Hand in the Test Sheets (with the checked multiple choice answers) and your Sheets with written answers.

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Hand in the Test Sheets (with the checked multiple choice answers) and your Sheets with written answers."

Lily Goodman
5 years ago
Views:

1 Page 1 of 13 IMPORTANT INFORMATION Hand in the Test Sheets (with the checked multiple choice answers) and your Sheets with written answers. THE exam has an 'A' and 'B' section SECTION A (based on Dykyy's and Vårum's Lectures) is worth 50 % of the grade. This section contains three problems with sub tasks. Provide your answers to these problems on separate sheets of paper. SECTION B (based on Hohmann-Marriott Lectures) is worth 50 % of the grade. This is a multiple choice section. Check/fill in your answers on the Test Sheets. There is also information on answering/grading this multiple choice section.

2 Page 2 of 13 SECTION B Multiple choice question in the exam Each multiple-choice question is provided in the format below. You are asked to evaluate if the statements are True (=correct) or False (=incorrect) in relation to the question. If you feel too uncertain to make an assessment, you can choose not to assess the statement. Please note that: More than one statement can be correct and/or incorrect. You GET a point when you assess a statement correctly. You LOSE a point when you assess a statement incorrectly. You DO NOT GET/LOSE points, if you do not assess a statement. You can not be awarded negative points for a question, even if the statement evaluation results in a negative score, see example c) below. Question: The colors of a rainbow EXAMPLE ANSWERS: a) statement 1: [T] The rainbow contains blue light statement 2: [F] The rainbow contains black light statement 3: [F] The rainbow contains gray light statement 4: [T] The rainbow contains red light all 4 statements are assessed correctly: +4 points total awarded 4 b) [T] The rainbow contains blue light [F] The rainbow contains black light [T] The rainbow contains gray light [ ] The rainbow contains red light 2 statements are assessed correctly: +2 1 statement is assessed incorrectly: -1 1 statement is not assessed: 0 points total awarded 1 c) [T] [T] [T] [F] The rainbow contains blue light The rainbow contains black light The rainbow contains gray light The rainbow contains red light 1 statement is assessed correctly: +1 3 statement are assessed incorrectly: -3 points total awarded 0 no negative points!

3 Page 3 of 13 Lipids Classes of lipids Assign the numbered molecules (1,2,3,4) to the correct class of lipids. (2) ( ) Monoacylglyceride ( ) Carotenoid ( ) Sterol ( ) Wax (3) (1) (4) Function of lipids [ ] Cellular membranes contain lipids. [ ] Some vitamins are lipids. [ ] An essential character if lipid is that they are very hydrophilic. Saturation of lipids [ ] The melting points of unbranched (no double bonds) fatty acid increase with the number of carbon atoms. [ ] The fatty acid 20:1 ( 9 ) eicosanoic acid has 9 double bonds. [ ] Omega-3 fatty acid have at least three double bonds. [ ] A 'unsaturated' fatty acid contains at least one double bond. Membrane lipids [ ] Phosphatidylcholin and phosphatidylserine are phosphoglycerides [ ] Glycerophospholipids contain at least one sugar moiety. [ ] Sphingolipids contain at least one phosphate group.

4 Page 4 of 13 Biological Membranes and Transport Biological membranes [ ] The fluid mosaic model for membranes is based on the constant position of proteins in membranes. [ ] The two monolayers, that a biological membrane bilayer is composed of, have identical compositions. [ ] Most biological membranes contain proteins and lipids. Hydropathy plots [ ] Hydropathy plots can be used to predict the toxicity of a proteins. [ ] Regions of a protein with a high percentage of hydrophobic amino acids are likely to be associated with membranes. Membrane Transport [ ] Proteins are used to mediate Primary Active Transport. [ ] Diffusion of ions across membranes requires specific proteins. [ ] Diffusion of ions across membranes requires ATP.

5 Page 5 of 13 Bioenergetics Fill in the correct units (for example kilogram) for the following entities: [ ] Energy [ ] Gibbs free energy [ ] Redox potential [ ] equilibrium constant: 'K eq ' [ ] Thermodynamic / absolute temperature: 'T' Order the molecule classes by the (averaged) oxidation state of their carbon atoms: 1=most oxidized carbon to 3=most reduced carbon [ ] Lipid [ ] Carbohydrate [ ] CO 2 Evaluate the statements about Standard free energy change G '0 : G' 0 = -RT * ln K eq Given the reaction: A B and the equilibrium constant: K eq = ( [A] a / [B] b ) [ ] A G' 0 of zero (0) indicates that the reaction is impossible. [ ] Increasing the temperature (T) will shift the equilibrium constant. [ ] It is possible to calculate G' 0 at a given temperature when the equilibrium constant (K eq ) is known. [ ] The gas constant 'R' is not dependent on the temperature (T). The energy carrier ATP [ ] ATP contains two or three phosphate groups [ ] Hydrolysis of phosphoanhydride bonds have a negative G' 0 [ ] ATP is produced from ADP and inorganic phosphate in mitochondria in eukaryotes.

6 Page 6 of 13 Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Fermentation & Pentose Phosphate Pathway Glycolysis (Conversion of glucose to pyruvate) [ ] During glycolysis FADH is generated. [ ] During glycolysis ATP is generated. [ ] During glycolysis molecules containing two carbon atoms are produced Candidate nr: Assign the correct numbers (1,2,3) to these molecules that are found in glycolsysis ( ) Glucose-1-phosphate ( ) Phosphoenolpyruvate ( ) Pyruvate ( ) Fructose-1,2-bisphosphate (1) (3) (2) (4) Fermentation [ ] One important function of lactic acid and ethanol fermentation (from glucose) is to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate to ATP [ ] Oxygen is required for fermentation to occur. [ ] Both ethanol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation produce CO 2. Gluconeogenesis [ ] Gluconeogensis produces CO 2. [ ] Gluconeogenesis employed to generate extra ATP. [ ] Gluconeogenesis uses many enzymes that are also used glycolysis. Oxidative Pentose Phosphate pathway [ ] The oxidative pentose phosphate generates CO 2. [ ] During the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway NADPH is generated.

7 Page 7 of 13 The Citric Acid Cycle & Glyoxylate Cycle Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex [ ] The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex generates CO 2. [ ] The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex generates acetyl-coa. On the right is a representation of the citric acid cycle. Assign the numbers that indicate the reactions where these molecules are generated. [ ] [ ] CO 2 [ ] [ ] [ ] NADPH [ ] FADH [ ] GTP Glyoxylate cycle [ ] In eukaryotes, the glyoxylate cycle is located in the cell cytoplasm. [ ] The glyoxylate cycle converts fatty acids into carbohydrates

Page 8 of 13 Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation Match the names of electron carriers with the correct chemical structure [ ] NAD [ ] FAD [ ] ubiquinone ( ) heme (2) (3) (1) (4) Match

8 Page 8 of 13 Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation Match the names of electron carriers with the correct chemical structure [ ] NAD [ ] FAD [ ] ubiquinone ( ) heme (2) (3) (1) (4) Match protein complexes numbers (I to V) with the correct complex name. [ ] cytochrome c oxidase [ ] NADH dehydrogenase [ ] Succinate dehydrogenase [ ] ATP synthase [ ] cytochrome bc1 complex Photosynthesis [ ] Photosystem I uses a iron sulfur cluster as the (final) electron acceptor.. [ ] The capture of light and the incorporation of CO 2 into carbohydrates occurs in the chloroplast in plants. [ ] Carbon fixation requires ATP and NADPH, which are produced by the photosynthetic electron transport chain ATP synthase

9 [ ] ATP synthases convert an electrochemical gradient into energy stored in chemical bonds. [ ] ATP synthases are found only in mitochondria. Page 9 of 13

10 Page 10 of 13 Genes and Chromosomes Assign the correct numbers (1,2,3,4,5) to the processes of the Central dogma of Molecular Biology. ( ) RNA replication ( ) Translation ( ) reverse transcription ( ) Transcription ( ) DNA replication Genome organization [ ] The DNA of bacteria is organized in a nucleolus [ ] The nuclear DNA of eukaryotes is organized in chromosomes. [ ] The genetic information of retro virus is contained in RNA. [ ] Bacterial chromosomes are usually circular. Eukaryotic genome organization as True (T), False (F) or make no evaluation(leave blank) [ ] A nucleosome consists of DNA and histone proteins. [ ] DNA is contained in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the cell. [ ] A telomere is a region at each end of a chromatid. [ ] A centromere is the part of a chromosome that links sister telomeres.

11 Page 11 of 13 DNA metabolism DNA replication fork [ ] Both strands of DNA are replicated at the same time. [ ] Okazaki fragments are formed on the 'lagging strand'. [ ] Okazaki fragments autocatalyze their assembly into a mature DNA strand. [ ] DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction on both (the leading and the lagging) strands. DNA polymerase [ ] Bacterial DNA polymerases Pol III is the main enzyme involved in DNA replication in bacteria. [ ] Bacterial DNA polymerases III has 3' 4' and 4' 5' endonuclease activity. [ ] DNA polymerases require a short piece of DNA to initiate DNA synthesis. [ ] Bacteria contain several types of DNA polymerases with functions in DNA replication and repair. [ ] Bacterial DNA polymerases can also replicate viral RNA. DNA recombination [ ] DNA recombination occurs during the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes (Cross-over) during meiosis. [ ] DNA recombination is a main mechanism that allows repair of DNA. [ ] DNA recombination prevents evolution.

12 Page 12 of 13 RNA Metabolism Transcription [ ] The σ(sigma)-factor binds to the promoter region of a gene. [ ] The σ(sigma)-factor leaves the DNA when encountering a Shine-Delgarno sequence. [ ] During elongation, the σ(sigma)-factor is associated with the RNA polymerase. [ ] (ρ)rho-dependent transcription termination requires a protein cofactor (ρ-factor). RNA processing [ ] Bacterial mrnas acquire a 5' cap. [ ] Exons are removed from mrnas to generate mature mrna in bacteria. [ ] Introns are removed from mrnas to generate mature mrna in eukaryotes. [ ] All 3' poly A-tails result from genes that end with a repetitive sequence of poly Ts. mrna splicing [ ] Intron self-splicing requires molecular contact between a Class I and Class II intron. [ ] Spliceosomes contain catalytic RNA. [ ] Spliceosomes are crucial for processing the mrna of most nuclear encoded genes.

13 Page 13 of 13 Protein Metabolisms Below is a schematic representation of a ribosome with bound mrna during translation. Assign the numbers to the correct site. ( ) 'A': aminoacyl-trna to binding site ( ) 'E': exit site ( ) 'P': peptidyl trna site Also indicate in what direction the mrna is moving along the ribosome (with an arrow). Protein Synthesis on Ribosomes [ ] Translation is initiated after the promoter region of the gene makes contact with the A site of the ribosome. [ ] The first trna bound by the ribosome is a trna that carries a N-formylmethionine. [ ] A peptide bond is formed by interaction between the nascent protein and free amino acids. Ribosomes [ ] Ribosomes contain small pieces of RNA with catalytic function. [ ] Ribosomes can also catalyze reverse translation, which is used in molecular biology to sequence proteins. [ ] Most bacteria possess 70S ribosome. [ ] Most eukaryotes possess 80S ribosomes (cytosol & endoplasmatic ER) and 70S ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Genetic code [ ] The genetic code is substantially different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. [ ] Genes from one bacterium can usually not be expressed in another bacterium as the anticodons do not match the codons. [ ] A Nobel price was awarded (to Nirenberg, Khorana & Holley) for the assignment of codons to amino acids.

Respiration. Respiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7

Respiration. Respiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7 How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs: live on