Name # Class Regents Review Human Body Systems

Transcription

1 Name # Class Regents Review Human Body Systems 1. An accident resulted in a man's hand being cut off from his arm. Paramedics arriving first on the scene placed the cut-off hand in ice. The man and his hand were flown to a hospital, where doctors successfully reattached the hand to his arm. Explain, using one biological reason, why placing the hand in ice improved the chances of saving it. Base your answers to questions 2 through 5 on the statement below. The immune system protects against foreign substances and even some cancers. Explain how the immune system functions. 2. Identify one disease that damages the immune system and state how it affects this system. 3. Describe the response of the immune system to the vaccine. 4. Identify the substance in a vaccine that stimulates the immune system. 5. Identify one way the immune system fights pathogens. Base your answers to questions 6 through 8 on the information below. A student was visiting a friend at her home. Her friend owned two cats. After playing with the cats for a while, the student began to sneeze. Her nose began to run and her eyes became red, watery. and itchy. It also became hard for her to breathe. A few minutes after leaving her friend's home, the symptoms disappeared. Provide a biological explanation for the symptoms the girl developed at her friend's house. In your response, be sure to: 6. State one reason why her symptoms are not likely due to an infections agent. 7. Identify the type of reaction the student was most likely experiencing. 8. Identify the body system that was responsible for triggering the reaction she experienced. Base your answers to questions 9 through 11 on the question below and on your knowledge of biology. Describe how a flu vaccine protects the human body. 9. State one reason the flu vaccine does not protect a person from other viral diseases, such as measles. 10. State how the human immune system reacts to the vaccine. 11. Identify what substance is in a flu vaccine that stimulates immunity. Base your answers to questions 12 through 15 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Many people have a sensitivity to peanuts. The symptoms can include watery itchy eyes and difficulty breathing. This allergic reaction can be mild, severe, or fatal. Discuss why an individual can have a sensitivity to peanuts. 12. Describe how this reaction is similar to the rejection of a transplanted organ 13. State one reason why a person could be allergic to peanuts, but not be allergic to walnuts 14. Identify the specific type of molecule that triggers an allergic reaction 15. Identify the human system that is responsible for this sensitivity to peanuts

2 16. Base your answer this question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Stem cells present in an embryo are responsible for the formation of various tissues and organs. Recent research suggests that it may be possible to replicate stem cells from sections of skin taken from adult mice, rather than having to use stem cells from the embryos of mice. In the future, human stem cells may be used to replace human tissue damaged by diseases such as Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. Discuss why the use of stem cells taken from a patient to replace damaged tissues and organs may decrease the potential risk to a patient. In your answer, be sure to: identify the major problem that may occur when tissues and organs donated by another individual are used explain why this problem may occur explain why this problem will not occur if tissues and organs produced by stem cells from the patient are used 17. Consuming large volumes of soft drinks containing sugar during the day can disrupt homeostasis. Describe how the human body responds to restore sugar balance. In your answer, be sure to: identify the hormone responsible for restoring homeostasis identify the organ that releases this hormone state one possible reason why sugar levels may remain high even though this hormone has been released Base your answers to questions 18 through 20 on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology. A normally healthy 35-year-old woman was found to have a severe intestinal infection usually seen in much older and sicker patients in hospitals. Because of so many cases like hers, some doctors became alarmed that the organism responsible could spread rapidly and cause unusually severe illnesses and some deaths. Scientists suspect that the cause is a mutated form of an organism that has a resistance to some of the most common treatments. 18. The mutated form of this type of organism could result from a change in a molecule within one member of the original population. Identify the molecule. 19. Explain how this vaccine would prevent future infections. 20. Since it is difficult to cure an infection caused by this organism, it might be easier to prevent these infections by using a vaccine. Identify the specific material a vaccine would have to contain to prevent future infections.

3 Base your answers to questions 21 and 22 on the diagram of nerve cells below and on your knowledge of biology. 21. Identify one substance, other than the secretions from nerve cells, used in cell communication. 22. Describe what would happen if a drug molecule shaped like were introduced into this nerve pathway. Base your answers to questions 23 through 25 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Proteins on the surface of a human cell and on a bird influenza virus are represented in the diagram below. 23. Identify the relationship that exists between a virus and a human when the virus infects the human. 24. Explain how this change in the virus could come about.

4 25. In the space below, draw a change in the bird influenza virus that would allow it to infect this human cell. Base your answers to questions 26 through 28 on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Blood Doping Blood is a fluid tissue, which means that blood cells are suspended in a fluid called plasma. Blood tests are concerned with not only the number of blood cells present, but with the amount of plasma that surrounds the cells. The diagram below represents tubes containing blood samples from an athlete before and after blood doping. Blood doping is an illegal practice reportedly used by some athletes a few weeks before an athletic event, and involves removing whole blood from an athlete, separating the oxygen-carrying red blood cells (RBCs), and then freezing them. These RBCs are thawed and returned to the athlete's body just before the athlete competes. Serious health risks are associated with this practice. 26. More middle- and long-distance runners have tested positive for blood doping than short-distance runners, such as sprinters. State one reason why athletes participating in certain events might be more likely to practice blood doping than others. 27. State one reason why the extra RBCs represented in sample 2 could be dangerous to the health of an athlete.

5 28. Explain why athletes who practice blood doping would be expected to perform better at an athletic event. Base your answers to questions 29 through 31 on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology. A Vaccine to Treat Addiction A vaccine for cocaine addiction has been developed. This vaccine temporarily blocks the effects of cocaine. The vaccine consists of a cocaine molecule attached to the surface of an inactive, harmless cholera protein. Since cocaine molecules alone are too small to stimulate the immune system to create antibodies, they are attached to the cholera protein. When people are injected with the vaccine, their bodies make antibodies against cholera. They also make antibodies against cocaine. When cocaine later enters the bloodstream, the antibodies bind to cocaine and prevent it from leaving the bloodstream, so it does not reach the brain. If the drug does not reach the brain, the user does not feel its effect. When antibodies were blocking the cocaine, people who took cocaine didn't get an effect from it, so the drug lost its appeal. Later, an enzyme breaks down the cocaine and it is flushed out of the body. One problem revealed by the trial was that only 38 percent of vaccinated subjects developed high levels of antibodies against the drug. Additionally, the vaccine's protection seems to last for only about two months. Users need to receive booster shots every few months for approximately two years to make a complete recovery from the addiction. 29. How does this vaccine help to treat cocaine addiction? 30. Describe one effect the cocaine vaccine has on the immune system. 31. Identify the two main substances contained in the vaccine. Base your answers to questions 32 and 33 on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology. The Protein Shredder In every cell, thousands of important processes are occurring around the clock One of the ways a cell manages to coordinate all of these processes is by sending protein messages. After the protein messages are delivered and read, they need to be destroyed to prepare fix the arrival of the next message. The task of destroying these proteins falls on cell structures known as proteasomes. Think of a proteasome as a tubelike protein shredder. Protein molecules that have served their purpose are transported to the proteasome, unfolded, fed through the tube, and cut into smaller molecules that can then be used to synthesize new protein molecules. Proteasomes can shred any type of protein. Individuals with a neurological disorder known as hereditary ataxia have been found to have an excess of protein in the cells of their brains and spinal cords. The abnormal level somehow leads to the death of cells in portions of the cerebellum. These areas of cell loss can be seen on a brain scan. There are several forms of hereditary ataxia but all of them result in poor coordination. The symptoms progress over a period of years. In the beginning, the individuals experience only minor coordination problems. As time passes, the symptoms become worse. The affected individuals will have poor balance when walking. They will be clumsy and have difficulty talking and swallowing. 32. Explain why researchers could think that proteasomes might not be working correctly in nerve cells of individuals with hereditary ataxia. 33. Based on the symptoms shown by individuals with hereditary ataxia, state two functions regulated by the cerebellum and spinal cord.

6 Base your answers to questions 34 through 37 on the information and chart below and on your knowledge of biology. Excess body weight is considered to be a risk factor for diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure. The Body Mass Index (BMI) chart below can be used as a guide to determine if a person's body weight puts that person at risk for such diseases. 34. Calculate the minimum number of pounds that an individual who is 6 feet 3 inches tall and weighs 232 pounds would have to gain or lose to be classified as a healthy individual with a BMI of State whether an individual who is 5 feet 3 inches tall and weighs 146 pounds needs to gain or lose weight in order to be classified as healthy. 36. Is a person with a BMI of 27 at risk for diseases such as diabetes or high blood pressure? Support your answer. 37. The BMI for a person who is 5 feet 9 inches tall and weighs 170 pounds is between A) 24 and 25 B) 25 and 26 C) 27 and 28 D) 29 and 30

7 Base your answers to questions 38 and 39 on the information and chart below and on your knowledge of biology. Body weight is considered to be a risk factor for diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure. The Body Mass Index (BMI) chart can be used as a guide to determine if a person's body weight puts them at risk for such diseases. A portion of this chart is shown below. 38. Is a person who is 5 feet 9 inches tall and weighs 170 pounds at risk for diseases such as diabetes or high blood pressure? Support your answer 39. The BMI for a person who is 5 feet 9 inches tall and weighs 170 pounds is between A) 24 and 25 B) 25 and 26 C) 27 and 28 D) 29 and 30

8 Base your answers to questions 40 through 44 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. In a test for diabetes, blood samples were taken from an individual every 4 hours for 24 hours. The glucose concentrations were recorded and are shown in the data table below. 40. The chemical that is responsible for the decrease in blood glucose concentration is released by A) muscle cells B) guard cells C) the ovaries D) the pancreas

9 41. How might these results be different if this individual was not able to produce sufficient levels of insulin? A) The level of blood glucose would be constant. B) The average level of blood glucose would be lower. C) The maximum level of blood glucose would be higher. D) The minimum level of blood glucose would be lower. 42. Plot the data from the data table. Surround each point with a small circle and connect the points. 43. On the graph above, mark an appropriate scale on the axis labeled "Blood Glucose Concentration (mg/dl)." 44. State one likely cause of the change in blood glucose concentration between hour 16 and hour 20.