3. A bone cell is completely surrounded by bone matrix. What kind of bone cell is it? (1 pt)

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1 Name Date HUMAN ANATOMY - STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE #4(a) 1. Review your vocabulary words! 2. What are the two principal agents in bone matrix, and how do they each affect the properties of bone tissue? (4 pts) This question is not asking for cell types. 3. A bone cell is completely surrounded by bone matrix. What kind of bone cell is it? (1 pt) 4. A bone cell has more than one nucleus. What kind of bone cell is it? (1 pt) 5. Looking at bone tissue under a microscope, you see no osteons. Is this compact or cancellous bone tissue? (1 pt) 6. What kind of bone tissue contains trabeculae? (1 pt) a. What do you often find in the spaces between trabeculae? (1 pt) 7. What is the term for the layers of bone tissue that form an osteon? (1 pt) a. What is the term for the layers of bone between osteons? (1 pt)

2 Page 2 of 6 8. What are canaliculi? (1 pt) 9. There are at least six reasons bone must be continually remodeled. Can you list at least five of them? (5 pts) 10. Bone growth occurs when new cartilage is added to the bone s epiphyseal plate. Why doesn t the epiphyseal plate get thicker as the bone grows? (1 pt) 11. The epiphyseal plate separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis. On which side of the plate does the tissue ossify? (1 pt) 12. If a long bone has no epiphyseal plates because they have become epiphyseal lines, is there any way that a bone can grow? If so, how? (1 pt)

3 Page 3 of 6 Name Date HUMAN ANATOMY - STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE #4(b) 13. What is appositional bone growth? (1 pt) 14. The following are processes which occur when bone is repaired. Order them according to the sequence in which they occur. (4 pts) The external callus is removed by osteoclasts, and cancellous bone is remodeled as needed. A hematoma forms. The callus is ossified. The callus forms. 15. What is the purpose of the external callus? (1 pt) a. What is the purpose of the internal callus? (1 pt) 16. Which gland secretes calcitonin? (1 pt) a. Which gland secretes PTH? (1 pt)

4 Page 4 of What is the effect of calcitonin on bone cells? (1 pt) a. What is the effect of PTH on bone cells? (1 pt) 18. A person s medical tests show a large increase in the calcitonin levels of the body. What does that tell you about the calcium level in the person s blood? (1 pt) 19. What gland secretes growth hormone, and what affect does this hormone have on bone tissue? (2 pts) 20. What effect do the sex hormones have on bone growth? (2 pts)

Page 5 of 6 Name Date HUMAN ANATOMY - STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE #4(c) 21. What are the three major types of joints in the body, and which type is associated with most of the movement in the skeleton?

5 Page 5 of 6 Name Date HUMAN ANATOMY - STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE #4(c) 21. What are the three major types of joints in the body, and which type is associated with most of the movement in the skeleton? (4 pts) 22. Label the parts of the following synovial joint illustration. (5 pts) 23. What is the purpose of the articular cartilage in a synovial joint? (1 pt) 24. What is the purpose of the synovial fluid in a synovial joint? (1 pt)

6 Page 6 of What produces synovial fluid? (1 pt) 26. List the six major types of synovial joints in order of decreasing range of motion. Assume that pivot joints offer slightly more motion than hinge joints. (7 pts) (HINT: Start with ball-and-socket) Name the kind of motion exhibited in the following actions: (5 pts) a. A ballet dancer stands on her tiptoes b. A person is doing push-ups. His elbows are bent so that his body is close to the ground. He then lifts his body up by straightening his arms at the elbow. c. A gymnast who is already standing on just one leg begins to twirl the lower limb that is in the air in circles. d. A person is holding his palms up and then turns his hands so that the palms point down. e. A person holds his arms down at his sides and then lifts them both up so that they are horizontal to the ground, pointing out to each side.

2 PROCESSES OF BONE OSSIFICATION

2 PROCESSES OF BONE OSSIFICATION ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION 6 STEPS 1. CARTILAGE ENLARGES, BY APPOSITIONAL GROWTH; CHONDROCYTES AT CENTER OF CARTILAGE GROW IN SIZE; MATRIX REDUCES IN SIZE & SPICULES CALCIFY;