: systemic candidiasis, cancer, etc. incurable pp Exercise: Common Cold Etiology: Clinical Aspect: Risk Factors: Pathogenesis: Complications: Nutritional Protocol #1: Under-active Immune System BUILD and fortify with nutrients: -A, C, E, Se, Zn, D, EFAs, protein BOOST with phyto-chemicals: -echinacea, astragalus, mushroom extracts Under-active Immune Protocol cont d USE anti-microbial agents if infection is present: -garlic, oil of oregano, grapefruit seed extract, etc. Restore/maintain gut flora in form of probiotics Minimize all types of stress 4

5 Under-Active Immune Protocol cont d Reduce non-nutrients: Sugar, caffeine, alcohol, synthetic additives, trans fats Maintain hydration Augment fresh, whole foods Over-active Immune system involves unnecessary or exaggerated inflammatory response symptoms depend on tissue affected Types of Overactivity Allergy and hypersensitivity reactions Auto-immune diseases Overactive Immunity Hypersensitivity/Classic Allergy: = inflammatory response to a particular foreign substance when it comes in contact with body tissues Auto-immune Disorders = inflammatory response to a particular type of body tissue or hormone. = incorrect labeling of self as non-self Chronic Inflammation In response to chronic stressor(s): -dietary -habitual -sport/vocation Chronic stress triggers cortisol production in effort to combat inflammation About Prescription Anti-Inflammatories Synthetic cortico-steroids: Prednisone, hydrocortisone, Pulmicort, etc. Documented side effects: suppressed immune response high blood sugar central obesity skin thinning bone density loss 5

6 Pathologies Involving Over-active Immunity allergic rhinitis (hayfever) anaphylaxis* multiple sclerosis rheumatoid arthritis eczema Auto-immunity defined Autoimmunity can be defined as a breakdown of mechanisms responsible for self-tolerance and induction of an immune response against components of the self. Comparing Forms of Arthritis Osteo-arthritis = Joint pain caused by wear and tear ; aging Inflammation but joints may appear normal repetitive movements aggravate pain asymmetrical presentation (typical) associated with aging pp Visual Rheumatoid Arthritis = joint pain caused by immune-mediated destruction inflammation peripheral joints warm, stiff, swollen, sore in A.M. symptoms improve with movement symmetrical presentation (typical) disfiguring most commonly begins in young women p.p in Visual Ankylosing Spondylitis inflammatory bone disease pain relieved by exercise occurs in the spine progresses up the spine, fusing vertebrae more common in men AI in nature pp in Visual Protocol #2: Nutritional Support for Over-active Immunity support organs/tissues affected assume hypersensitivities are present reduce stressors reduce inflammation (SHARP) DO NOT BOOST the immune system Anti-inflammatory diet (avoid common allergens) 6

7 Emphasize: What to Eat on an Anti-Inflammatory Diet Raw/steamed vegetables EFAs (fish and flax oils, most nuts) Other Basics Organic/wild/lean meats Gluten-free grains Low-sugar fruits (local fruits) Milk products Red meats Eggs Saturated Fats Sugar Gluten Corn Anti-Inflammatory Diet AVOID List Yeast Mushrooms Nightshade vegetables* *removal only necessary in joint disorders Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals Curcumin (turmeric) Boswellin (boswellia)* Ginger Devil s claw* Sterols and sterolins (= plant waxes) Omega-3 fatty acids Helping You Study the Pathologies Is it systemic or localized? Is it acute or chronic? Is inflammation involved? Under-activity or over-activity? Is it degenerative? Who is at risk (risk factors)? What happens if left untreated (complications)? Is it a medical emergency? 7