Chapter 5. Respiratory System

Transcription

1 Chapter 5 Respiratory System 1

2 OBJECTIVES Identify the organs and other structures of the respiratory system Define and spell the word parts Build and analyze medical terms using word parts 2

3 OBJECTIVES (cont d) Define, pronounce, and spell the disease and disorder, diagnostic, surgical, and complementary terms for the respiratory system Interpret the meanings of the abbreviations Read medical documents and interpret medical terminology contained in them 3

4 Respiratory System Function Use of oxygen and formation of carbon dioxide during metabolism by body cells. The process is called respiration. External ventilation (breathing): Oxygen passes from lungs to blood (capillaries) and carbon dioxide passes from capillaries back into lungs to be expelled. Internal respiration: The body cells take on oxygen from the blood and give back carbon dioxide, which is transported back to the lungs. 4

5 Ventilation Cycle 5

6 Organs of the Respiratory System 6

7 Structures of the Nasal Passages and Throat 7

8 Respiratory System nose: lined with mucous membrane and fine hairs; acts as a filter to moisten and warm the entering air pharynx (throat): serves as a food and air passageway adenoid: lymphoid tissue located behind the nasal cavity tonsils: lymphoid tissue located behind the mouth 8

9 Respiratory System (cont d) larynx (voice box): location of the vocal cords epiglottis: flap of cartilage that automatically covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing and keeps food from entering the larynx trachea: passageway for air to the bronchi 9

10 10

11 Normal vocal folds visualized with an endoscope 11

12 Respiratory System (cont d) bronchus: one of two branches from the trachea, which conducts air into the lungs, where it divides and subdivides (referred to as a bronchial tree). bronchioles: smallest subdivision of the bronchial tree alveolus: air sacs at the end of the bronchioles; oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through alveolar walls and capillaries 12

13 Bronchioles and Alveoli 13

14 Terminal Airways 14

15 Normal Lung 15

16 Respiratory System (cont d) lungs: 2 sponge-like organs in the thoracic cavity (right lung has 3 lobes; left lung has 2 lobes) pleura: Serous membrane covering each lung and lining the thoracic cavity diaphragm: Muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity; aids in breathing mediastinum: Space between the lungs 16

17 Normal Lung 17

18 Combining Forms for the Respiratory System adenoid/o alveol/o bronch/i, bronch/o diaphragmat/o epiglott/o laryng/o lob/o nas/o, rhin/o pharyng/o pleur/o pneum/o, pneumat/o, pneumon/o pulmon/o 18

19 Combining Forms for the Respiratory System (cont d) sept/o sinus/o thorac/o tonsill/o trache/o 19

20 Combining Forms Commonly Used with Respiratory System Terms atel/o capn/o hem/o, hemat/o muc/o orth/o ox/o, ox/i py/o spir/o 20

21 Prefixes a-, anendoeupanpoly- 21

22 Suffixes -algia -ar, -ary -cele -centesis -eal -ectasis -emia -gram -graphy -graph -meter -metry -oxia -pexy -phonia -pnea 22

23 Suffixes (cont d) -rrhagia -scope -scopic -scopy -spasm -stenosis -stomy -thorax -tomy 23

24 Word Parts Meaning Breathing, Oxygen, and Chest Appear as Combining Forms and Suffixes Meaning Combining Form Suffix breathing spir/o -pnea chest thorac/o -thorax oxygen ox/o, ox/i -oxia 24

25 Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts adenoiditis atelectasis bronchogenic carcinoma hemothorax pansinusitis pneumonitis pneumothorax rhinorrhagia 25

26 The right lung is atelectatic and floating in bloody fluid filling the right chest cavity as a consequence of trauma. This is a hemothorax. 26

27 Atelectasis Showing Collapsed Alveoli 27

28 (air) / cv / (chest) 28

29 Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) asthma chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) coccidioidomycosis (valley fever or cocci) emphysema obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) pulmonary embolism tuberculosis (TB) 29

30 Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts bronchoplasty laryngocentesis lobectomy pleuropexy pneumobronchotomy thoracocentesis or thoracentesis thoracotomy tracheostomy 30

31 (chest) / cv / (surgical puncture to remove fluid) 31

32 Types of Diagnostic Procedures radiography: x-ray images of internal organs using ionizing radiation nuclear medicine: scans using radioactive material to determine the functional capacity of an organ ultrasound: sonograms, or echograms, using high-frequency sound waves to create an image of body organs 32

33 Types of Diagnostic Procedures (cont d) computed tomography (CT scans): computerized images of body organs in slices, horizontally magnetic resonance imaging (MRI scans): gives information about the body s biochemistry by placing the patient in a magnetic field 33

34 Types of Diagnostic Procedures (cont d) endoscopy: endoscopes, which are lighted, flexible instruments, are used for visual examination of a hollow organ or body cavity laboratory: diagnostic procedures performed on specimens such as blood, tissue, sputum, and urine pulmonary function tests: diagnostic tests performed to determine lung function 34

35 Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts capnometer endoscope endoscopic endoscopy laryngoscopy thoracoscope thoracoscopy oximeter polysomnography spirometer spirometry 35

36 Pulse Oximetry 36

37 Spirometer 37

38 Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts Diagnostic imaging chest CT (computed tomography) scan chest x-ray ventilation-perfusion scanning Laboratory procedure acid-bacilli (AFB) smear 38

39 This radiograph demonstrates patchy infiltrates consistent with a bronchopneumonia from a bacterial infection. Typical organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Hemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, among others. 39

40 This chest radiograph demonstrates a nodular pattern resulting from multiple metastases in the lung from a carcinoma. (The plate and screws in the cervical spine repaired a pathologic fracture from metastasis). 40

41 Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont d) Pulmonary function arterial blood gases (ABGs) pulmonary function tests (PFTs) pulse oximetry Other PPD skin test 41

42 Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts acapnia anoxia aphonia apnea bronchospasm diaphragmatic dysphonia dyspnea 42

43 Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts (cont d) eupnea hypercapnia hypocapnia hypoxemia hypoxia laryngeal nasopharyngeal rhinorrhea 43

44 Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts airway asphyxia aspirate bronchoconstrictor bronchodilator hyperventilation hypoventilation mucopurulent 44

45 Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont d) nebulizer nosocomial infection patent sputum ventilator 45

46 Abbreviations ABGs AFB ARDS CF COPD CT CXR CO 2 LLL LTB LUL O 2 OSA PCP 46

47 Here is an example of diffuse alveolar damage in which the lung is diffusely firm and rubbery. Clinically, this is known as adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). 47

48 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD Chronic Bronchitis Asthma Emphysema 48

49 Normal Lung 49

50 Diagrammatic view of the respiratory unit (respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, & alveoli). 50

51 Microscopically at high magnification, the loss of alveolar walls with emphysema is demonstrated. Remaining airspaces are dilated. 51

52 On cut section of the lung, the dilated airspaces with emphysema are seen. Although there tends to be some scarring with time because of superimposed infections, the emphysematous process is one of loss of lung parenchyma, not fibrosis. 52

53 This cast of the bronchial tree is formed of inspissated mucus and was coughed up by a patient during an asthmatic attack. The outpouring of mucus from hypertrophied bronchial submucosal glands, the bronchoconstriction, and dehydration all contribute to the formation of mucus plugs that can block airways in asthmatic patients. 53

54 Bronchiectasis is seen here. The repeated episodes of inflammation can result in scarring, which has resulted in fibrous adhesions between the lobes. Fibrous pleural adhesions are common in persons who have had past episodes of inflammation of the lung that involve the pleura. With extensive involvement, the pleural space may be obliterated. 54

55 Abbreviations (cont d) PE PFTs PSG RLL RUL TB URI VPS 55

56 Pneumon/pneum/o (lungs, air) Pneumonia inflammation of the lungs, With consolidation (filling with exudate) 56

57 Lung Cancer 57

58 At the left the alveoli are filled with a neutrophilic exudate that corresponds to the areas of consolidation seen grossly with the bronchopneumonia. This contrasts with the aerated lung on the right of this photomicrograph. 58

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60 Practice en/1135/webanatomy/wa_respiratory/ 60