Lipidomic Profiling: an Information Rich Tool to Explore the Impact of Dietary Lipids

Transcription

1 2011 Healthfulness of Beef Products Meeting Lipidomic Profiling: an Information Rich Tool to Explore the Impact of Dietary Lipids John W. Newman March, 2011 Western Human Nutrition Research Center 430 West Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA 95695

2 Topics to Cover Overview of targeted lipidomic concept, information and our approach Human and Animal n3pufa Feeding Examples RBC Response Phenotypes in African Americans Environmental Influence on Plasma Variance Impacts on lipoprotein particle chemical composition Impact of complex dietary lipid manipulation Hot off the presses: Impact of Low vs. High MUFA ground beef consumption.

3 The Omics Cascade What can happen GENOME What appears to be happening TRANSCRIPTOME What makes it happen PROTEOME What has happened and is happening PHENOTYPE WHY WE CARE! METABOLOME (i.e. Lipids, Amino Acids, Metabolic intermediates, etc.)

4 The Promise of Metabolomics Knowledge Metabolic phenotyping can identify genetic differences Application The potential to tailor nutrition & pharmacology by phenotype Translation Individual phenotyping will enhance our ability to promote health Sub-populations with unique requirements Mean Population Metabolic Response Genetic Defect

5 Metabolomics Approaches METABOLITE FINGERPRINTING Hypothesis Generating Unknowns Targets Includes both NMR and MS methods Biomarker Development vs. TARGETED METABOLITE PROFILING Hypothesis Driven & Generating Known Targets Platform independent Metabolic Phenotyping Both Approaches Require Bioinformatics Analyses

6 Why focus on lipids? An Information Rich Profile 1) Important metabolic fuel and primary storage form. 2) Membrane composition effects cell and enzyme functions 3) Associated with health benefits and disease risk vascular disease (e.g. atherosclerosis) mental illness (e.g. schizophrenia) inflammatory diseases (e.g. asthma) 4) Physiological regulators: Adipokines Endocrine regulators Chemokines Leukotrienes Steroids Eicosanoids FFA Cholesterol Vanilloids Endocannabinoids

7 Lipid Metabolism as Clusters of Metabolic Profiles GLYCERYL LIPIDS Plasmologens & Ether phospholipids Sphingomyelins Lyso-phosphatidyl choline Cardiolipin Phosphatidyl inostitol Phosphatidyl serine Phosphatidyl ethanolamine Phosphatidyl choline Triglycerides Diglycerides Monoglycerides Cholesteroyl Esters Steroids Cholesterol Bile Acids Free Fatty Acids Nitrolipids Fatty Amides & Fatty Amino Acids VANILLOIDS & ENDOCANNABINOIDS Terpenoids ISOPRENOIDS Epoxides & HETEs HETEs & Leukotrienes Prostaglandins Thromboxanes Oxylipid Amides OXYLIPINS

8 Oxylipin Profiles: Regulatory Markers of Many Processes Coagulant Anti-Coagulant Pro-Inflammatory Proliferative PGE 2 Vasoconstrictive PGD 2 PGF 2 20-HETE Leukotrienes LTA 4 Hydrolase LTA 4 LTB 4 LTA 4 Synthase GPX 5-HpETE 5-HETE 5-oxo-ETE CYP4A 5-LOX TXB 2 TXA 2 TXA 2 Synthase HO O 12-HpETE GPX 12-HETE PGH 2 COX 12-LOX.. 15-LOX Hepoxilin A3 seh 6-keto-PGF 1 Prostacyclin PGI 2 Synthase CYP2C,2J 15-HpETE elox3 Trioxilin A3 Glucose Uptake Insulin Secretion Adipose Differentiation EETs GPX seh 15-HETE 15-oxo-ETE Anti-Inflammatory Anti-Proliferative Vasodilatory DHETs 16 min LC/MS/MS assay Representative Eicosanoid Tree

9 Endocannabionids: Regulators of Energy Balance (e.g. Body Weight, Body Temperature and Satiety) Increase Appetite (i.e. Energy Intake) Reduce Basal Body Temperature (i.e. Energy Expended) Increase Lipogenesis and Fat Mass (i.e. Net Orexigenic) Promote a Positive Energy Balance Orexigenic Anti-inflammatory Anorexigenic 11 min LC/MS/MS assay Nuclear Anadamide (+) PPARγ (-) Palmitoyl-EA (+) PPARα (+) Oleoyl-EA??? Phosphotidic acid Phospholipid N-arachidonyl-PE COX Anadamide (+) Prostamide F2α Prostamide E2α FAAH MAGL Arachidonate (+) (+) TRPV1 CB1, 2 COX sn-2-arachidonyl DAG (-) 2-Arachidonyl-Glycerol Extracellular Orexigenic

10 Analytical Work Flow for Targeted Lipid Profiling at the WHNRC Shotgun Lipidomics has great utility but difficulty with isomeric resolution and sensitivity. I. Lipid Extraction I. Oasis HLB SPE of Fluids II. Liquid/Liquid of Solids II. Class Separation I. Aminopropyl SPE Ester Cleavage Alkaline hydrolysis Trans-esterification

11 Experimental Examples Phenotyping with Omega-3 Feeding Challenges FL50 Variable Response Phenotypes ROAP Changes in multiple compartments dependent on initial conditions Changes in lipoprotein distributions (FONIA) Dietary PUFA Balance on Lipids and Lipid Metabolism (Ham1) Impact of beef consumption on HDL profiles in healthy men

12 Inter-individual Variability Quantifying variable responses to dietary challenges can define phenotypes

13 Fish oil feeding response phenotypes in African Americans Study Design: 1 Goal - investigate n3 x ALOX5 gene interactions associated with elevated cardiovascular risk. African Americans (n=100) fed 3g/day of fish oil or soy/corn oil for 6wks. Results: Diet gene interactions showed increased oxylipin production in low risk genotype. Large variance in RBC membrane incorporation not associated with measured genotype. Omega-3 Feeding in Humans (FL50)

14 Fish oil feeding response phenotypes in African Americans Changes in RBC n3 profiles correlate with stimulated immune cell n3 oxylipin production Two discrete response phenotypes are observed in this population. Omega-3 Feeding in Humans (FL50)

15 Fish oil feeding response phenotypes in African Americans A low meat dietary pattern may be associated with low fish oil response phenotype. No differences in lipid intake Placebo Hi Res FO Lo Res FO Dietary Vit D psnutsd Dietary Potasium Dietary Vitamin B6 Dietary Fiber dt_varae Dietary Magnesum gramssf Dietary Zinc Dietary Selenium Dietary Vitamin B12 Dietary Iron Dietary Thamine Dietary Calcium Dietary Copper Dietary Phosphorus Dietary Riboflavin Dietary Niacin Dietary Protein Dairy Servings / day Dietary Omega 3 Meat Servings / day Omega-3 Feeding in Humans (FL50)

16 Simple Challenges have Broad Impacts Dietary lipids do not effect all biological compartments in the same way

17 n3-fa Feeding Changes Circulating Lipid Profiles Study Design: 1 Goal - investigate omega 3 impact plasma and blood cell membranes on lipid and lipid metabolites. Principal Components Analysis Healthy men (n=9) and women (n=21) fed 4g/day of pharmaceutical grade omega 3 (P-OM3) for 4wks. Results: Metabolites stratified subjects pre and post feeding. A multivariate statistical analysis that uses all data to project variance into planes of separation. Omega-3 Feeding in Humans (ROAP)

18 n3-fa Feeding Changes Circulating Lipid Profiles Principal Components Analysis Variables subset driving separation Circulating lipid pools are enriched in long chain n3 fatty acids and their metabolites, and depleted in long chain long chain n6 fatty acids. Omega-3 Feeding in Humans (ROAP)

19 The Magnitude of Change in Circulating Lipid Pools is Inversely Proportional to Baseline Concentration 18:2n6 and 18:3n3 EPA & DHA change, but are unaffected P-OM3 by POM3 feeding Increase challange only effected 20 and 22 carbon fatty acids and their metabolites. While AA Despite high compliance, some individuals Decreases showed minimal changes. Some Point but of not all change between Reduction in Initial arachidonate and Final metabolites are Concentrations only observed when basal levels are high. Changes in Plasma Fatty Acids vs. Baseline Omega-3 Feeding in Humans (ROAP)

20 n3-fa Feeding Changes Lipoprotein Particle Profiles Study Design: 1 Goal - investigate the impact of omega 3 feeding on lipid and lipid metabolite distribution in lipoprotein particles Male and female subjects with metabolic syndrome were fed 4g/day of placebo (n=20) or pharmaceutical grade omega 3 (P-OM3; n=20) for 4wks. Data: Lipid Distributions Particle size Clinical Lipids Flow Mediated Dilation. Omega-3 Feeding in Humans (FONIA)

21 n3-fa Feeding Changes Lipoprotein Particle Profiles PC2 Score (9.5%) 4weeks P-OM n3 Effect Population shows a range of phenotypes, but the directionality of change is constant Placebo & Baseline PC1 Score (12%) Pre Placebo Post Placebo Pre P-OM3 Post P-OM3 Pre POM-3 Post P-OM3 Unresponsive individual Omega-3 Feeding in Humans (FONIA)

22 n3-fa Feeding Changes Lipoprotein Particle Profiles Plasma, LDL, VLDL, HDL n3 Oxylipins OMX HDL & LDL Epoxides HDL/LDL n6 Oylipins Increases in n3 and n3 metabolites PC2 Loadings HDL2b Time to Peak LDL Albumin HDL LC SATs Lpa2, Lpa3 Weight Height Heart Rate -0.1 PC1 Loadings Plasma C18 Oxylipins VLDL n6 Oxylipins V3 TG2 VLDL TG, Chol, PL,FC Decreases in TGs but also all TG n6 Oxylipids Increase in LDL C20 Epoxides A lot of covariates with the Omega 3 index Omega-3 Feeding in Humans (FONIA)

23 n3-fa Feeding Changes Lipoprotein Particle Profiles HEPE (EPA Alcohol) Visit 3 Visit 7 Placebo P-OM3 Placebo P-OM3 n3pufa Alcohols increased in all fractions Unresponsive individual HDL 15-HEPE LDL 15-HEPE VLDL 15-HEPE Plasma 15-HEPE Placebo P-OM3 Placebo P-OM Visit 3 Visit 7 HDL 15-HETE LDL 15-HETE VLDL 15-HETE Plasma 15-HETE 15-HETE (AA Alcohol) Omega-3 Feeding in Humans (FONIA) HDL 17-HDoHE HDL 5-HEPE HDL 12-HEPE HDL 15-HEPE Plb Initial Plb Final P-OM3 initial P-OM3 Final

24 n3-fa Feeding Changes Lipoprotein Particle Profiles ALA Alcohols Visit 3 Visit 7 Placebo P-OM3 Placebo P-OM3 VLDL is preferentially enriched in ALA metabolites Visit 3 HDL 13-HOTE VLDL 13-HOTE LDL 13-HOTE Plasma 13-HOTE Visit 7 Placebo P-OM3 Placebo P-OM3 A lot of variance among the population HDL 13-HODE LDL 13-HODE VLDL 13-HODE Plasma 13-HODE LA Alcohols Omega-3 Feeding in Humans (FONIA)

25 Assessing the Dietary Guidelines Investigating the dietary recommendation of lipid balance and composition on lipid metabolism and tissue lipid distributions

26 Dietary Fatty Acid Composition Changes Plasma Profiles and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Study Design: 1 Goal - investigate USDA Guidelines for lipid consumption on lipid distribution in peripheral tissues depots. Animals: Hamsters 5wks 19wks. Diets: 1:1:1 SAT/MUFA/PUFA Phase 1-2 cohorts 20:1 Corn-based n6/n3 40% vs. 7% caloric fat Phase 2-40% Cohort split 3:1 Corn/Flax-based n6/n3 3:1 Corn/Fish-based n6/n3 Results: Equivalent caloric intake 7% Caloric Fat diet reduced feed efficiency BW ~10% no adiposity increased hepatic de novo fatty acid synthesis. Corn/Fish increased D5D activity PUFA composition did not effect weight.

27 Dietary Fatty Acid Composition Changes Plasma Profiles and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Plasma oxylipins and endocannabinoids reflect n3 source. Magnitude of change increased with time on diets. Low fat diet increased de novo fatty acid synthesis and plasma 16:1/16:0. Corn/Fish increased plasma 20:4n6/20:3n6 3:1 Corn/Fish Oil PC3 Scores (11%) 20:1 Corn Oil PCA Scores Plot :1 Corn/Flax Oil 20:1 Corn Oil Low Fat PC1 Scores (26%) LF 20:1 Corn HF 20:1 Corn HF 3:1 Corn/Fish HF 3:1 Corn/Flax Increased Long Chain n3s & Metabolites n3 HUFAs EPA + DHA Oxys LA Diols 16:0 D5D Index DH EA LA EA 0.00 ACC 0.20 C22:0% LA % n6/n3 16:1n7 Elongation %5,6-Diol HUFA 18:0 % A EA DGLA EA Increased Liver LCFA Synthesis PCA Loadings Plot ALA Oxys + ecbs AA Oxys ALA EA Increased ALA Metabolites %20HETE D9D Index Increased Liver FA Synthesis

28 Can Ground Beef Consumption Alter HDL Functionality? Follow up to Adams et al. Brit. J. Nutr. (2010), 103, showing high SAT beef (MUFA:SAT = 0.95 vs 1.31) negatively impacted Cardiovascular Risk Markers in hyper-holesterolemic men. Study Design: 30 normo-cholesterolemic men, years old Randomized cross-over design for diet assignment Diet Treatments 5 x 115g ground beef patties, 24% fat, per week for 5wks 4 wk wash-out between diet treatments Hi MUFA beef MUFA:SAT = 1.10, Low MUFA = 0.71 Blood drawn before & at the end of each 5wk interval HDL isolated as the g/ml fraction of plasma. NCBA funded project: Rosemary L.Walzem & Xiuzhi Wu, Texas A&M

29 Can Ground Beef Consumption Alter HDL Functionality? Results: Beef consumption relative abundance of DHA-derived oxylipins by ~15% w/o effecting the fractional abundance of DHA in HDL. Low MUFA & High MUFA beef decreased HDL 5-oxo-ETE (a potent eosinophil chemotactic factor) concentration by ~22% and ~14% respectively. Overall, beef consumption reduced 5-oxo-ETE more in subjects in the lowest quintile of total plasma n3 concentrations, ~23% vs. ~8% in the highest quintile. High MUFA beef reduced total diol and ketone concentration in HDL by ~16% and ~15% respectively. NCBA funded project: Rosemary L.Walzem & Xiuzhi Wu, Texas A&M

30 Oxylipin Profiles: Regulatory Markers of Many Processes Coagulant Anti-Coagulant Pro-Inflammatory Proliferative PGE 2 Vasoconstrictive PGD 2 PGF 2 20-HETE Leukotrienes LTA 4 Hydrolase LTA 4 LTB 4 LTA 4 Synthase GPX 5-HpETE 5-HETE 5-oxo-ETE CYP4A 5-LOX TXB 2 TXA 2 TXA 2 Synthase HO O 12-HpETE GPX 12-HETE PGH 2 COX 12-LOX.. 15-LOX Hepoxilin A3 seh 6-keto-PGF 1 Prostacyclin PGI 2 Synthase CYP2C,2J 15-HpETE elox3 Trioxilin A3 Glucose Uptake Insulin Secretion Adipose Differentiation EETs GPX seh 15-HETE 15-oxo-ETE Anti-Inflammatory Anti-Proliferative Vasodilatory DHETs 16 min LC/MS/MS assay Representative Eicosanoid Tree

31 In Summary Targeted analyses provide insight into metabolic responses and can segregate metabolic phenotypes Variance in responses to dietary challenges need to be considered when designing dietary challenge studies. Results suggest value in screening plasma or RBC fatty acid profiles as a valuable cohort selection criteria to control experimental variance.

32 What is the pay off? Knowledge of individual metabolism & identification of unique metabolic responders, will revolutionize the ability of nutrition to deliver health benefits. Sub-populations with unique requirements Mean Population Genetic Defect Metabolic Response

33 Acknowledgements Alox5 x n3 Interactions Dept. Nutrition Charles Stephensen Patrice Armstrong Gertrude Schuster n3 Feeding and Oxylipins Dept. Nutrition Greg Shearer William Harris Inst. Genetic Medicine Hooman Allayee Janna Hartiala Beef and HDL Function Dept. Poultry Science Texas A&M Rosemary Walzem Xiuzhi Wu

34 Acknowledgements and Funding Ben Belda Dmitry Grapov William Keyes John Newman Funding USDA-ARS: D NIH NIDDK: 3R01DK S1 USDA NNF: (AK) NIH: (DG) 5 T32 GM Alison Kennan Theresa Pedersen National Cattlemen s Beef Association National Dairy Council