Abstract : Julian Spallholz; Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas

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1 Abstract : Julian Spallholz; Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas

2 Redox Selenium ADCs Improve Cancer Cell Monoclonal Antibody Cytotoxicity Julian E. Spallholz, PhD Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas or

Chemistry of Selenium Targeting Antibody Drug Conjugates - (ADCs)

3 Seminar Outline 1. Brief History of Selenium Biology 2. Selenium Redox Chemistry Superoxide, H2O2 and Oxidative Stress 3. Chemistry of Selenium Targeting Antibody Drug Conjugates - (ADCs) Herceptin Avastin 4. Se-ADCs Targeting;: JIMT-1 Cells, BT-474 Cells, & TNBC Cells MDA-MB Selenium Summary

4 Jöns Jacob Berzelius ( )

5 Selenium

1. Brief History of Selenium Biology ~1265 Marco

Toxicity in Horses JJ Berzelius Discovers

Becquerel Discovers The Photoelectric Effect of

Moxen et al at the USDA Grand Forks, ND Discover

Plant Accumulation 1957 Klaus Schwarz Discovers

in Rats; Factor-3 1973 Bill Hoekstra et al (John

6 1. Brief History of Selenium Biology ~1265 Marco Polo Describes What is Thought to be Selenium Toxicity in Horses JJ Berzelius Discovers Selenium in 1817 at Gripsholm, Sweden 1839 Edmond Becquerel Discovers The Photoelectric Effect of Selenium 1930 s A. L. Moxen et al at the USDA Grand Forks, ND Discover Selenium Toxicity in Range Livestock is from Plant Accumulation 1957 Klaus Schwarz Discovers at the NIH that Selenium Prevents Liver Necrosis in Rats; Factor Bill Hoekstra et al (John Rotruck) Discover at University of Wisconsin Selenium in Rat Erythrocyte Glutathione Peroxidase

7 25 Human Selenium Enzymes and Proteins

8 2. Selenium Redox Chemistry Oxidative Stress by Seko et al 1988 b by Chaudiere et al 1992

9 Redox Cycling of Selenium Compounds SeO3 + GSH = GSSe- RSeSeR + 2GSH + 2RSe- RSeCH3 RNCSe --> RNCSe- Rapid Unstable Less Rapid, Stable Does Not Redox Cycle Less Rapid, Stable Measurement of Selenium Generated Superoxide Methylene Blue, Cytochrome C, Lucigenin, ESR Spin-Trapping, Dihydroethidium

10 Selenium IV Selenium Treatment IV Treatment of Cancer of Letter; May 6, 1912 May 6, 1912

11 August Wassermann ( ) From THE ACTION OF CERTAIN DYESTUFFS ON THE GROWTH OF TRANSPLANTABLE TUMORS; KANEMATSU SUGIURA AND STANLEY R. BENEDICT; 1929.

12 5. Selenium Targeting Antibody Drug Conjugates - (ADCs) In September 2017, Three New Antibody Drug Conjugates Entered the Clinic, including Two that Target HER2. The Total Number of Active ADCs in Clinic now number 72. Source: September 2017; Beacon ADC Newsletter; Hanson Wade

13 Monoclonal Antibodies and Their ADCs ~80 Lysines / Molecule

14 Herceptin SelenoHerceptin

15 Avastin SelenoAvastin

16 Herceptin

17 Characterization of a Novel Cell Line Established from a Patient with Herceptin-resistant Breast Cancer. (JIMT-1 Cells) Tanner M, et al Abstract Mol Cancer Ther Dec;3(12): Clinical resistance to the HER-2 oncogene-targeting drug trastuzumab (Herceptin) exists, but studies of the resistance mechanisms are hampered by the lack of suitable experimental model systems. We established a carcinoma cell line (designated JIMT-1) from a pleural metastasis of a 62-year old patient with breast cancer who was clinically resistant to trastuzumab. JIMT-1 cells grow as an adherent monolayer and form xenograft tumors in nude mice. JIMT-1 cells have an amplified HER-2 oncogene, which showed no identifiable mutations in its coding sequence. JIMT-1 cells overexpress HER-2 mrna and protein, and the levels of HER-1, HER-3, and HER-4 mrna & protein were similar to the trastuzumab-sensitive cell line SKBR-3. The cell line lacks expression of hormone receptors (estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors) and is phenotypically of epithelial progenitor cell origin, as evidenced by immunohistochemical positivity for both cytokeratins 5/14 and 8/18. JIMT-1 cells were insensitive to trastuzumab and another HER-2-inhibiting drug, pertuzumab (2C4), in vitro and in xenograft tumors. Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors Ci1033 & ZD1839 inhibited the JIMT-1 cell growth but to a lesser degree than in trastuzumab-sensitive BT-474 cells. The lack of growth inhibition was rationalized by the unaltered Akt phosphorylation in JIMT-1 cells. Erk1/2 phosphorylation was slightly reduced but still evident in JIMT-1 cells. We conclude that the JIMT-1 cell line provides a valuable experimental model for studies of new trastuzumab-resistance mechanisms.

JIMT-1 Control Treated Cells 1 mg HSA/Well @ 72 HOURS

18 JIMT-1 Control Treated Cells 1 mg 72 HOURS JIMT-1 Herceptin Treated Cells 1 mg 72 HOURS

JIMT-1 Herceptin Treated Cells 1 mg Protein/Well @ 72 HOURS

19 JIMT-1 Herceptin Treated Cells 1 mg 72 HOURS JIMT-1 Se-Herceptin Treated Cells 1 mg 72 HOURS

20 Cell Culture Blank Cell Culture Media to Which We Have.. Added 100 Units SOD and 100 Units of Catalase And to Which We Have Also Added.. Dihydroethidium for the Detection of Superoxide Fluorescein Isothiocyanate for the Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide or

21 Visual Micrographs of Intracellular Superoxide Generation from JIMT-1 Herceptin Resistant Cells after Selenium Treatments by DHE Staining

22 Control JIMT-1 Cancer Cells FITC; H2O2 Control JIMT-1 Cancer Cells 10 ugse Selenite JIMT-1 Cancer Cells Tz JIMT-1 Herceptin Cancer JIMT-1 Cells Cancer Cells 9.6 ug/se Herceptin JIMT-1 Cancer Cells

% CELL VIABILITY JIMT-1 Cells Treated for 72 hrs, % Cell Viability MTT Assays 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

23 % CELL VIABILITY JIMT-1 Cells Treated for 72 hrs, % Cell Viability MTT Assays Control Selenite as 10µg se/well Tz T-DM1 Se-Tz 2.4µg se/well Se-Tz 4.8µg se/well Se-Tz 9.6µg se/well Treatment

24 Control JIMT-1 Cancer Cells Resistant 9.6 ug Se Se-Herceptin JIMT-1 Cancer Cells Control BT-474 Cancer Cells Susceptible 9.6 ug Se Se-Herceptin BT-474 Cancer Cells

25 % CELL VIABILITY BT-474 Cells Treated for 144 hrs, % Cell Viability Treatment

26 48 Hours of MDA-MB -468 Cell Treatment 10 ug Se/Well Se-ADCs Se-Herceptin Control MDA-MB-468 TNBC 20X Se-Avastin

27 Triple Negative MDA-MB-468 Cells at 48 Hours Post-Treatment Photos with EVOS Microscope; 20 X Magnification. 10 ug Se/well. Control Cells Herceptin Avastin Selenite Se-Herceptin Se-Avastin

28 MTT 48-Well Plate Photo Immortalized HME50-5E Breast Epithelial Cells Control Mabs 10 ugse Selenite 5 10 Day 1 mabs treatment HME50-5E Day 4 mabs treatment HME50-5E Day 2 mabs treatment HME50-5E Day 2 mabs treatment HME50-5E Day 5 mabs treatment HME50-5E Se-Avastin Se-Herceptin Day 3 mabs treatment HME50-5E Se-Avastin Se-Herceptin Day 6 mabs treatment HME50-5E

20 ug Se SeO3 78 15 63 1 Avastin 83 73 10 2 ug Se-Avastin 94 5 89 10 ug Se-Avastin

29 Day 1 and 7 MDA-MB-468 Cells Post-Treatment % Live Cells Treatment Day 1 % Day 7 % % Live Cells Day 1-7 Control ug Se SeO ug Se SeO ug Se SeO Avastin ug Se-Avastin ug Se-Avastin Herceptin ug Se-Herceptin ug Se-Herceptin

30 Selenium Selenides; RSe- are Toxic in a Dose Dependent Manner Generating ROS; O2- Selenium Toxicity is owing to the Catalytic Redox Cycling Oxidation of Thiols; GSH and Cysteine Redox Selenium can be Covalently Attached to ANY Monoclonal Antibody via Carbohydrates Redox Selenium can be Covalently Attached to ANY Monoclonal Antibody via Lysine Residues Redox Selenium Attachment to Mabs is Time and Dose Dependent and requires No Linker Redox Selenium Monoclonal Antibodies can be expected to be More Cytotoxic to Cancer Cells Redox Selenium Attached to Specific Targeting Cell Membrane Receptors; i.e.. Herceptin, Avastin, should Prove to be Therapeutically More Efficacious than the Native Mab Alone Cancer Cells are Generally More Susceptible to Selenium s Redox Chemistry than Control Cells Selective Modulation of Glutathione Levels in Human Normal versus Tumor Cells and Subsequent Differential Response to Chemotherapy Drugs. Cancer Res Jun;46: Russo A, DeGraff W, Friedman N, Mitchell JB.

31 With Appreciation; Faculty, Students and Colleagues: Mallory Boylan, RD, PhD, TTU Lauren Gollahon, PhD - Biology TTU Edwardo Cobos, MD TTUHSC, Oncology Lugen Chen, PhD, TTU Priyanka Bapet, PhD, TTU Soni Khandelwal, MS, PhD Student, TTU Merry Christmas

32 Thank you! Any Questions?

This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course

77:222 Spring 2003 Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine Page 0 This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine (77:222, Spring 2003) offered