Lesson 9.1: Learning the Key Terms

Transcription

1 131 Lesson 9.1: Learning the Key Terms Directions: Place the letter of the best definition next to each key term. 1. alveolar capillary membrane 2. alveoli 3. bronchioles 4. cardiopulmonary system 5. conchae 6. epiglottis 7. larynx 8. mediastinum 9. nares 10. olfactory receptors 11. palate 12. pharynx 13. pleural sac 14. pores of Kohn 15. primary bronchi 16. sinuses 17. surfactant 18. thyroid cartilage 19. tonsils 20. trachea A. gas exchange structure that contains the alveoli and the capillaries surrounding the alveoli B. the two openings in the nose through which air enters C. a flap of cartilaginous tissue that covers the opening to the trachea; diverts food and liquids to the esophagus during swallowing D. the largest cartilaginous plate in the larynx; also known as the Adam s apple E. small openings in the alveolar walls that allow gases and macrophages to travel between the alveoli F. air sacs in the lungs from which gas is exchanged with the capillaries G. the air tube that extends from the larynx into the thorax, where it splits into the right and left bronchi; also known as the windpipe H. sensory cells in the olfactory region that provide the sense of smell I. the structure consisting of hard and soft components that separates the oral and nasal cavities J. the collective name for the respiratory and cardiovascular systems; these systems work together to conduct gas exchange K. the air-filled cavities that surround the nose L. clusters of lymphatic tissue in the pharynx that function as the first line of defense against infection M. three uneven, scroll-like nasal bones that extend down through the nasal cavity N. a triangular-shaped space inferior to the pharynx that is responsible for voice production O. the thin-walled branches of the bronchi; the smallest airconducting passageways of the bronchi P. the two passageways that branch off the trachea and lead to the right and left lungs Q. the thin, double-walled serous membrane that surrounds the lungs R. the area of the thoracic cavity between the lungs; houses the heart, great blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, thymus gland, and other structures S. the muscular passageway that extends from the nasal cavity to the mouth and connects to the esophagus; the throat T. a phospholipid that reduces the surface tension in the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing

2 What is the collective name for the cardiovascular and respiratory systems? How do these two body systems work together? 2. Describe the structure of the respiratory system. 3. Name three functions of the upper respiratory tract. 4. What would happen if the nose had no cilia? 5. What are the functions of the conchae? 6. What is the function of the uvula? 7. Explain the function of the sinuses. 8. Which structure transports air, food, and liquids? 9. What causes a person s voice to change so noticeably during a cold? 10. What other organ system structure does the nasopharynx connect to, and what are the consequences? 11. When bacteria and other pathogens enter the throat, what structure serves as the first line of defense against these invaders? 12. What are the two primary responsibilities of the larynx? 13. What structure controls both the destination of food and liquid we consume, and inspired air? 14. How is the trachea supported? 15. Where does the most gas exchange take place? 16. Give one reason why gas exchange is a relatively quick process. 17. What structure separates the two lungs? 18. How many lobes does each lung have? 19. What is the pleural sac? Explain its function. Lesson 9.1: Study Questions Directions: Answer the questions below on a separate sheet of paper. Studying the answers will help you prepare for the chapter test.

3 133 Lesson 9.1: The Upper Respiratory Tract Directions: Label the figure with the letter of the appropriate callouts from the list provided A. laryngopharynx E. hard palate I. soft palate N. vocal fold B. tongue F. uvula J. sphenoid sinus O. nare C. nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior) D. palatine tonsil G. thyroid cartilage H. nasal vestibular region K. pharyngeal tonsil L. trachea M. lingual tonsil P. frontal sinus Q. epiglottis R. esophagus

4 134 Lesson 9.1: The Anatomy of the Lungs Directions: Label the figure with the appropriate callouts from the list provided apex larynx mediastinum right inferior lobe base left inferior lobe middle lobe right superior lobe clavicle left superior lobe pleural sac

5 135 Lesson 9.2: Learning the Key Terms Directions: Use the terms listed below to fill in the sentence blanks. central chemoreceptors expiration expiratory reserve volume (ERV) external respiration forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ) forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity (FEV 1 /FVC) functional residual capacity (FRC) Hering-Breuer reflex inspiration inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) internal respiration mechanoreceptors peripheral chemoreceptors pulmonary ventilation residual volume (RV) respiration respiratory gas transport tidal volume (TV) total lung capacity (TLC) vital capacity (VC) 1. is the total amount of air that can be forcibly expired from the lungs after a maximum inspiration. 2. The process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported to and from the lungs and tissues is known as. 3. is the process by which gas exchange occurs between the alveoli in the lungs and the pulmonary blood. 4. The amount of air that can be inhaled immediately after a normal inhalation is. 5. The overall expiratory power of the lungs is called. 6. are sensory receptor cells located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that are sensitive to changes in blood oxygen level. 7. The process of continuously moving air in and out of the lungs is. 8. A(n) monitors changes in the ph of the cerebrospinal fluid in an effort to regulate carbon dioxide levels and respiration. 9. the process of gas exchange between the tissues and arterial blood. 10. The amount of air that a person can expire in one second is. 11. A combination of the vital capacity plus the residual volume, is also expressed IRV + TV + ERV + RV. 12. is the process by which air is expelled from the lungs. 13. detect muscle contraction and force generation during exercise; they quickly increase respiration rates when exercise begins. 14. is the process by which the lungs provide oxygen to body tissues and dispose of carbon dioxide. 15. The amount of air that remains in the lungs after a normal expiration, equals ERV + RV. 16. is an involuntary impulse triggered by stretch receptors in the bronchioles and alveoli that halts inspiration and initiates exhalation. 17. Immediately after a normal exhalation, is the additional amount of air that can be exhaled, or forced from the lungs. 18. is the volume of air that never leaves the lungs, even after the most forceful expiration. 19. is the process by which air flows into the lungs. 20. is the amount of air inhaled in a normal breath.

6 What is the respiratory system s main job? 2. What are the four main tasks involved in the process of respiration? 3. What is Boyle s law? How does Boyle s law relate to breathing? 4. What is another name for inspiration? 5. What happens to the intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure as the lungs expand during inspiration? What sort of environment does this create in the lungs? 6. When is expiration a passive process? When is expiration an active process? 7. Identify four nonrespiratory air maneuvers, and identify the cause of each. 8. What is the average respiratory rate for healthy adults? 9. Why do women have higher respiratory rates than men? 10. What structures of the brain are responsible for neural breathing controls? 11. What purpose does the Hering-Breuer reflex serve? 12. What do central chemoreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor? 13. What is the total lung capacity for a pair of healthy, adult lungs? 14. What are the two categories of lung volumes? What does each measure? 15. Which type of lung volume measurement can be used to determine whether or not a lung deficiency or disorder exists? 16. Why is residual volume (RV) important? Lesson 9.2: Study Questions Directions: Answer the questions below on a separate sheet of paper. Studying the answers will help you prepare for the chapter test. 17. What does a pulmonary function test measure, and why is it important?

7 137 Lesson 9.3: Learning the Key Terms Directions: Place the letter of the best definition next to each key term. 1. acute bronchitis 2. asthma 3. bronchospasms 4. chronic bronchitis 5. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 6. emphysema 7. hyperventilation 8. influenza 9. laryngitis 10. nasopharyngitis 11. pharyngitis 12. pneumonia 13. sinusitis 14. tonsillitis 15. tuberculosis (TB) A. a viral infection that affects the respiratory system; also known as the flu B. a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis C. disease of the lungs characterized by recurring episodes of airway inflammation causing bronchospasms and increased mucus production D. inflammation of the pharynx, or throat E. a temporary inflammation of the mucous membranes that line the trachea and bronchial passageways; causes a cough that may produce mucus F. any lung disorder characterized by a long-term airway obstruction, making it difficult to breathe G. excessive ventilation that leads to abnormal expulsion of carbon dioxide H. spasmodic contractions of the bronchial muscles that constrict the airways in the lungs during an asthma attack I. inflammation of the sinuses J. inflammation of the larynx, or voice box K. a long-lasting respiratory condition in which the airways of the lungs become obstructed due to inflammation of the bronchi and excessive mucus production L. inflammation of the tonsils M. chronic inflammation of the lungs characterized by an abnormal increase in the air spaces near the bronchioles; causes an accumulation of carbon dioxide in the lungs N. inflammation of the nasal passages and pharynx; the common cold O. an infection of the lungs that causes inflammation; caused by a virus, bacterium, fungus, or in rare cases parasites

8 What acute illnesses do humans most commonly contract? 2. How do upper respiratory tract illnesses usually spread? 3. What are ways to prevent spread of URIs? 4. Approximately what percentage of the United States population is infected by influenza every year? 5. Which URI is characterized by sinus pain, nasal stuffiness and discharge, headache, fever, sore throat, postnasal drip, and fatigue? 6. How does laryngitis differ from pharyngitis? 7. How do bronchitis, pneumonia, and tuberculosis differ from pharyngitis, laryngitis, and sinusitis? 8. What organs or structures are attacked by bronchitis? What symptom characterizes this illness? 9. Pneumonia attacks which organ of the respiratory system? 10. How does chronic bronchitis differ from acute bronchitis? 11. Name three causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 12. How does emphysema damage the lungs and affect respiration? 13. How does chronic bronchitis increase risk of infection? 14. What are four symptoms of asthma? 15. What percentage of adults and children suffer from asthma in the US? 16. In terms of the most deadly cancers, where does lung cancer fall in the US? 17. What causes lung cancer? 18. Why is lung cancer difficult to treat? Lesson 9.3: Study Questions Directions: Answer the questions below on a separate sheet of paper. Studying the answers will help you prepare for the chapter test.

9 139 Lesson 9.3: Researching Respiratory Disease and Disorders Directions: Using your school library or the Internet, research a respiratory system disease or disorder mentioned in the textbook further. Start by describing the general characteristics of the disorder, and how it develops, and what the effects are overall for immediate and long-term health. If possible, focus specifically on the disorder s effect on the lungs and the lung volume. How does it affect tidal volume, total lung capacity, or dynamic lung volume?

10 140 Chapter 9: Respiratory System Statistics Directions: Identify the proper number or percentage associated with each of the respiratory system items listed below. Write the answer in the blanks provided; note that some answers require more than one number. 1. number of air sacs found in the lungs 2. miles of airways in the body 3. The surface area of lungs is times greater than that of skin. 4. Blood becomes 98% oxygenated in seconds. 5. Average respiratory rate for adults at rest is breaths per minute. 6. Intrapulmonary pressure (at inspiration) equals mm Hg. 7. Intrapulmonary pressure (at expiration) equals mm Hg. 8. How many miles per hour does a sneeze travel? 9. number of average annual influenza-related deaths in the United States: 10. number of colds people catch per year: to 11. Smoking causes in deaths annually. 12. % of adults and % of children in the US have asthma. 13. Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer in % of lung cancer cases.

11 141 Chapter 9 Lab Investigation: Respiration Purpose In this activity you will measure and monitor breathing rates to better understand respiration, inspiration, and lung capacity. Materials your textbook, a timer, and your body Procedure Work with a partner to determine breathing rates, intervals between expiration and inspiration, depth of breathing, and lung capacity. Do the following procedure once, then reverse roles with your partner. 1. Determine your at-rest breathing rate. Have your partner count the number of breaths you take in one minute. Do this three times, find the average, and then record the average. This is your breathing rate at rest. first minute: + second minute: + third minute: = total breaths divided by 3 = your at-rest breathing rate: 2. You and your partner should note the depth of your breathing and the amount of time between the expiration of one breath and the inspiration of the next breath. On a scale of 1-10, with 10 being the deepest, how deep were your breaths? What was the approximate expiration/inspiration interval? 3. Hold your breath for as long as you can. Your partner will time you. Length of time holding breath: 4. Run in place or walk vigorously around the room for two minutes. Immediately afterward, while standing, have your partner count and record the number of breaths that you take in one minute. Number of breaths in first minute: 5. While your partner is counting breaths per minute, you will note the depth of your breathing and measure the expiration/inspiration intervals in the first minute after the vigorous exercise. On a scale of 1-10, with 10 being the deepest, how deep were your breaths? What was the approximate expiration/inspiration interval? 6. After one minute, hold your breath for as long as possible while your partner times you. Length of time holding breath: 7. While standing, hyperventilate by breathing in and out rapidly for one minute. Stop if you feel dizzy. Again, hold your breath for as long as possible while your partner times you. Length of time holding breath:

12 142 Conclusions 1. In which situation did you breathe deeper, at rest or after exercise? 2. What is the effect of breathing depth on lung volume? 3. When does the shorter expiration/inspiration interval occur at rest or after exercise? 4. What is the effect of expiration/inspiration intervals on breathing rate? 5. What is the effect of depth of breathing and breathing rate on the amount of oxygen supplied to the blood? 6. In which situation could you hold your breath longer at rest, after exercise, or after hyperventilating? 7. Why do you think the condition above (#6) allowed you to hold your breath longer? 8. Why did you always stand while taking the measurements?

13 143 Chapter 9 Practice Test Completion: Carefully read the following statements. Write the term that completes the statement in the spaces provided. 1. The largest cartilaginous plate in the larynx, also known as the Adam s apple, is the. 2. The respiratory system is also sometimes called the. 3. is the process by which air flows into the lungs. 4. states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. 5. are the most common acute illnesses. True/False: Indicate whether each statement below is true or false by circling either T or F. T F 6. The right lung has three lobes, but the left lung has only two. T F 7. An inner ear infection can cause an upper respiratory infection. T F 8. The main function of the respiratory system is diaphragm regulation. T F 9. Women have higher respiratory rates than men because they have smaller brains. T F 10. More people in the US die from lung cancer than any other form of cancer. Multiple Choice: Circle the correct answer. 11. Without oxygen, how quickly would a brain cease to function? A seconds C. 5 6 minutes B. 2 3 minutes D minutes 12. How is fresh oxygen delivered to cells throughout the body? A. by gland secretion C. through nerve stimulation B. by hormone regulation D. by the blood 13. Which of the following is not a nonrespiratory maneuver? A. coughing C. inhaling B. hiccupping D. yawning 14. The inspiratory and expiratory breathing centers are located in the and pons? A. medulla oblongata C. hypothalamus B. thalamus D. midbrain 15. Which of the following is a lower respiratory tract illness? A. pharyngitis C. chronic bronchitis B. pneumonia D. asthma

14 144 Matching: Match each key term to its definition by writing the letter of the definition in the spaces provided. 16. alveoli 17. pleural sac 18. primary bronchi 19. tonsils 20. functional residual capacity (FRC) 21. total lung capacity (TLC) 22. pulmonary ventilation 23. central chemoreceptor 24. acute bronchitis 25. hyperventilation A. the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a normal expiration B. excessive breathing that leads to abnormal expulsion of carbon dioxide C. the thin, double-walled serous membrane that surrounds the lungs D. a combination of the vital capacity plus the residual volume E. monitors changes in the ph of the cerebrospinal fluid in an effort to regulate carbon dioxide levels and respiration F. the two passageways that branch off the trachea and lead to the right and left lungs G. a temporary inflammation of the mucous membranes that line the trachea and bronchial passageways; causes a cough that may produce mucus H. air sacs in the lungs from which gas is exchanged with the capillaries I. the process of continuously moving air in and out of the lungs J. clusters of lymphatic tissue in the pharynx that function as the first line of defense against infection Art Labeling: Locate each of the following items on the drawing by placing the corresponding letter on the blanks provided. A. B. C. D. E. F. J. I. H. G. 26. cluster of alveoli 27. alveolar basement membrane 28. alveolar wall 29. alveolar sac 30. red blood cell in capillary 31. red blood cell 32. diffusion of O diffusion of CO capillary wall 35. capillary basement membrane Short Answer: Answer the following questions using what you have learned in this chapter. 36. Explain what total lung capacity is and how it is measured. 37. What is the epiglottis and what is its function?