Using Cells in Research

Transcription

1 Using Cells in Research SBI4U Mrs. Reynolds Fetsje Prins Avery Reeves Kathryn Billiald Charlie Rooney

2 Stem Cells Stem cells are a non specialized cell that can develop into other types of specific cells Researchers can coax stem cells to become certain types of specialized cells by changing the environment in the lab Stem cells have the potential to repair damaged tissues, cells, or medical conditions

3 Stem Cells are being used in 3 different ways: Researchers continue to study them in laboratories to further their understanding how they work and to ensure their safe use. Stem Cells are currently being tested in humans with serious medical conditions. Special type of stem cell called hematopoietic is now being used to save lives. Application of Stem Cells in Research What is a Hematopoietic Cell? Type of embryonic cell Come from placentas and umbilical cords of newborns They are precursors to blood cells Can divide to make red blood cells, germ fighting white blood cells, and platelets that help blood to clot Why is important: Children with blood deficiencies or blood-related diseases (leukemia) can benefit from hematopoietic cells How does it work: These cells can be injected to sick children to help restore their immune system The cells divide to form normal blood cells that replace the ones that have been damaged by disease.

4 Past Several types of stem cell have been discovered from germ cells, the embryo, fetus and adult Work started in late 1800s, doctors started to try to fertilize eggs in mammals in a lab Scientists kept trying to fertilize eggs in vitro, with not much luck In 1981, Elizabeth Carr was conceived in vitro fertilization In 2001, National Institutes of Health have predictions of possible treatments for diseases and the growth of human tissues

5 Present Adult stem cells are being used to treat heart disease and leukaemia and other blood diseases Human stem cells are currently being used to test new drugs Possibility of a renewable source of replacement cells and tissues to treat diseases including macular degeneration, spinal cord injury, stroke, burns, heart disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis

6 Future The regulation of stem cells is still needed to be controlled Scientists will ideally be able to control full power of stem cells so they can treat other diseases A goal of the research is to identify how undifferentiated stem cells become the differentiated cells that form the tissues and organs May give information about how such diseases arise and suggest new strategies for therapy

7 Henrietta Pleasant is born in Virginia Henrietta Lacks Timeline George Gey takes some of Henrietta Lacks cervical cancer cells Her cells are discovered to be immortal and are used to develop the polio vaccine and other cures August 1,1920 January 29, October 4, Present Lacks goes to the hospital and is diagnosed with cervical cancer Henrietta Lacks died of cervical cancer at age 31

8 HeLa Cells Taken from a woman named Henrietta Lacks Come from cervical cancer cells(because they are cancer cells they multiply and grow quickly in an uncontrolled way) Many subtypes of HeLa cells used Have been used in over 74,000 scientific publications Used to develop polio vaccine First cells to be cloned Have an overactive telomerase enzyme that rebuilds the telomeres after cell division Helped develop lab practices for freezing and culturing cells Helped gain more research about cancer Used to show that HPV (human papilloma virus) causes cancer Henrietta or her family were never aware, or gave consent that her cells could be used

9 There are many mutations in the HeLa cells

10 Pros Used to treat a variety of medical problems (Parkinson s Disease,Alzheimer s Disease,Heart Diseases, Stroke and Diabetes (Type 1),Birth Defects,Spinal Cord Injuries,Replace or Repair Damaged Organs) Able to test drugs without using human or animal testers. slow down the process of aging Reduce risk of transplantation A stem cell can be frozen and sent to other researchers Obtaining adult stem cells is a non-destructive process. The DNA in the stem cells is identical to the DNA of the person from whom the cells are removed. So when the stem cells are used to create a new organ or body part, there is no possibility of rejection. Embryo stem cells can be specialized into a variety of cells Pros & Cons of Stem Cells( Societal Implication) Cons May pose unpleasant results just like any other type of research may not be the solution to all medical scenarios Adult stem cells have already started to specialize and are limited to what they can be used for

11 Pros and Cons(Ethical) Pros The application of stem cells is available to families if they agree with it, but they can chose if they want to use this technology or not Others believe.. Embryo stem cells are a clump of cells that can be used without restriction for research Cons some religious groups think... Embryo stem cells rely on the deconstruction of human life No respect to human life( an embryo has the same moral status as a child or adult) These pros and cons are based on opinions from different groups of people

12 Pros and Cons(Ethical) Pros Many vaccines have been developed including the polio vaccine Much research has been done using these cells Cons In the 1960s patients were unknowingly injected with HeLa cell so that the effects of cancer could be studied The cervical cells were taken and distributed without Henrietta Lack s permission

13 References Ethical and social. (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2015, from com/nature/journal/v414/n6859/abs/414129a0.html The good, the bad and the HeLa. (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2015, from http: //berkeleysciencereview.com/article/good-bad-hela/ HeLa cells. (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2015, from Human reproduction. (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2015, from org/content/18/4/672.short Stem cell basics. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2015, from gov/info/basics/pages/basics6.aspx Stem cell research. (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2015, from gov/info/pages/faqs.aspx Stem cell research. (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2015, from Stem cells. (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2015, from org/am10/program/presentations/session_124_-_1_gallicano.pdf Stem cells have more reserves for DNA replication. (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2015, from Viegas, J. (n.d.). Stem cell research. Plagiarism