Nerve tissue Textus nervosus:
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1 Nerve tissue 1.Nerve tissue characteristics, histogenesis and classification 2.Neurons classes and structure: cell body (perikaryon) neuronal processes 3.Nerve fibers types 4.Synapses 5.Neurotransmitters and receptors 6.Neuroglial cells 7.Nerve endings: sensory (afferent) receptors effector (efferent) endings
2 Nerve tissue Textus nervosus: cells nerve and glial cells extracellular matrix main functions: sensing stimuli and creating, analyzing and integrating information regulates and controls body functions provides the unity with the environment properties: irritability capacity to respond to a stimulus generation of a nerve impulse conductivity capacity to transfer the response throughout the neuron by the plasma membrane Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 2
3 Classification of nervous system Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 3
4 Neurulation embryonic origin: neuroectoderm formation of neural tube (neurulation) begin of the process E17 neural (primary embryonic) induction signaling molecules (growth factors) from the underlying notochord: neural plate neural groove neural fold neural tube CNS neural crest ganglion ridge PNS transverse segmentation of neural tube: cranial neuropore Е25 caudal neuropore Е27 Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 4
5 Histogenesis undifferentiated neuroepithelial cells (stem cells) pluripotential: unipotent progenitor cells: neuroblasts (immature neurons) unipolar, bipolar and multipolar glioblasts (glial precursor cells) oligodendrocytes protoplasmic astrocytes fibrillar astrocytes ependymal cells microglia mesenchymal origin? histogenesis zones: ependymal layer mantle layer marginal layer Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 5
6 Nerve cells neuron more than 10 billion in the human NS cell body (perikaryon) axon Golgi type І and ІІ neurons dendrites Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 6
7 composition: Cell body perikaryon (Gr. peri, around + karyon, nucleus) a trophic and receptive center of the neuron diameter µm (4-120 µm) shape pyramidal, stellate, fusiform, flask-shaped etc. large, euchromatic nucleus with a prominent nucleolus organelles: Nissl bodies Golgi complex mitochondria microtubules neurofilaments lypofuscin and neuromelanin Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 7
8 axon (Lat. axis, axle or pivot) length 1mm-100 cm diameter µm structure: axon hillock initial segment collateral branches axonal ending (terminal) synapse axolemma axoplasm: ribosomes occasionally absence of rer and GA axonal transport: slowstream 0.2 µm/day anterograde flow faststream cm/day anterograde and retrograde flow Nerve processes Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 8
9 Nerve processes dendrites (Gr. dendron, tree) number variable, most frequently % of the surface structure: short, dendritic tree dendrite spines dendritic cytoplasm: Nissl bodies mitochondria neurofilaments microtubules absence of Golgi complex Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 9
10 morphological classes: pseudounipolar neurons bipolar neurons multipolar neurons Basic neuronal types functional classes: motor (efferent) neurons sensory (afferent) neurons interneurons Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 10
11 Peripheral nerves: o Nerve fibers: axon sheath derived from cells of ectodermal origin: oligodendrocyte CNS Schwann cell PNS o Connective tissue components: endoneurium perineurium epineurium Peripheral nerves Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 11
12 Types of nerve fibers: unmyelinated µm diameter both in the CNS and PNS absence of nodes of Ranvier m/sec conduction velocity myelinated 1-20 µm both in the CNS and PNS mesaxon nodes of Ranvier internodal segment 1-2 mm Schmidt-Lantermanclefts m/sec velocity Nerve fibers types Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 12
13 Nerve impulse: resting potential -70 mv action potential membrane depolarization nerve impulse propagation Nerve impulse Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 13
14 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963 was awarded jointly to Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Fielding Huxley "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane". Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 14
15 Synaptic communication synapse (Gr. synaptein = to join together) C.S. Sherrington x10 9 synapses per mm synapses over one pyramidal neuron one pyramidal nerve cell 600 neurons NB:The human brain contains roughly 90 billion neurons, which transmit information across roughly 150 trillion synapses! Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 15
16 Synapses synapse (Gr. synaptein, to join together) structure: presynaptic component, axon terminal presynaptic membrane presynaptic grid mitochondria synaptic vesicles (20-65 nm) transmitters synaptic cleft (20-30 nm) postsynaptic membrane postsynaptic thickening receptors Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 16
17 way of transmission: electrical synapses chemical synapses contacting structures: axosomatic synapses axodendritic axoaxonic dendrodendritic somatodendritic etc. morphologically: asymmetrical (type I) Glu symmetrical (type IІ) GABA functionally: excitatory synapses inhibitory synapses atypical synapses: reciprocal dendrodendritic serial synapses ribbon synapse synaptic glomeruli Types of synapses Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 17
18 neurotransmitters criteria neuromodulators types of neurotransmitters: classical transmitters amino acids biogenic amines other major transmitters ACh neuroactive peptides(neuropeptides) atypical neural messengers: arachidonic acid derivatives purines adenosine, ATP gaseous NO, CO postsynaptic effect: excitatory acetylcholine glutamate aspartate inhibitory monoamines GABA and glycine Neurotransmitters Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 18
19 Transporters: integral proteins Na + transport symporters Transmitter receptors: ionotropic transmitter-gated ion channels for ACh, GABA, Gly, SER for glutamate NMDA-receptors non-nmda-receptors (AMPA and kainate) metabotropic receptors G-protein-coupled receptors muscarinic ACh receptors α- and β-adrenergic receptors receptors for Glu, SER, GABA, neuropeptides tyrosine kinases receptor family guanylate cyclase receptors cytokine receptors autoreceptors Transporters and receptors Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 19
20 Arvid Carlsson, Paul GreengardandEric Kandel for their discoveries concerning "signal transduction in the nervous system" Arvid Carlsson, Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Sweden, is rewarded for his discovery that dopamine is a brain transmitter of great importance for our ability to control movements that has led to the realization thatparkinson'sdiseaseiscausedbyalackofdopamineincertainpartsofthe brain. Paul Greengard, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Science, Rockefeller University, New York, USA, is rewarded for his discovery of how dopamine and a number of other transmitters exert their action in the nervous system. Eric Kandel, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, USA, is rewarded for his discoveries of how the efficiency of synapses can be modified, and which molecular mechanisms that take part. Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 20
21 central gliocytes neural tube: Neuroglia Glial cells glioblastic origin: central macroglia and microglia (in CNS) peripheral in PNS astrocytes oligodendrocytes ependymal cells microglial cells peripheral gliocytes neural crest: Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) satellite cells of Cajal (syn: mantle cells or amphicytes) Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 21
22 astrocytes (Gr. astron star) protoplasmic fibrous astrocytes Central gliocytes oligodendrocytes large light medium-sized (Gr. oligos small) small dark ¼ of the light cells myelin-forming cells in the CNS Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 22
23 ependymal cells neural crest line the ventricles of the brain central canal of the spinal cord absorption and secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (liquor) tanycytes (ependymal astrocytes) Central gliocytes microglia 15%ofthetotal cellsofcns non-dividing cells derived from monocytes role of macrophages (mononuclear phagocyte system in nervous tissue) Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 23
24 Peripheral gliocytes Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) neural crest origin myelin-forming cells in the PNS maintenance of the axon integrity phagocytoticactivityandcellulardebris that allows for regrowth of PNS neuron satellite cells (amphicytes) in sensory and autonomic ganglia help regulate the external chemical environment Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 24
25 myelination in humans: begin fetal period end 7 years regulation neuroregulin NRG1 Myelination Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 25
26 Myelin-forming cells: oligodendrocytes CNS Schwann cells PNS myelin: lipids 70% proteins 30% in CNS MBP (myelin basic protein) P 0 peripheral axons PMP-22 peripheral axons Myelination myelin sheath: major dense lines intraperiod lines Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 26
27 Sensory receptors classification 3 main groups Sherrington, 1906: exteroceptors proprioceptors interoceptors by sensory modality: baroreceptors respond to pressure chemoreceptors chemical stimuli mechanoreceptors mechanical stress nociceptors pain perception thermoreceptors temperature (heat, cold or both) by location: cutaneous receptors in the skin muscle spindles in the muscles by morphology: free nerve endings encapsulated receptors C.S. Sherrington Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 27
28 four kinds of touch sensations: light touch(contact) cold heat pain free nerve endings: unencapsulated unspecialized, detect pain most widely distributed, most numerous in the skin, mucous&serous membranes, muscle, deep fascia, viscera walls peritrichal endings of hair follicles tactile discs of Merkel: mechanoreceptors pressure and texture superficial layers of glabrous and hairy skin Sense of touch Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 28
29 Encapsulated receptors tactile corpuscles of Meissner glabrous skin end bulbs (of Krause) responds to pressure, genital corpuscles Pacinian (Vater-Pacini) corpuscles vibration Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles in the fingertips Ruffini endings responds to pressure neurotendinous organs (Golgi tendon organs) neuromuscular spindles proprioceptors: intrafusal fibers extrafusal fibers Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 29
30 Effector nerve endings myoneural junction motor end plate: structure: myelinated axon collaterals ~50 axon terminals (boutons) synaptic vesicles ACh presynaptic membrane sarcolemma junctional folds postsynaptic membrane nicotinic ACh receptors autonomic effector endings: sympathetic adrenergic (NA) parasympathetic cholinergic (ACh) purinergic ATP and adenosine do not make specialized synaptic contacts Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 30
31 Thank you Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 31
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