Four years of herbicide trials for shrub willow biomass production systems in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan
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1 Four years of herbicide trials for shrub willow biomass production systems in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan Raymond O. Miller and Bradford A. Bender Michigan State University Forest Biomass Innovation Center Escanaba, Michigan Short Rotation Woody Crops International Conference, Syracuse, NY, October 17-19, 2010
2 Michigan State University makes no endoresment or guarantee of the herbicides referred to in this presentation.
3 Table 1. Herbicide trial locations Site Name Latitude/Longitude Soil Series Escanaba, MI 45º45 50 N / 87º11 30W Onaway fine sandy loam Skandia, MI 46º21 43 N / 87º14 48 W Munising fine sandy loam
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5 Table 2. Herbicides tested on newly planted willow cuttings. Common Name Trade Name Manufacturer Mode of Action Year Tested oxyfluorfen Goal 2XL Dow AgriSciences Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor 2010 oxyfluorfen Galigan 2E Makhteshim-Agan Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor 2010 flumioxazin SureGuard Valent Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor 2009 flumioxazin Chateau Valent Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor 2010 diuron Karmex DuPont Photosynthesis II inhibitor 2010 simazine Princep 4L Syngenta Photosynthesis II inhibitor 2010 simazine + oxyfluorfen Princep 4L & Goal 2XL Syngenta & Dow AgriSciences Photosynthesis II inhibitor + Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor 2007, 2008 pendimethalin Prowl H 2 O BASF Mitosis inhibitor 2010 imazaquin + pendimethalin pendimethalin + oxyfluorfen Scepter 70DG & Pendulum Aquacap Prowl H2O + Goal 2XL BASF Acetolactale synthesis inhibitor + Mitosis inhibitor BASF & Dow AgroSciences Mitosis inhibitor + Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor s-metolachlor Dual Magnum Syngenta Mitosis inhibitors 2010 pendimethalin + s-metolachlor The Chemicals Prowl H2O + Dual Magnum BASF & Syngenta Both are mitosis inhibitors 2010 norflurazon Solicam DF Syngenta Carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor 2008, 2009, 2010
6 The Taxa Table 3. Willow taxa tested in herbicide trials. Taxa Code Year Tested Salix dasyclados SV1 2007, 2010 S. sachalinensis SX , 2010 S. miyabeana SX S. viminalis x S. miyabeana Tully Champion 2008, 2009, 2010 S. sachalinensis x S. miyabeana Sherburne 2008, 2009, 2010 S. purpurea Fish Creek 2009, 2010 S. miyabeana SX S. purpurea x S. miyabeana Millbrook 2010
7 Split-plot, Randomized block 2, 3, or 7 taxa in sub-plots Herbicide treatments in main plots Mechanical & Untreated Controls
8 The Common Design
9 Methods: 1. Plant 10 hardwood cuttings in weed-free, tilled soil. 2. Apply herbicides immediately after planting. 3. Monitor & score 30, 60, and end of season. 4. Report end of season height, survival, # stems, & weed cover. 5. Comparisons here made using unweeded control as standardizing factor.
10 2010 Trial Design 2007 Trial Design 4 blocks 3 taxa (see Table 2) Untreated control Mechanical weeding 2008 Trial Design 4 blocks 2 taxa (see Table 2) Untreated control Mechanical weeding 2009 Trial Design 11 incomplete blocks (over 3 sites) 3 taxa (see Table 2) Untreated control Mechanical weeding SureGuard SureGuard 5 4 blocks 7 taxa (see Table 2) Untreated control Mechanical weeding Pre-emergence treatments Goal Goal 2.0 Galigan Galigan 2.0 Princep 2.0 Princep 4.0 Scepter 5 + Pendulum 2.0 Goal + Princep 2.0 SureGuard Prowl 1.9 Prowl 3.8 Scepter 5 + Pendulum 4.0 Goal + Princep 4.0 SureGuard 0.50 Dual 1.9 Dual 3.8 Scepter Pendulum 2.0 Goal Princep 2.0 SureGuard 0.75 Solicam 2.0 Solicam 4.0 Scepter Pendulum 4.0 Goal Princep 4.0 SureGuard Chateau Chateau Goal + Princep 2.6 Solicam Solicam 2.0 Karmex 2.0 Karmex 4.0 Goal + Princep 5.2 Solicam Solicam 4.0 Goal + Prowl 1.9 Goal Princep 2.6 Goal Princep 5.2 (subscripts are lbs a.i./acre) Solicam 2.4 Solicam 3.6 (subscripts are lbs a.i./acre) Solicam 6.0 Solicam 8.0 Solicam 12.0 Dual Prowl 1.9 Post-emergence treatments Stinger Stinger 5 Solicam 16.0 Fusilade Fusilade (subscripts are lbs a.i./acre) Poast Poast Assure 69 Assure Sandea 47 Sandea 94 (subscripts are lbs a.i./acre)
11 Goal & Princep Group Treatment Height Survival Weeds Goal- (2010) Goal-2.0 (2010) Princep-2.0 (2010) Princep-4.0 (2010) Goal-+Princep-2.0 (2008) Goal-2.0+Princep-2.0 (2008) Goal-+Princep-2.6 (2007) Goal-2.0+Princep-2.6 (2007) Goal-+Princep-4.0 (2008) Goal-2.0+Princep-4.0 (2008) Goal-+Princep-5.2 (2007) Goal-2.0+Princep-5.2 (2007) Heights Survival Goal- Goal- Goal & Princep Group Goal-2.0 Princep-2.0 Princep-4.0 Goal-+Princep-2.0 Goal-2.0+Princep-2.0 Goal-+Princep-2.6 Goal-2.0+Princep-2.6 Goal-+Princep-4.0 Goal-2.0+Princep-4.0 Same as Control Worse than Control Better than Control Control Goal & Princep Group Goal-2.0 Princep-2.0 Princep-4.0 Goal-+Princep-2.0 Goal-2.0+Princep-2.0 Goal-+Princep-2.6 Goal-2.0+Princep-2.6 Goal-+Princep-4.0 Same as Control Worse than Control Control Goal & Princep Group Goal-2.0+Princep-4.0 Goal-+Princep-5.2 Goal-2.0+Princep-5.2 Goal-+Princep-5.2 Goal-2.0+Princep-5.2 Goal alone was more reliably successful than combinations with Princep. Cutting survival was the main problem. Weed Coverage Goal- Goal-2.0 Princep-2.0 Princep-4.0 Goal-+Princep-2.0 Goal-2.0+Princep-2.0 Goal-+Princep-2.6 Goal-2.0+Princep-2.6 Goal-+Princep-4.0 Goal-2.0+Princep-4.0 Same as Control Worse than Control Better than Control Control Goal-+Princep-5.2 Goal-2.0+Princep-5.2
12 Pendulum Group Heights Pendulum Group Goal-1+Prowl-1.9 (2010) Prowl-1.9 (2010) Prowl-3.8 (2010) Scepter-5+Pendulum-2.0 (2007) Scepter-5+Pendulum-4.0 (2007) Scepter-0.50+Pendulum-2.0 (2007) Scepter-0.50+Pendulum-4.0 (2007) Treatment Height Survival Weeds Worse than Control Better than Control Control Pendulum Group Goal-1+Prowl-1.9 (2010) Prowl-1.9 (2010) Prowl-3.8 (2010) Scepter-5+Pendulum-2.0 (2007) Survival 1 Scepter-5+Pendulum-4.0 (2007) Scepter-0.50+Pendulum-2.0 (2007) Scepter-0.50+Pendulum-4.0 (2007) Goal-1+Prowl-1.9 (2010) Prowl-1.9 (2010) Prowl-3.8 (2010) Scepter-5+Pendulum-2.0 (2007) Scepter-5+Pendulum-4.0 (2007) Scepter-0.50+Pendulum-2.0 (2007) Worse than Control Same as Control Control Pendulum Group Scepter-0.50+Pendulum-4.0 (2007) Problems with Scepter-Pendulum combinations occurred in 2007 when weather conditions were abnormal and bear repeating in light of subsequent performance. Weed Coverage Goal-1+Prowl-1.9 (2010) Prowl-1.9 (2010) Prowl-3.8 (2010) Scepter-5+Pendulum-2.0 (2007) Scepter-5+Pendulum-4.0 (2007) Scepter-0.50+Pendulum-2.0 (2007) Same as Control Better than Control Control Scepter-0.50+Pendulum-4.0 (2007)
13 Solicam Group Heights Solicam Group Treatment Height Survival Weeds Solicam- (2008) Solicam- (2008) Solicam-2.0 (2009) Solicam-2.0 (2010) Solicam-2.4 (2008) Solicam-3.6 (2008) Solicam-4.0 (2010) Solicam-4.0 (2009) Solicam-6.0 (2009) Solicam-8.0 (2009) Solicam-12.0 (2009) Solicam-16.0 (2009) Survival Solicam- (2008) Solicam- (2008) Solicam- (2008) Solicam-2.0 (2009) Solicam-2.0 (2010) Solicam-2.4 (2008) Solicam-3.6 (2008) Solicam-4.0 (2010) Solicam-4.0 (2009) Solicam-6.0 (2009) Same as Control Worse than Control Better than Control Control Solicam- (2008) Solicam-2.0 (2009) Solicam-2.0 (2010) Solicam-2.4 (2008) Solicam Group Solicam-3.6 (2008) Solicam-4.0 (2010) Solicam-4.0 (2009) Solicam-6.0 (2009) Solicam-8.0 (2009) Solicam-12.0 (2009) Solicam-8.0 (2009) Same as Control Worse than Control Control Solicam Group Solicam-12.0 (2009) Solicam-16.0 (2009) Solicam-16.0 (2009) Solicam at rates below about 3# a.i./acre seems quite promising (see 2 nd year surprise, below). Weed Coverage Solicam- (2008) Solicam- (2008) Solicam-2.0 (2009) Solicam-2.0 (2010) Solicam-2.4 (2008) Solicam-3.6 (2008) Solicam-4.0 (2010) Solicam-4.0 (2009) Solicam-6.0 (2009) Solicam-8.0 (2009) Solicam-12.0 (2009) Solicam-16.0 (2009) Better than Control Same as Control Control
14 SureGuard- Chateau Group Heights Sureguard - Chateau Group Sureguard (2009) Chateau (2010) Sureguard-5 (2009) Chateau (2010) Sureguard (2009) Sureguard-0.50 (2009) Sureguard-0.75 (2009) Sureguard- (2009) Treatment Height Survival Weeds Sureguard (2009) Chateau (2010) Sureguard-5 (2009) Chateau (2010) Sureguard (2009) Sureguard-0.50 (2009) Sureguard-0.75 (2009) Sureguard- (2009) Survival Better than Control Same as Control Worse than Control Control Sureguard - Chateau Group 1 0 Sureguard (2009) Chateau (2010) Sureguard-5 (2009) Chateau (2010) Sureguard (2009) Sureguard-0.50 (2009) Worse than Control Same as Control Control Sureguard - Chateau Group Sureguard-0.75 (2009) Sureguard- (2009) SureGuard/Chateau at rates below about 0.30# a.i./acre seem effective (see 2 nd year surprise, below). Weed Coverage Sureguard (2009) Chateau (2010) Sureguard-5 (2009) Chateau (2010) Sureguard (2009) Sureguard-0.50 (2009) Sureguard-0.75 (2009) Better than Control Same as Control Control Sureguard- (2009)
15 Other Other Chemicals Chemicals Heights 1.4 Dual-1.9 (2010) Dual-3.8 (2010) Dual-1.9+Prowl-1.9 (2010) Galigan-1 (2010) Galigan-2 (2010) Karmex-2 (2010) Karmex-4 (2010) Better than Control Control Other Chemicals Treatment Height Survival Weeds Dual-1.9 (2010) Dual-3.8 (2010) Survival Dual-1.9+Prowl-1.9 (2010) Galigan-1 (2010) Galigan-2 (2010) Karmex-2 (2010) Dual-1.9 (2010) Dual-3.8 (2010) Dual-1.9+ Prowl-1.9 (2010) Galigan-1 (2010) Galigan-2 (2010) Karmex-2 (2010) Same as Control Worse than Control Control Other Chemicals Karmex-4 (2010) Karmex-4 (2010) Karmex causes excessive mortality of willow. Other chemicals look promising. Weed Coverage Dual-1.9 (2010) Dual-3.8 (2010) Dual-1.9+ Prowl-1.9 (2010) Galigan-1 (2010) Galigan-2 (2010) Karmex-2 (2010) Karmex-4 (2010) Better than Control Same as Control Control
16 Results at one of the 2009 sites First & Second year response to weed control in U08ap Weeds Height Stems Treatment Solicam Solicam Solicam Solicam Sureguard Sureguard Sureguard Sureguard Mechanical LSD upper bound lower bound
17 2nd Year Surprise
18 2 nd Year Surprise Willow Herbicide Trial 2009 & 2010 Solicam, Surguard Heights Solicam-02 Solicam-04 Solicam-06 Solicam-08 Sureguard Sureguard-5 Sureguard Sureguard-0.50 Mechanical Treatments 2009 Worse than Control 2010 Better than Control 2009 Same as Control 2010 Same as Control Control
19 2 nd Year Surprise Willow Herbicide Trial 2008 & 2009, Solicam, Sureguard Stems Solicam-02 Solicam-04 Solicam-06 Solicam-08 Sureguard Sureguard-5 Sureguard Sureguard-0.50 Mechanical Treatments 2009 Same as Control 2010 Better than Control 2009 Worse than Control Control
20 Conclusions Mixtures containing Princep can cause excessive mortality in the first year particularly on light soils. Substitution of pendimethalin (Pendulum or Prowl) for Princep with either Goal or Dual seems to improve survival and growth. Both Solicam and SureGuard look favorable (particularly at the lower rates). Resprouting and growth in the first year postcoppice benefits greatly from good weed control in the planting year.
21 Acknowledgements Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Michigan Economic Development Corporation US Department of Energy Double-A Willows (provided planting stock) Herbicide Manufacturers (provided chemicals) BASF Dow AgriSciences DuPont Gowan Makhteshim-Agan Syngenta Valent
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