The Preference and Environmental Perception of Building Contour Control of Mountain-landscape City

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1 6th Intrnational Confrnc on Innovation in Civil, Architctur, Environmnt and Matrials Enginring (CAEME-17) Oct. 5-6, 2017 Paris (Franc) Th Prfrnc and Environmntal Prcption of Building Contour Control of Mountain-landscap City Junru Zhou, Yuan Gao Abstract This papr focuss on th building control of mountain-landscap city basd on th rsarch of public prfrncs and nvironmntal prcptions. Arousal and plasur wr slctd as 2 ky indpndnt variabls to masur th valu of popl s nvironmntal prcption. Layr-rlationship, hight-rlationship,, building, th rlationship btwn building group and and roof styl ar 6 spatial factors to charactriz th urban skylins. 60 photos of ral city scns wr usd as th qustionnair matrials, and 450 popl who wr th gnral public and som dsignrs participatd in th tst. Th main conclusions wr drawn: (1) Prfrnc shows a low with arousal, but a high with plasur. Highr lvls of arousal ar linkd with lowr lvls of plasur. (2) Layr-rlationship, hight-rlationship and roof styl hav grat influnc on public prfrncs. (3) Layr rlationship, hight rlationship and th rlationship btwn hav strongr with plasur, but hav lss to do with arousal. Kywords prfrnc;nvironmntal prcption; mountain-landscap City; skylins; building I. INTRODUCTION According to 2015 Th World 's Bst Skylins list which was rportd on th Amrican famous architctur journal Th Almanac of Architctur and Dsign, th data shows that, 31 in th top 50 citis hav natural mountain background. In othr words, thy ar mountain-landscap citis. Th natural mountain lmnt is not only a inhrnt potntial condition of a city, but also a basic carrir of th urban charactristics, and a major fatur that distinguishs a city from th othrs. Dfining a maningful physical rlationship btwn th changing urban nvironmnt and its natural stting is a complx task. Th ups and downs of th mountain outlin can contribut to build an cho rlationship with th of urban construction lmnts, and can also srv as a background to nrich th layring of th urban skylin. Thus, th propr utilization of mountain stting is an important rason for th succss of many xcllnt urban skylin dsign. Junru Zhou, Collg / Univrsity Nam: Southast Univrsity, School of Architctur, P.R. China, addrss: junar1900@163.com Yuan Gao, Collg / Univrsity Nam: Southast Univrsity, School of Architctur. P.R. China, addrss: @qq.com TABLE I 2015 THE WORLD 'S BEST SKYLINES Almanac of Architctur & Dsign 2014: Mdia Guid Edition (Almanac of Architctur and Dsign) [J] Th high spd dvlopmnt of th city rquirs nough building dnsity and unit capacity to nsur its functions concntration and fficincy. And th dvlopmnt prssur maks th buildings bcom highr and highr. Thus, how to dal with th contradiction btwn th vr-growing buildings and th immovabl mountain stting has bcom a grat challng to th urban dsign of mountain-landscap city. On th othr hand, popl who liv in th city ar th usrs of th urban landscap, and urban landscap influncs thir snss all th tim. But in many cass, th public valuation and judgmnt for th urban landscap ar ignord in our city construction. Thus, urban dsignrs must tak th public nvironmntal prfrncs and appals into considration. This papr attmpts to xplor th public prfrncs and nvironmntal prcption of building control and its influncing factors. Som rlatd rsarchs which ar basd on th public prcption prfrnc of th landscap of urban skylin, hav bn alrady studid and practicd. Jams A. Russll and Snodgras(1987), Jams A. Russll tc.(1989) idntifid stimulation-plasur as th masur standard, and stablishd th affct grid which valuating th nvironmnt by using "xcitmnt, strss, dprssion, rlaxation". Shppard(1989), Arthur Stamps tc.(1993) pointd out that th imag stimulation has many advantags, and th indx btwn th photo and th ral scn can rach 34

2 6th Intrnational Confrnc on Innovation in Civil, Architctur, Environmnt and Matrials Enginring (CAEME-17) Oct. 5-6, 2017 Paris (Franc) On this condition, most of th urban skylin valuation program can us photos or slids as th scnario simulation. Zacharias. J (1999) found that th skylin with natural lmnt is mor popular, and put forward that, in som conditions, limiting th hight of buildings is mor advantagous in improving th public prfrnc prcption than controlling th numbr of viw corridors. Tom Hath, tc. (2000) invstigatd that th visual complxity of high-ris buildings maks th chang in th skylin by using th affct grid which basd on th arousal-plasur standard (Fig. 1). Morovr, thy puttd out that highr visual complxity of th building associatd with highr prcption, and th highr satisfaction at th sam tim. Turky's profssor Cagri Imamoglu(2000)invstigatd th prfrnc choics on th thr lvls of complxity of building facad sampl picturs. Thn pointd out that th complxity of th building apparanc has a gratr influnc on th public prcption. Particularly, th mdium lvl of apparanc complxity is asir to b popular. Furthrmor, to som xtnt, th profssional background of participators can influnc th outcom of prfrnc choics. Chun-ming Chn (2001) trid to invstigat how do th roof form and hight of th towr building ths two variabl quantitis impact th public nvironmnt prcption and prfrncs rsults of th urban skylin. Basd on that, h pointd out that th skylin with mixd, hlm roof shap and highr attitud variation is mor popular. According to Arthur Stamps (2002), th thr basic lmnts which can influnc th quality of th urban skylin ar th ovrall shap of th skylin, th numbr of th cornr of th building and th diffrnc of architctur proprtis. Thn, furthr study showd (2005), th building proprtis (including hight, width, dpth, tc.) could influnc th skylin prfrnc of th participators mor, and should b focusd on whn th dsign. On th basis of Zacharias rsarch (1999), Liqing Xu tc. (2013) finishd a laboratory study which using artificial photos as stimulation. And finally dmonstratd that prfrnc for skylins shows a high with complxity, arousal and plasur prcivd from th urban nvironmnt. And profssional training was found to affct th prfrnc and prcption in th rsarch. Fig. 1 Affct grid Russll, J. A.,Wiss, A., & Mndlsohn, G. A. (1989). Affct grid: A singl-itm scal of plasur and arousal. Journal of Prsonality and Social Psychology, 57, To sum up, th currnt rsarch on th urban skylin has thr charactristics: th rsarch of laboratory rsarch using virtual scn modl dbugging(zacharias,1999), (Tom Hath, 2000), (Cagri Imamoglu,2000), (Arthur Stamps,2002). Th dpndnt variabls ar basic about prfrncs, complxity, stimulation and plasur; Th sampl siz was small, and collg studnts wr th majority participators. A. Rsarch Objctiv II. METHOD This rsarch aims at public prfrnc for urban skylin and its rlation with th nvironmntal prcption and th building control of mountain-landscap city, sking answrs to th following qustions: (1) Th btwn public prfrnc and nvironmntal prcption attributs. (2) Spatial Factors that influnc th public prfrnc. (3) Th btwn nvironmntal prcption attributs and spatial factors. B. Rsarch Mthod In this study, urban photos wr usd as sampls. According to th rlvant rsarchs, most of th quantitativ rsarchs of th urban skylin ar basd on th mthod of imag stimulation, and mainly by using th laboratory rsarchs which ar basd on th virtual scn modl dbugging. But thr is no dnying that th ral scn is far mor complicatd than th virtual scn, and thr ar som unavoidably dfcts whn applying th rsarch conclusion to th rality control opration. So, this study us th urban ral scn photos as rsarch sampl. C. Rsarch Sampl Slct th typical mountain-landscap citis all around th world, and choos 60 urban skylin photos takn from th classical viw points. Thn, aftr th unifid color procssing and bing cut into th sam siz, w finally gt 60 photos as th rsarch sampl in ordr to rduc th intrfrnc of photos color to prfrnc judgmnt. Th 60 photos wr numbrd 1 to 60, and ach 4 was dividd into a group, th total 15 groups ar rcordd as on complt qustionnair. Thn, disordr th xisting ordr 4 tims to form anothr 4 complt qustionnairs. In th nd, w gt fiv sts of qustionnairs, with ach st contains 15 qustionnairs, and ach qustionnair contains 4 photos. D. Qustionnair Dsign In ordr to collct th public's prfrnc valu, nvironmntal prcption variabl (arousal and plasur) and possibl spatial influnc factors for th photos, th qustionnair mainly ask th following thr qustions: (1) Choos your favorit skylin pictur, and slct or add th spatial influnc factors (prfrnc). 35

3 6th Intrnational Confrnc on Innovation in Civil, Architctur, Environmnt and Matrials Enginring (CAEME-17) Oct. 5-6, 2017 Paris (Franc) (2) Choos a photo that you fl most stimulating (arousal) (3) Choos a photo of that you fl most plasd with (Plasur). E. Invstigation Procss Th qustionnair survy usd ipad to show only on qustionnair ach tim, so that th participator could mak thir choic. Firstly, th rsarch askd participants to choos a favorit skylin photograph, and slct or supplmnt th spatial factors which affcting thir prfrnc: layr-rlationship, hight-rlationship,, building, th rlationship btwn and roof styl. Scondly, th participants wr thn askd to slct a pictur of th urban skylin which was most stimulating or xciting (arousal) and a pictur which was most plasant (plasur). In th procss, th invstigator should focus on th xplanation of th two important concpts of "arousal" and "plasur" in ordr to hlp th participator to undrstand and choos corrctly. Th invstigation nds to b judgd basd on prsonal prfrnc and th undrstanding of som smantic concpts, all th participators ar rquird to hav crtain languag undrstanding ability and urban landscap snsibility. F. Participators 450 popl who wr th gnral public and som dsignrs participatd in th rsarch, and btwn th ags of 18 to 60. Among thm, 246 fmal and 204 mal participants accounting for 54.7% and 45.3% rspctivly, and 152 profssional and 298 non profssional participants taking up 33.8 % and 66.2 % rspctivly. III. RESULT AND ANALYSIS A. Singl Frquncy Analysis Th prfrnc, arousal and plasur scors of ach photo sampl ar shown in tabl Ⅱ. Th prfrnc was th total numbr of bing chosn as "th favorit photo". Through data consolidation, w can find that th photo with th highst prfrnc scor is NO.26. It was chosn 20 tims and th ffctiv prcntag is 22.2%. Th arousal was th total numbr of bing chosn as "th most stimulating or xciting photo". W can find that th photo with th highst arousal scor is NO.18. It was chosn 23 tims and th ffctiv prcntag is 25.6%. Th plasur was th total numbr of bing chosn as "th most plasant photo". W can find that th photo with th highst plasur scor is NO.26. And it was chosn 20 tims and th ffctiv prcntag is 22.2%. prfrnc arousa l plasur prfrnc TABLE II THE PREFERENCE, AROUSAL AND PLEASURE SCORES arousa plasur prfrnc l arousa l plasur prfrnc B. Ranking Analysis Firstly, xtracting th top 10 in prfrnc, arousal and plasur ranking, and trying to sk for th influnc of arousal and plasur on prfrnc scor. As tabl Ⅲ shows, among th top 10 of th prfrnc ranking, w gt 1 in th top 10 of th arousal ranking, and 5 in th top 10 of th plasur ranking at th sam tim. Scondly, xtracting th top 20 in prfrnc, arousal and plasur rank, and trying to sk for th influnc of arousa l plasur arousal and plasur on prfrnc scor. As th tabl Ⅳ shows, among th top 20 of th prfrnc ranking, w gt 6 in th top 20 of th arousal ranking, 12 in th top 20 of th plasur ranking, and 1 in all th ranking chart at th sam tim. It's obvious that th ffct of plasur on th prfrnc scor is slightly biggr than arousal. 36

4 6th Intrnational Confrnc on Innovation in Civil, Architctur, Environmnt and Matrials Enginring (CAEME-17) Oct. 5-6, 2017 Paris (Franc) TABLE III THE TOP 10 IN PREFERENCE, AROUSAL AND PLEASURE RANKING TABLE IV THE TOP 20 IN PREFERENCE, AROUSAL AND PLEASURE RANKING C. Ratio Analysis Among th participators, thr wr 95 popl who choos th most stimulating or xciting photos and favorit photos ar th sam, and thy accounting for 21.11% of th total numbr of th participators. 227 popl who choos th most plasant photos and favorit photos ar th sam, and thy accounting for 50.40% of th total. Thn, as for th othrs, whos favorit photos ar nithr th on thy fl th most stimulating nor th on thy fl th most plasant. As th figur 5 shown. So, th ffct of th plasur on th prfrnc scor is slightly highr than arousal. D. Corrlation Analysis (1) Prfrnc - Arousal - Plasur Tabl Ⅴ shows th rsults of th analysis btwn prfrnc, arousal and plasur. Prfrnc is slight positivly corrlatd with arousal, but th is only Prfrnc is modrat positivly corrlatd with plasur, and th is 0.666(p < 0.01). Arousal is modrat ngativly corrlatd with plasur, and th is 0.407(p < 0.01). Thus, th public prcption of arousal has littl impact on its prfrnc choic. Highr plasur scor is associatd with highr prfrnc scor, and highr arousal scor lads to lowr plasur scor at th sam tim. TABLE V THE CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN PREFERENCE, AROUSAL AND PLEASURE prfrnc copy Mor tabl copya arousal plasur prfrnc ** arousal plsur Sig.(2-taild) ** Sig.(2-taild) ** ** 1 Sig.(2-taild) (2) Prfrnc - Spatial Factors Prfrnc is slctd as th dpndnt variabl, and 6 spatial factors ar slctd as indpndnt variabls. Trying to sk for what factors will lad to highr prfrnc through analysis. As th tabl Ⅵ shows, thr is a high positiv btwn prfrnc and 6 spatial factors(p < 0.01). Among which, prfrnc has th highst positiv with layr-rlationship, and th rachs 0.895(p < 0.01). Scondly is th positiv btwn prfrnc and hight-rlationship, and th rachs 0.837(p < 0.01). Nxt is th btwn prfrnc and roof styl, and th positiv rachs ( p < 0.01 ). In conclusion, layr-rlationship, hight-rlationship and roof styl hav gratr influnc on public prfrnc choic. (3) Arousal - Plasur - Spatial Factors Arousal and plasur ar slctd as th dpndnt variabl, and 6 spatial factors ar slctd as indpndnt variabls. Trying to sk for what factors will lad to highr arousal and plasur through analysis. As th tabl Ⅶ shows, thr is a lowr btwn arousal and 6 spatial factors. Among which, arousal has th lowr positiv with th rlationship btwn, and th is 0.246(p=0.058). At th sam tim, thr is a highr positiv btwn plasur and 6 factors. Among which, plasur has th highst positiv with layr-rlationship, and th rachs (p < 0.01). Scondly is th positiv btwn plasur and, and th rachs 0.630(p < 0.01). In a word, layr-rlationship and hav gratr influnc on public plasur choic, and all factors hav a wak ffct on public arousal choic. IV. DISCUSSION This study givs us th following thr conclusions: (1) Prfrnc shows a lowr with arousal, but a highr with plasur. Highr plasur scor is associatd with highr prfrnc scor, but highr arousal scor is linkd with lowr plasur scor. (2) layr-rlationship, hight-rlationship and roof styl hav gratr influnc on public prfrnc choic. Urban dsignrs 37

5 6th Intrnational Confrnc on Innovation in Civil, Architctur, Environmnt and Matrials Enginring (CAEME-17) Oct. 5-6, 2017 Paris (Franc) should focus on th control of th abov thr factors. (3) layr-rlationship and hav gratr influnc on public plasur choic, and all factors hav a wak ffct on public arousal choic. W nd to strngthn th slction of th towr building and th control of its hight. And th covrag rlation btwn th building layr and th TABLE V THE CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN PREFERENCE AND SPATIAL FACTORS mountain layr nd to b furthr studid in ordr to rais th public plasur. arousal plasur layr rlationship hight rlationship building rlationship btwn roof styl prfrnc layr rlationship hight rlationship building arousal plasur layr rlationship hight rlationship mountain building rlationship btwn roof styl ** Sig.(2-taild) ** ** 0.509** 0.630** 0.591** 0.454** 0.582** Sig.(2-taild) ** ** 0.737** 0.769** 0.740** 0.769** Sig.(2-taild) ** 0.827** ** 0.622** 0.786** 0.783** Sig.(2-taild) ** 0.737** 0.726** ** 0.499** 0.742** Sig.(2-taild) ** 0.769** 0.622** 0.568** ** 0.732** Sig.(2-taild) ** 0.740** 0.786** 0.499** 0.601** ** Sig.(2-taild) ** 0.769** 0.783** 0.742** 0.732** 0.712** 1 Sig.(2-taild) TABLE VII THE CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN AROUSAL, PLEASURE AND SPATIAL FACTORS prfrnc layr rlationship hight rlationship mountain building rlationship btwn roof styl ** 0.666** 0.770** 0.792** 0.807** 0.848** Sig.(2-taild) ** ** 0.737** 0.769** 0.740** 0.769** Sig.(2-taild) **** 0.827** ** 0.622** 0.786** 0.783** Sig.(2-taild) ** 0.737** 0.726** ** 0.499** 0.742** Sig.(2-taild) ** 0.769** 0.622** 0.568** ** 0.732** Sig.(2-taild)

6 6th Intrnational Confrnc on Innovation in Civil, Architctur, Environmnt and Matrials Enginring (CAEME-17) Oct. 5-6, 2017 Paris (Franc) rlationship btwn roof styl 0.807** 0.740** 0.786** 0.499** 0.601** ** Sig.(2-taild) ** 0.769** 0.783** 0.742** 0.732** 0.712** 1 Sig.(2-taild) REFERENCES [1] Arnhim, R. Art and Visual Prcption[M]. London: Cambridg Univrsity Prss [2] Arnhim, R. Visual Thinking[M]. Brkly: Univrsity of California Prss [3] Kvin Lynch. Th Imag of th City[M]. Cambridg Massachusstts: MIT Prss [4] Ittlson, W.H. Visual Spac Prcption[M]. Nw York: Springr [5] Simon Bll. Elmnts of Visual Dsign in th Landscap[M]. Spon Prss [6] Russll, J. A., & Snodgrass, J. Emotion and th nvironmnt. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of nvironmntal psychology (pp ). Nw York: John Wily [7] Russll, J. A.,Wiss, A., & Mndlsohn, G. A. (1989). Affct grid: A singl-itm scal of plasur and arousal. Journal of Prsonality and Social Psychology, 57, [8] Shppard S R J. Visual simulation-a usr's guid for architcts, nginrs, and plannrs [M]. Nw York: Van Nostrand Rinhold, [9] Arthur Stamps I I I, Simulation Effcts on Environmntal Prfrnc[J]. Journal of Environmntal Managmnt: 1993(38): [10] Zacharias J. Prfrncs for Viw Corridors Through th Urban Environmnt[J]. Landscap and Urban Planning. 1999(43): [11] Tom Hath, Sandy G. Smith,Bill Lim. Tall Buildings and th Urban Skylin Th Effct of Visual Complxity on Prfrnc[J]. Environmnt and Bhavior, Vol. 32 4, 2000 (July): [12] Cagri Imamoglu. Complxity, Linking and Familiarity-Imamoglu[J]. Journal of Environmntal Psychology 2000(20):5-16. [13] Stamps A.E. Fractals, Skylins, Natur and Bauty [J]. Landscap and Urban Planning, 2002,60(3): [14] Stamps A.E., Nasar J L, Hanyu K. Using Pr-construction Validation to Rgulat Urban Skylins[J]. Journal of th Amrican Planning Association, 2005,71(1): [15] 陈俊铭, 林宴州. 民众对都市天际线景观知觉与偏好之研究. 台湾 : 都市与计划,2001,28(3): [16] 徐磊青, 周峰, 吴人韦. 山景城市天际线的偏好与景观知觉 建筑高度与视廊数量的影响. 中国园林,2013(10):