Intelligence Autonomy Capability

Transcription

1 Itigc Autoomy Capabiity J. P. Gudrso, L.F. Gudrso Gamma Two, Ic. {jgudrs, ABSTRACT I rct yars, thr has b a tdcy to cofus th trms Itigc, Autoomy, ad Capabiity. I this papr w prst th viwpoit that itigc ad capabiity ar idpdt. Ths two factors dscrib a orthogoa dsig spac that pacs uppr bouds o th autoomy of th itigt systm. This dsig spac for itigt systms is iustratd by dscribig xistig itigt systms (som artificia, som atura) which dmostrat discrt poits i th dsig spac. Furthr, xmpars from bioogica systms idicat that thr ar atura costraits withi th dsig spac for itigt systms, which suggst th d to baac th itigc ad capabiitis of th dsigd systms. This dsig spac is usd to costruct guidis for th dvopmt of itigt, capab, ad autoomous systms. KEYWORDS: Itigc, Autoomy, Capabiity, Itigt Systms, Robotics, Autoomous Systms. 1. INTRODUCTION I rct yars, thr has b a tdcy to cofus th trms Itigc, Autoomy, ad Capabiity. I this papr w prst svra argumts, draw from rsarch i bioogy, cogitiv scic, artificia itigc, ad psychoogy, that dmostrat that ths cocpts ar far from quivat. Furthr, w propos that, whi ths cocpts ar cary ratd, thy may b orthogoa. If this orthogoaity ca b dmostratd, th it coud b vragd to aow rsarchrs to corrcty catgoriz both th rquirmts of compx tasks, ad th typs of itigt systms that ar dd to achiv ths tasks. I this papr w prst th viwpoit that itigc ad capabiity ar idpdt that o ca hav sigificat itigc ad ack capabiity, or vic vrsa. This is a critica dsig cocpt for girs ad scitists ivovd i th dsig ad dpoymt of itigt systms, sic th dsig probm rquirs th carfu appicatio of th corrct rsourcs to sov spcific probms. Autoomy is prstd as a abiity that is boudd abov by th idpdt trms of itigc ad capabiity, howvr bow this boudary, autoomy is show to b coditioay idpdt as w. This dsig spac for itigt systms is iustratd by dscribig xistig itigt systms (som artificia, som atura) which dmostrat discrt poits i th dsig spac. Ths xmpars ar furthr usd to xtract dsig critria for th dd vs of itigc ad capabiity, ad th dgr of autoomy which is cssary for a itigt systm to achiv its goas i its targt viromt. 2. DOMAIN Bfor addrssig th workig dfiitios, it is cssary to dvop a cotxt. I this papr, th domai is cosidrd to b goa dirctd bhavior i dyamic ad ucrtai domais. Goa dirctd mas that th itigt systms dpoyd ito ths domais hav goas that d to b achivd. This mas that th systms ar ot bhavig radomy, rathr thy ar dvopig actio squcs or sctig bhaviors to chag th stat of th viromt, ad actig o ths actio squcs. Th viromt is dyamic, i that it is chagig ovr tim, i ways that ar idpdt of th actios of th itigt systm. Th itigt systm s prcptio of th viromt is ucrtai ad th rsuts of th actios tak by th itigt systm ar o-dtrmiistic. Ths charactristics of th domai pac sigificat dmads o ay itigt systm. I this domai, th itigt systm ca oy achiv probabiistic goa satisfactio; thr is o guaratd optima prformac. Howvr, ay systm dpoyd i th ra word must b ab to da with ths probms. 3. INTELLIGENCE AND CAPABILITY I ordr to hav a commo framwork for discussio, it is cssary to hav at ast a workig dfiitio of th trms. Whi it woud b ic to hav prcis dfiitios, ths workig dfiitios ar mat to b toos for aayzig systms, ot a absout charactrizatio that divids th word ito casss. I th ara of masurig th prformac of itigt systms, a commo approach is to masur th probabiity of goa satisfactio as a masur of itigc. Howvr, this rsuts i cofoudig th ffcts of itigc ad capabiity. This cofoudig ffct has cotributd to th cofusio of ths two cocpts, which has causd probms i th dsig ad dvopmt of itigt systms. Th foowig sctios prst dfiitios for th trms itigc ad capabiity. 3.1 INTELLIGENCE Itigc has dfid forma dfiitio for as og as th cocpt has xistd. Thr is a gra cossus that itigc is ratd to big ab to sov probms, or to produc thigs that ar of vau to th socity [1]. This

2 cocpt circs aroud th cor ida that a itigt systm has th abiity to achiv goas withi a viromt that is dyamic ad ucrtai. Whi itigc is oft charactrizd as a sig tity, (.g., Sparma s gra itigc, g), this thory has b criticizd o a umbr of grouds [2]. Thomso argud i 1939 that thr was o vidc that g rprsts ay udryig structur i th rvous systm of humas [3]. Whi Sparma proposd a two factor aaysis, a combiatio of g ad a coctio of spcific factors (s), rct work has proposd aywhr btw sv ad o hudrd ad fifty sparat factors [4]. I th trasitio from atura itigc to artificia itigc, thr is ss mphasis o drivig th structura factors ad mor mphasis o th fuctioa aspcts. I part, this is du to th costructiv atur of artificia itigc as a gird product, which is dsigd to mt spcific rquirmts. Thrfor, for this papr, th focus is o masurig itigc via factor basd prformac mtrics how w dos th itigt systm dvop soutios to probms i a dyamic ad ucrtai viromt. This is mor cosy aid with Nw ad Simo s itigc as probm sovig. [5] Abus ad Myst hav proposd dfiig itigc as th abiity to bhav appropriaty i a ucrtai viromt, whr appropriat bhavior wi maximiz th ikihood of goa satisfactio [6]. A critica aspct of itigc is that it is basd o th abiity to dtrmi or dvop a good soutio to a probm, ot cssariy i th abiity to xcut it. I th huma ram, a skid mchaic, who ca quicky ad accuraty diagos a compx probm, dos ot bcom ss itigt bcaus a ijury prvts hr from physicay maipuatig th wrch dd to xcut th rpair. Nor dos sh rgai itigc wh th ijury has. Ay workig dfiitio of itigc must ot fa ito th trap whr brakig o s g maks o stupidr. Th dfiitio usd hr is: Itigc: th abiity to dtrmi bhavior that wi maximiz th ikihood of goa satisfactio i a dyamic ad ucrtai viromt. This dfiitio mts th critria that a icidta chag that impairs th abiity of th systm to xcut th bhaviors dos ot atr th itigc of th systm. Cary howvr, th abiity to succssfuy xcut th appropriat bhavior dos affct th systm s abiity to satisfy goas i th ra word. This succssfu xcutio is th capabiity of th systm. 3.2 CAPABILITY Excutio capabiity has b ss studid. Capabiity dscribs th abiity of th itigt systm to succssfuy xcut bhaviors. A itigt systm may b ab to corrcty dtrmi a vaid cours of actio to achiv a goa, but b icapab of xcutig that cours of actio, whi aothr systm (such as a topratd robot) might b icapab of dvopig ay itigt soutio, howvr, giv o, it ca xcut it ad rspod to mior faiurs durig xcutio. A xamp of this woud b our ijurd mchaic. Sh ca corrcty dtrmi both th caus of a probm ad th cssary rpairs, but ack th capabiity to xcut th rpair. Hr assistat, who may ot hav th itigc or xpric to sov th probm, ca foow hr istructios to ffct th rpair. Th capabiity of hr assistat dos ot impy itigc. Capabiity: th abiity to succssfuy xcut bhaviors or actios i a dyamic ad ucrtai viromt. Thr is o thig that shoud b otd about this dfiitio. Uik itigc, capabiity is ot goa oritd. This mas that doig th wrog thig succssfuy dos ot impy rducd capabiity. Howvr, sctig th wrog bhavior to xcut dos impy rducd itigc. 3.3 INDEPENDENCE OF INTELLIGENCE AND CAPABILITY No attmpt wi b mad i this papr to prst a mathmatica proof of idpdc. Rathr, xamps of itigt systms which spa th rag of itigc ad capabiity wi b prstd. It is car from th workig dfiitios prstd abov, that itigc is dfid by th dtrmiatio of bhaviors, ad has o dfiitioa compot ratd to xcutio. Likwis, capabiity is dfid without ay rfrc to th appropriatss, or corrctss, of th actios, ad is dpdt oy o th succssfu xcutio of th rquird actios. Cosidr th xamp of vacuum caig robots ad a two story hom. Th vacuum caig robots ar avaiab i svra vrsios. Thy ca b itigt, with dtaid maps of th furitur, ad a udrstadig of traffic pattrs; or thy ca b simp ractiv systms that bump ito thigs ad vacuum at radom. Scod, thy ca b quippd with simp whs, or thy ca b quippd to cimb stairs as w. Th goa is to kp a th carpts i th hom ca. Tab 1 - Goa Satisfactio for vacuum caig robots Stairs Low High Itigc Low High

3 I this cas, th itigt vacuum cars do a much bttr job of caig th corrs, ad gttig th hightraffic aras, so th goa satisfactio is highr for th aras that thy ca rach. Th stair cimbig robots ca rach mor of th carpts, rgardss of how good a job thy do, so th goa satisfactio is highr ovra. I ffct, for a four of ths robots goa satisfactio is a fuctio of both itigc ad capabiity but high itigc ca xist idpdty of high capabiity, ad vic vrsa. This impis that: g = f (c,i), [1] whr g = goa satisfactio, c = capabiity, ad i = itigc. 4. RELATIONSHIP OF AUTONOMY TO INTELLIGENCE AND CAPABILITY I th prvious sctio, workig dfiitios for itigc ad capabiity wr prstd. Ths dfiitios offr svra advatags i that thy ar idpdt, masurab, ad ar drivd from th commo usag of th words. As mtiod i th itroductio, ths ar itdd as toos to aayz systms, ot cssariy to charactriz thm. I this sctio autoomy is addrssd, buidig from th prvious dfiitios. Th itt is to diat th scop ad ratioships btw ths trms. 4.1 DEFINING AUTONOMY Th cocpt of autoomy, ik that of itigc, is cotrovrsia i th artificia itigc ad robotics commuitis. Howvr, it is somwhat ss cotrovrsia i vryday usag. Accordig to o dictioary dfiitio (i a cass th dictioary usd is th 1969 Amrica Hritag [7]). Autoomy is dfid as: Autoomy: 1.Th coditio or quaity of big sf-govrig. 2. Sf govrmt, or th right of sf-govrmt; sf-dtrmiatio, idpdc. 3. A sf-govrig stat, commuity, or group Th commo trm i a ths dfiitios is sfgovrig or sf-govrmt. Cary, to b autoomous is to b ab to govr osf, but what dos this ma wh appid to a itigt systm? Govr aso has a vryday maig, which, whi ot commoy appid to a robot, has dirct appicabiity to itigt systms. Govr: 1. To cotro th actios or bhavior of; guid; dirct. 2. To mak ad admiistr pubic poicy for (a poitica uit); xrcis sovrig authority i. 3. To cotro th spd of magitud of; rguat. 4. To kp udr cotro; rstrai. 5. To dcid; dtrmi. Ad th ist gos o to grammatica uss. Howvr, th car thrad i th dfiitio of govr is th abiity to dcid ad impmt dcisios. By xtsio, th ss of sf-govrig is th abiity to dcid ad impmt dcisios for ad by osf. Hc, autoomy is th abiity of a systm to mak choics ad forc its dcisios. Whi this is cosistt with th commo usag, ad has b supportd by may rsarchrs, this dfiitio ca b cosidrd to cofict with a dfiitio that imits th autoomy to b with rspct to som goa or task assigd by a outsid agcy [8]. This dfiitio addrsss th issu raisd by rsarchrs such as Aa Schutz that a truy autoomous robot woud b sittig o a bach somwhr, drikig motor oi, ot savig away o som huma assigd task [9]. As a itrstig sid ot, th tymoogy of govr is from th Grk kubra: to str, guid. This is th sam root work that givs us cybrtics, coid by Norbrt Wir to rfr to th thortica study of cotro systms. I ffct, a autoomous itigt systm is simpy o that has th capabiity to cotro itsf, to mak dcisios ad impmt thos choics. Whr, th, do ths choics com from? Crtaiy, if th systm is icapab of gratig mutip optios to achiv a goa, it caot dcid which bhavior to udrtak. With o viab bhaviors, or a sig soutio to a probm, thr is o choic ad thrfor o abiity to dcid. Whi a systm that ca produc fifty possib goa satisfyig soutios may b mor itigt that o that ca oy produc t such soutios, it has o mor autoomy. A systm that ca succssfuy xcut mor compx bhaviors may b mor capab tha aothr, but that dos ot mak it mor autoomous, if a outsid agcy ca ovrrid th chos bhavior ad forc a atrat bhavior. 4.2 ESSENTIAL RELATIONSHIP Notic thr is othig i th dfiitio of autoomy that addrsss th quaity of th dcisios mad by th autoomous systm. A tity ca b autoomous ad stupid, or b autoomous ad smart. A systm ca mak good dcisios ad impmt thm poory, or impmt thm w. Autoomy is idpdt of itigc (th abiity to sct appropriat bhavior) ad idpdt of capabiity (th abiity to succssfuy xcut a actio or bhavior. Giv th dfiitio that autoomy is simpy th abiity of a tity to dcid its ow bhavior ad to xcut that bhavior, how dos that rat to a itigt systm such as a robot? O critica factor is that th systm must hav th abiity to sct btw optios. If a systm has o choic i th bhaviors that it xhibits, th it caot b

4 autoomous. I additio, if th choics mad by th systm ca b ovrridd by a xtra agcy, th th systm is ot autoomous. If a systm has optios to sct from, ad th abiity to sct ad impmt a optio, th it is autoomous. Thus, a bi-mtaic strip thrmostat has o autoomy. Th usr scts th st poit, ad physics dfi th oy possib actio at ay tim. Th thrmostat is ot fr to say W, I kow my st poit is 72 dgrs Fahrhit, but I wo t kick ovr uti it gts dow to 68. O th othr had, a simp radom wak robot, with o goas xcpt to kp movig, may hav compt autoomy i th choic of dirctio ad distac, ad ca autoomousy fa dow a staircas if it scts th wrog optio. Sic th iabiity to produc a cours of actio prcuds its us, ad th iabiity to xcut a cours of actio prvts it from big vaid; it foows that itigc ad capabiity act as uppr bouds o th autoomy of a systm. Howvr, whi ths two capacitis imit th maximum autoomy of a systm, bow this imit th systm ca hav a much or as itt autoomy as th dsigr (i th cas of a artificia itigt systm) aows. Basd o th dfiitios, it sms that itigc ad capabiitis dfi a actio spac, ad autoomy is boudd by this spac (S Figur 1). I t i g c Actio Spac Capabiity Figur 1: Effct of Itigc ad Capabiity o th rag of autoomy. As itigc ad capabiity icras, th rag of avaiab optios icras. Th systm ca b autoomous, i which cas it ca sct from ths optios. Or th systm may ot b autoomous, i which cas its actio spac coapss to a sig poit for ay goa/viromt combiatio. Th avaiab actios may b discrt optios such as op a door or sd a mai. I th cas of a mobi robot sctig a w hadig or sctig a distac to trav th optios may b draw from a ffctivy cotiuous rag. I trms of autoomy, it dos ot mattr how may optios ar avaiab, or v if thr ar a ifiit umbr of optios. A that mattrs is that thr ar optios, as dfid by th itigc ad th capabiitis of th systm, ad that th systm ca sct btw thm. This ads aturay to th foowig qustio: Giv a fixd systm that ca produc mutip fasib soutios to o probm, but ca oy produc a sig soutio to aothr probm i th sam domai, is th systm autoomous i th formr cas, ad ot autoomous i th attr? Ufortuaty, this ads to a typica whit box vrsus back box probm. What if th systm has mutip optios, but aways scts th sam o? How dos this diffr from a systm that oy has that sig bhavior avaiab to it? Is o autoomous ad th othr ot ad how ca o t from th outsid? This is cary aothr variatio o th strog vrsus wak qustio that has pagud artificia itigc, cogitiv scic, ad phiosophy sic thir icptios. Th focus of this papr is ot to aswr such a compx coudrum, but to ook at th impicatios of th ratioship btw autoomy ad itigc ad capabiity. Simpy put, if th systm caot grat optios for bhavior, th th autoomy of th systm is compromisd; if th systm caot sct btw optios, th th autoomy of th systm is compromisd; ad if th systm ca sct o of svra optios, but th xcutio of th optio is cotrod by a outsid agcy, th th autoomy is compromisd. Thus, giv that th systm is abd to choos btw optios i th mthod of achivig its goas, th itigc ad th capabiity of th systm act as bouds o th autoomy of th systm. Ths two cotroig factors, itigc ad capabiity, ar idpdt i th abstract ss prstd so far, ad as such thr ar o costraits o ithr rag. I thory, a itigt systm coud b awsomy itigt, yt totay icapab of achivig aythig. Atrativy, a systm coud b a dumb as a box of rocks, yt hav th capabiitis of th most advacd robot vr imagid. Ths do ot sm to b rasoab combiatios. Examiig of th xistig itigt systms, o dos ot s ithr xtrm; rathr th xmpars sm to b groupd with roughy baacig capabiitis ad th itigc to us thos capabiitis. I th xt sctio, xamps of succssfu itigt systms, dpoyd ito harsh, dyamic, ad ucrtai domais ar xamid, draw from bioogica systms. 5. CONTROLLING FACTORS ON INTELLIGENCE, AND CAPABILITY. Brais ar xpsiv. [10] This mas that, for a spcis to compt ffctivy, th icrasd itigc must covy a icrasd surviva advatag. I th foowig discussio, th ratioship of itigc ad capabiity i atura itigcs wi b xamid. I ordr to tak

5 about aima itigc, som discussio is dd of th typs of itigc. Aima itigc has b partitiod ito two major casss mu-driv itigc ad socia itigc [11]. Th mu i mu-driv itigc dos ot rfr to pu-dow optio sctio i a Graphica Usr Itrfac. Rathr it is basd i th cocpt that bioogica orgaisms must at to surviv, ad thrfor thos that ca fid ad acquir mor varitis of food (thir mu) mor ffctivy hav highr surviva rats. Sic fidig food i a dagrous, harsh viromt is xtrm probm sovig, it drivs th dvopmt of itigc. Socia itigc is itigc that is oritd towards commuicatig btw idividuas of th sam spcis. Th d for coopratio i hutig ad dfs rquir th abiity to both dvop tam-basd soutios to probms, ad th associatd skis of commuicatio ad maitaiig group dyamics. This typ of itigc corrspods to Gardr s Ligustic ad socia itigcs. Ths two typs of itigc wi b tratd sparaty. Sic most orgaism ca ot dscrib thir thought procsss, a xprimta vidc ca show is th combiatio of itigc ad capacity. Startig with mu driv itigc, it has b show that distributio of foods acts as a stimuus for mta dvopmt i primats [12]. I ffct, th d to cogitivy maitai ad track th rcogitio pattrs, ocatios, acquisitio tchiqus ad risks of additioa typs of food, icrass th cogitiv dmad o th systm, ad rquirs aocatio of rsourcs to cogitio, hc mor itigc is dd. From this, it ca b argud that i a highy comptitiv viromt, ay icras i itigc that is ot matchd by a appropriat icras i capabiity coud ad to th xtictio of a spcis. Th argumt foows thusy. Lt us cosidr two spcis i th sam cosystm. Both of ths spcis ar cofrotd with a w food sourc. O of th spcis uss its xpsiv brai powr to costruct a fdig stratgy that it is capab of impmtig. Th othr spcis costructs a fdig stratgy that it is ot capab of impmtig. Cary thy hav both xrtd rgy comig up with a soutio, but oy o has rcivd a rward. I a voutioary sttig th spcis that cam up with a impmtab stratgy has a major advatag. If th advatag is grat ough, th osig spcis may fac xtictio. It is a itrstig sid ot o th atur of bioogica systms, that th ida of a orgaism comig up with a uworkab stratgy is amost uthikab. This is th rsut of ivig i a harsh voutioary systm, whr usuccssfu adaptatios di out quicky. Socia itigc is o that humas ar most famiiar with. Crtaiy for our spcis, it may b o of th most importat of th may typs of itigcs. Howvr, v i this typ of itigc, capabiity pays a importat ro. I ordr for this typ of itigc to b xprssd, thr must b both a sdr with a ida ad th capacity to trasmit this ida, ad a rcivr with th capacity to rciv th ida. By th sam argumt as abov, if a orgaism spds rgy dvopig a socia itigc, but it acks th capacity to shar, that orgaism wi b out-comptd by aothr orgaism that dos ot xpd th rgy to dvop th socia itigc, or has th capacity to commuicat th idas. Th otio of a spcis havig a capabiity without th corrspodig itigc to us that capacity is hard to imagi. Try to visio a bird, for xamp, prfcty capab of fyig, but uab to thik of fyig away wh a prdator attacks. Such a situatio coud, prhaps, aris but it woud ot xist for vry og udr voutioary prssurs. Eithr a groud basd spcis woud out compt th bird, sic it woud ot d to maitai th xpsiv, but usss, fight quipmt; or a subst of th birds woud dvop th itct to us fight, ad out compt thir stupid brthr, Cary thr ar birds which do ot fy, but thos that ar capab of fyig hav th itct to us th capabiity wh dd. For both of ths casss of itigc that hav b stabishd for aima mids, th itigc ad th capacity to us that itigc must dvop togthr. I th comptitiv atura viromt, a imbaac btw ths factors woud ad to comptitiv faiur of th spcis. I t i g c Capabiity Figur 2: Appart rag of th baac btw itigc ad capabiity i bioogica systms. I Figur 2 is a rough rprstatio of th xistig bioogica itigt systms, idicatig th approximat parity btw th capabiitis of th systm ad th itigc to us thos capabiitis. I gra, th practica spac is a cos approximatio to th abstract i whr itigc is prcisy baacd by capabiity. Howvr, thr is a crtai amout of variatio as a rsut of th dyamic atur of bioogica systms. Th rgio abov th shadd ara woud corrspod to spcis which had

6 itigc i xcss of thir capabiitis rsourcs ivstd i brais that coud produc thortic soutios to probms, soutios which coud ot b impmtd with th xistig capabiitis. Th rgio bow th shadd ara woud corrspod to spcis which had capabiitis that it was impossib to figur out how to us. I a viromt with rsourc imitatios ad a high cost for faiur th ag of th shadd rgio is fairy sma. Howvr, i th dsig spac of gird itigt systms it is possib to crat systms which ar ot boudd by th harsh raitis of if. Rsarchrs routiy dvop itigt systms that hav capabiitis which far outstrip thir itigc, ad, ss frquty, systms ar dsigd ad buit that hav th itigc, but ack th capabiity to achiv thir goas. I th foowig sctio, xamps of ths systms ar prstd ad som approximat dsig rus ar suggstd to attmpt to baac th aocatio of rsourcs btw capabiity ad itigc. 5.1 LAW OF THE MINIMUM I coogic systms thr is th otio that vry spcis i a viromt has a imitig factor. Libig s Law of th Miimum stats that for vry spcis, thr is a sig imitig factor that cotros growth of that spcis i that systm [13]. For dsrt spcis, th imitig factor is th avaiab watr. For a rai forst spcis, th imitig factor is th amout of su rgy. This papr argus that, i a autoomous systm, th imitig factor wi ithr b itigc or capabiity. If itigc is th imitig factor, th icrasig th capabiity wi ot sigificaty improv th prformac of th systm or aow for gratr autoomy. Covrsy, if capabiity is th imitig factor, th icrasig th itigc wi ot yid a sigificat improvmt. 6. GUIDELINES FOR DESIGN OF AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS Th currt stat of th dvopmt of itigt systms abouds with xamps whr th itigc is out of baac with th capabiitis of th systm. I may cass ths systms ar buit as rsarch toos, ad th focus is o xporig oy o of th two aspcts. Howvr, thr ar aso xamps of systms which ar dpoyd ito dyamic ad ucrtai domais ad which ar itdd to achiv spcific goas. Th domai abouds with t-opratd systms whr th capabiitis of th systm far outstrip th avaiab itigc. Systms which wr itdd as forc mutipirs rquir thr to fiv huma oprators. I part this is du to ivstig i capabiity rathr tha itigc, ad th faig back oto humas to do th hard part. 6.1 BALANCE CAPABILITY AND INTELLIGENCE This wi soud trivia, but if th systm is ot mtig its prformac goas, dtrmi what th probm is bfor attmptig a fix. Th rasoig abov dmostrats that thr ar at ast two possib, idpdt causs for rducd prformac mtrics. Eithr coud b th imitig factor that is rstrictig prformac. Fixig th wrog o wo t hp as much as fixig th right o. Dtrmi th imitig factor ad addrss it, do ot just throw mor rsourcs at th asy factor. I dyamic domais, whr th itigt systm must da with ucrtaity, it is critica to imit th itigc to that which is sufficit to sov th probm. Addig mor capabiity to a itigc imitd systm wi show a improvmt, but addig mor itigc wi show a gratr improvmt. 6.2 DON T MAKE IT AUTONOMOUS, UNLESS THAT IS WHAT YOU NEED. Autoomy is probmatic. If th systm shoud b tighty cotrod, th it ds to b tighty cotrod. Autoomy is ot a magic but that wi mak a iffctiv systm work i a dyamic, ucrtai domai. If th probm domai rquirs a spcific rspos to spcific iputs, th th dsigr must provid that mappig. Rathr tha addig autoomy, focus o buidig th corrct mappig. If th systm ds to b autoomous, ad i dyamic, ucrtai domais most succssfu systms must b autoomous[14], th itigc ad capabiity must b sufficit to support th autoomy. It is poitss to giv th systm autoomy if it has ithr th brais or th capabiity to us th autoomy succssfuy. I additio, makig th systm autoomous wi ot magicay ab it to do its job. Autoomous stupidity is asy. 7. CONCLUSIONS O drawback to prformac basd mtrics of itigc is th cofoudig ffcts of itigc ad capabiity. No o woud argu that a physicist such as Stv Hawkig is ot itigt. Yt if h wr put ito a room ad giv a battry of itigc tsts, his physica disabiitis woud impact th masur of his itigc uss th tsts wr spcificay dsigd to corrct for th cofoudig ffcts. Rcty, it has b th practic to masur th prformac of itigt systms ad ab th rsut itigc ; howvr, th tsts masur th combiatio of itigc ad capabiity. This has rsutd i th mrgig of ths two vry importat, vry diffrt trms. It is ot ucommo to har rsarchrs say that capabiity is th sam as itigc. This papr is a attmpt to carify ths two trms, so that thy ca b usd to mor ffctivy dscrib th compxitis of itigt systms.

7 Itigc is a cogitiv procss that aows a systm to propos a viab soutio to a probm or task. Capabiity is th abiity to impmt or xcut a proposd soutio i a dyamic, ucrtai viromt succssfuy. Both of ths abiitis ar cssary for goa satisfactio ad both ar vry difficut. Howvr, by cofatig th two trms, rsarchrs ru th risk of havig a systm that fais to achiv its goas du to isufficit itigc, but icrasig th capacity of th systm i a attmpt to improv it. This ca b both fruitss ad frustratig for th rsarchr. By kpig th cocpts of capabiity ad itigc orthogoa, th systm dsigr has a dsig too that wi aow hr to dtrmi th corrct ara to focus atttio, ad th corrct typ of improvmts that wi rsut i a bttr systm. [14] Gudrso, J.P. ad Marti, W. N. A Probaiity- Awar Paig Architctur to Support Variab Autoomy, Amrica Associatio for Artificai Itigc Tchica Rport SS-03-04, Mo Park, CA: AAAI Prss, pp REFERENCES [1] Gardr, H. Frams of Mid: Th Thory of Mutip Itigcs Tth aivrsary ditio, Nw York: Basic Books, 1993, ch.4, pp [2] Richardso, K, Th Makig of Itigc, Nw York: Coumbia Uivrsity Prss, 2000, ch.1, pp [3] Thomso, G.H. Th Factoria Aaysis of Huma Abiity, Bosto: Houghto Miffi, 1939, ch.1, pp.4. [4] Gardr, H., Korhabr, M.L., ad Wak, W. K. Itigc: Mutip Prspctivs, Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brac Cog Pubishrs, 1996, ch.3, pp [5] Nw, A. ad Simo, H. A. Huma Probm Sovig Egwood ciffs, Nw Jrsy: Prtic Ha, Ic., 1972, ch. 1, pp [6] Abus, J. S. ad Myst, A. M. Egirig of Mid, NwYork: Wiy Itrscic, 2001, ch.1, pp [7] Amrica Hritag Dictioary of th Egish Laguag, Nw York: Amrica Hritag Pubishig Co., [8] Barbr, K.S. ad Marti. C.E., Agt Autoomy: Spcificatio, Masurmt, ad Dyamic Adjustmt, i Procdigs of th Autoomy Cotro Softwar Workshop, part of Autoomous Agts, 1999, pp [9] Schutz, Aa, Pa Discussio, AAAI Sprig Symposium o Itractio Btw Humas ad Autoomous Systms ovr Extdd Opratio, [10] Gudrso, J. P. ad Gudrso, L. F. Mom! Th Vacuum Car is Chasig th Dog Agai, Procdigs of th 2003 PrMIS Workshop [11] Yorg, S. I., Cvr as a Fox, Nw York: Boomsbury, 2001, ch. 8, pp [12] Mito, K. Distributio Pattrs of Tropica Pat Food as a Stimuus tp Primat Mta Dvopmt, Amrica Athropoogist, vo. 83, pp [13] Barbour, M.G., Burk, J.H., ad Pitts, W.D. Trrstria Pat Ecoogy, Mo Park: CA, 1987, ch.3, pp