ANATOMY C027A: MINERALIZED TISSUE BIOLOGY: SKELETAL TISSUES. Please answer THREE Questions. All questions carry equal marks.

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1 Module Code: C27A UNIVERSITY OF LONDON (University College London) BSc DEGREE 2001 ANATOMY C027A: MINERALIZED TISSUE BIOLOGY: SKELETAL TISSUES 16 May 2001, 10.00am 1) Discuss the roles of ph, po2, phosphate and calcium in skeletal maintenance. 2) What is known of the regulation of osteoclast formation and activation? 3) How are bone mineral content and bone mineral density measured? How do these in vivo measures relate to macroscopic and microscopic features in skeletal tissues? 4) What changes occur in bone and bones in response to strenuous load-bearing exercise? 5) Discuss the uses and limitations of tissue culture methods for studying bone cell function. 6) Give an integrated account of the hierarchical organisation of bone, covering the nanometre to centimetre scale range, and indicating the methods used to acquire the structural information.

2 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology EXAMINATION FOR INTERNAL STUDENTS For the following qualifications: B.Sc.; B.Sc. (Intercal) Anatomy C27A: Mineralised Tissue Biology: Skeletal Tissues 2002 Course Code: ANATC27A TIME ALLOWED 3 hours Please answer THREE questions. All questions carry equal marks. 1. How may osteoclastic function be assayed in vitro at the single cell level? 2. Give an account of the histology of intervertebral discs and vertebral end plates 3. How may growth patterns and cortical drift in a bone be documented and studied? 4. Compare and contrast the patterns of mineralisation found in bone and cartilage 5. What structural changes occur in bone in response to load bearing exercise? 6. Write an essay on 'cell death in bone'

3 BSc ANATC27A Skeletal Tissues Answer 3 questions of 6 presented here (in separate answer booklets). 3 hours allowed. 1. Describe contrasting types of trabecular architecture with reference to functional loading patterns. 2. Describe bone microstructure at the nanometer to micrometer scale. 3. Discuss Lanyon's hypothesis that the central lesion of post-pausal osteoporosis is reduced effectiveness of strain processing by oestrogen receptor alpha. 4. What evidence concerning the life history of an individual can be obtained from post mortem microscopic examination of skeletal tissue remains? 5. What is known concerning apoptosis in bone cells? 6. Which factors other than hormones influence bone cell activity?

4 University College London Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology BSc DEGREE 2004 ANATOMY C27A: Mineralised Tissue Biology: Skeletal Tissues?? May 2004, 10:00am 1) Give an account of vertebrate limb development. 2) Discuss the roles of the vasculature in the formation and maintenance of the skeleton. 3) Give an account of mechanically adaptive bone remodelling. 4) Discuss the uses and limitations of tissue culture methods for studying skeletal cell function. 5) What is osteoporosis, and what is known of its causes in humans? Review the options available for the prevention and/or treatment of this disorder. 6) Describe the organic component of bone matrix and discuss the use of matrixderived bone turnover markers.

5 University College London Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology BSc DEGREE 2005 ANATOMY C27A: Mineralised Tissue Biology: Skeletal Tissues 13 May 2005, 10:00am 1) Discuss the evidence for the potential roles played by osteocytes in bone. 2) Compare and contrast osteoporosis, osteomalacia and osteopetrosis. 3) Describe the origins and differentiation sequence of the cells of the osteoblast lineage. What are the functions of osteoblasts? 4) Compare and contrast the patterns of mineralisation found in bone and cartilage. 5) Give an account of calcium regulation in a higher vertebrate (eg humans). 6) What changes occur in bone in response to increased impact load bearing? What changes occur in the skeleton as it ages?

6 UCL DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY GOWER STREET LONDON WC1E 6BT UK BSc DEGREE 2006 ANATOMY C27A: Mineralised Tissue Biology: Skeletal Tissues 11 May 2006, 10:00am 1. Review the changes that occur to joints in osteoarthritis. What methods are available for studying osteoarthritic changes? 2. Give an account of cell death and its possible pathophysiological significance in bone. 3. Compare and contrast bone and cartilage. 4. Give an account of the organic component of bone matrix. 5. Discuss the events that occur during fracture repair. 6. Discuss the regulation of bone cell function. What are the main factors thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis?

7 UCL DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY GOWER STREET LONDON WC1E 6BT UK BSc DEGREE 2007 ANAT3048 The Biology of the Skeleton Part A Structure and Function of Skeletal Tissues?? May 2007,??:00am Time allowed: 2 hours 1. Discuss the relationships between mechanical loading, bone mass and sex hormones. 2. What is known of the mechanisms and regulation of mineralisation? 3. Discuss the roles thought to be played by osteocytes in health and disease. 4. Discuss how the blood supply influences the skeleton. 5. Give an account of the development of the vertebral column. 6. Discuss the effects of exercise on bone and cartilage.